Short Questions

1. Phonology:
“The study of combination, organization and pattern of speech sounds is called as
phonology.”
“The branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds, within a language or
between different languages.”
“The study of effects that are produced when we use speech sounds in combination
is called phonology.” It is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of
speech sounds in a language.

2. Semantics:
“It is the study of the meanings of the words, phrases and sentences. It studies the
literal meanings of a word in a sentence.”
The two main areas are logical semantics and lexical semantics. Logical semantics
deals with matters such as sense, reference, presupposition and implications;
whereas, lexical semantics is concerned with the analysis of word meanings and
relations between them.

3. Pragmatics:
The branch of linguistics that deals with language in use and the contexts in which
it is used, including such matters as deixis, reference, inference etc.
In many ways Pragmatics is the study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize
what is meant even when it is not actually said or written.

Q#4: pg.# 129 Q#5: pg.#96,97 Q#6: Tree Diagrams

Differences:
I. Phonetics vs Phonology:
➢ Phonetics is the production
and perception of speech
sounds in any language
➢ It deals with ‘phone’.
➢ It is concerned with
physical properties of
sounds.
➢ An example of phonetics is
how the letter ‘b’ in the
word ‘bed’ is spoken- you
start with the your lips
together. Then, air from
your lungs is forced over
your vocal chords, which
begin to vibrate and make
noise. The air then escapes
through your lips as the
apart suddenly, which
result in a ‘b’ sound.
➢ Phonology is the study of
combination, organization
and pattern of speech
sounds is called as
phonology.
➢ It deals with the
underlying design, the
blueprint of each sound
type.
➢ It is concerned with the
abstract.
➢ An example of phonology
is the study of different
sounds and the way they
come together to form
speech and words - such as
the comparison of the
sounds of the two "p"
sounds in "pop-up."
 II. Phonemes vs Morphemes

➢ A phoneme is the smallest ➢ Morpheme is the smallest

contrastive unit in the meaningful unit of a word.
speech sounds of a
language.

➢ It is related to the sound ➢ It is related to meaning and

and pronunciation of the structure of the word.
language.

➢ The realization of phones ➢ The realization of morph is

is referred as phoneme.
➢ It is always minimal and
meaningful.
➢ e.g. /f/ and /v/ in words fat
and vat are phonemes.
referred as morpheme.
➢ It is always minimal,
meaningful and
grammatical.
➢ e.g. word cleans include
two morphemes i.e. clean
and -s

III. Phones vs Allophones:

➢ Phones are speech- ➢ Allophones are the variations

sounds/units of speech within each group
sound
➢ Phones are the actual ➢ Non-significant
phonetic realization of
phonemes
➢ The speech sound ➢ Predictable
considered as units of
phonetic analysis are
called phones
➢ Phones are represented by ➢ Complementary distribution
enclosing the appropriate
alphabet/symbol in square
bracket [p] ➢ Narrow transcription
➢ Phones are universal
IV. Semantics vs Pragmatics:

➢ The study of words and their ➢ The study of words and their
meanings in a language meanings in a language with
without paying attention to concern to their context.
context.
➢ It is the study of ➢ It is the study of the use of
interpretation of signs or linguistics signs, words and
symbols within particular sentences in actual situations.
circumstances.

➢ It focuses mainly on the ➢ It additionally focuses on the

significance of the meaning meaning of words according
of words in a literal sense. to the context and their
intended or the inferred
meanings as well.

For example, this sentence- “He is so cool.”

Semantically, this sentence can be interpreted as – He is very nice, a
compliment to the person, which is the literal meaning. But under pragmatics,
this sentence suggests the context: the positive attitude of the speaker towards
the person. This is the intended or the inferred meaning in the sentence.

V. Morphology vs Phonology:

➢ The study of formation of ➢ The study of effects produced

words/ morphemes in a by speech sounds in
language. combination.

➢ It deals with words. ➢ It deals with sounds.

 ➢ Every language has its own
system of sound combinations
and these sounds together
form a word.
➢ It does not limit itself to words
only. It also studies the
affixes, parts of speech etc.
➢ It pays attention to the word
and the morphemes of
language.
➢ Its smallest unit is called as
morpheme.
VI. Morph Vs Allomorph:
➢ A morph is simply the
phonetic representation of a
morpheme.
➢ Morphs are the actual forms
used to realize morphemes.
➢ Morphs that are also whole
words are called free morphs.
Example:
Cats Bus
➢ [cat+s] [Bus+es]
➢ There are more than 5000
languages around the world
and these languages have
different sound combinations.
Phonology is the study of
these various combinations.
➢ Along with sound systems, it
also studies syllable structure,
tone of speech, accent etc.
➢ It focuses on sound systems of
language.
➢ Its smallest unit is called as
phoneme.
➢ Allomorphs are different
forms of the same morpheme,
or basic unit of meaning.
➢ The different sounds used to
pronounce a morph are its
allomorphs.
➢ Any of the phonological
representation of a single
morpheme.
➢ For example, the final (s) and
(z) sounds of bets and beds
are allomorphs of the English
noun-plural morpheme.
VII. Sociolinguistics Vs Psycholinguistics:
➢ It is a branch of linguistics that ➢ It’s a branch of both linguistics
deals with the use of language in and psychology dealing with the
a society use of language

➢ It examines the relationship ➢ Psycholinguistics is the study of

between language and the social the mental aspects of language
world, particularly how language and speech
operates within and created
social structures.

➢ Types: Micro-sociolinguistics ➢ Branches: Language acquisition

Macro-sociolinguistics Language production
Comprehension
➢ First appeared in 1960 ➢ It was emerged in the late 1950s
and 160s

➢ An example of sociolinguistics is ➢ An example of psycholinguistics

a study of Spanish and English is a study of how certain words
being spoken together as represent traumatic events for
Spanglish. some people.

Prescriptive Vs Descriptive Approach : pg.# 85,86

Broca’s Area Vs Wenicke’s Area : pg.# 159
Motor Cortex Vs Arcuate Fasciculus : pg.# 159