Basics of Energy

Unit-1
 What is Energy?
• Energy is the ability to do work
• Energy is one of the most fundamental parts of
our universe.
• Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles,
trains, and airplanes, warms our homes, cooks
our food, plays our music, television, charges our
electronic gadgets etc.
• Energy powers machinery in factories.
• Everything we do is connected to energy in one
form or another.
 Classifications of Energy
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non Commercial energy
• Non-Renewable and Renewable energy
 Primary and Secondary Energy
Primary Energy:
Primary energy refers to all types of energy
extracted or captured directly from natural
resources.

Secondary Energy:
The secondary energy sources are derived from
the transformation of primary energy source.
Primary energy is transformed in energy
conversion process to more convenient forms of
energy such as electricity, steam etc.
 Commercial Energy and Non
Commercial Energy
Commercial Energy:
Energy that is available in the market for a definite
price is known as commercial energy e.g. Electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products such as oil,
natural gas etc.
Non Commercial Energy:
Any kind of energy which is sourced within a
community and its surrounding area, and which is not
normally traded in the commercial market is termed as
non-commercial energy, e.g. Firewood and agro waste
in rural areas, solar energy for water heating etc.
 Non-Renewable and Renewable
Energy
Non-renewable energy:
Non-renewable energy is energy obtained from those
natural resources which are exhaustible and cannot be
replaced once they are used such as coal, oil and
natural gas.
Renewable energy:
Renewable energy is energy obtained from natural
sources which are essentially inexhaustible and can be
used to produce energy again and again such as wind
power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power
and hydroelectric power.
 Fundamentals of Solar Energy
Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the
sun comprising of ultra-violet, visible and infra-
red radiation. The amount of solar radiation that
reaches any given location is dependent on
several factors such as:
• geographic location
• time of the day
• Season
• local landscape
• local weather conditions
Important Terms Related to Solar
Radiation
 Conversion of Solar Energy
Solar energy can be converted to thermal (or heat) energy
and Solar Electric (Solar Photovoltaic) Energy.
• Solar Thermal Energy
A solar collector converts solar energy into heat energy. When the solar
energy passes through a layer of glazed glass it is absorbed by the
underlying material. The solar energy excites the molecules in the
underlying material resulting in heat. The glazing of the glass prevents the
heat from escaping, thereby effectively capturing the heat. Once that heat
is captured it is put to use.
Conversion of Solar Energy (contd.)
• Solar Electric Energy
Solar energy can also be converted to electricity
in two ways:
 Photovoltaic (PV devices) or ‘solar cells’ – change
sunlight directly into electricity.
 Solar Power Plants - indirectly generate electricity
when the heat from solar thermal collectors is
used to heat a fluid which produces steam that is
used to power generator.
 Solar PV Cell/Module

Solar/PV cells are made with silicon (Si), gallium

arsenide (GaAs), copper indium diselenide (CIS),
cadmium telluride (CdTe) and few other materials.
 Solar PV Cell/Module (contd.)
A typical cell develops a voltage of 0.5 volts and current density of 20-40 milli
amperes/cm2. To get more voltage and current, individual cells are joined in
series and parallel. This takes the shape of a solar or PV module. In turn, a
number of modules are joined together to form a solar or PV array.

Thus cell, module and array come into shape. The PV modules can be categorized
as (i) Crystalline silicon-mono-crystalline or polycrystalline with efficiency in the
range of 13-19% and (ii) Thin films with efficiency in the range of 4-12%.

The wattage output of a PV module is rated in terms of peak watt (Wp). The peak
watt output power from a module is defined as the maximum power output that
the module could deliver under standard test conditions.
 Types of Solar Photovoltaic Power
Plants
• Stand-alone SPV Power Plant

• Grid connected Solar System

Global Energy Consumption
 Energy Scenario in India

Installed Power Generation Capacity of India

Energy Scenario in India (contd.)

Region-wise Installed Generating Capacity

Energy Scenario in India (contd.)

Source-wise Estimated Potential of Renewable Power in

India
Energy Scenario in India (contd.)

Sector-wise Consumption of Natural Gas

Energy Scenario in India (contd.)

Sector-wise Consumption of Petroleum Products

Energy Scenario in India (contd.)

Sector-wise Consumption of Electricity

 Energy Scenario in Punjab
• Power is central to Punjab's agriculture and
industrial sectors.
• There has been significant increase in
production of electricity through development
of hydro, thermal and renewable energy.
• The per capita consumption of electricity in
the state has increased from 155 kWh in 1970
to 1313 kWh in 2013-14.
Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Power Demand/ Availability in Punjab

Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Energy Sale (MUs) Statistics of Electricity

Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Sectorwise Consumption Pattern of Electricity

Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Trends & Projections of Power Consumption in Punjab

Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Development Status of Renewable Energy

Energy Scenario in Punjab (contd.)

Renewable Energy Targets to be achieved by 2022

 IMPACT OF ENERGY USAGE ON
CLIMATE
• Combustion of hydrocarbon based fuels in industrial
activity generates by-product materials, many of which
are considered to be air pollutants.
• The principal emissions which could cause impact on
the air environment are particulate matter (dust),
sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide.
• Particulate matter is predominantly generated during
the combustion of solid fuels such as coal, lignite,
biomass etc. mostly from ash content in the fuel.
 IMPACT OF ENERGY USAGE ON
CLIMATE (contd.)
• Sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions mainly occur from
combustion of oil and coal due to sulphur content in
the fuel.
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are also associated
with fuel combustion, both from fuel as well as
combustion air.
• Both SOx and NOx emissions have been identified as
major air pollutants globally as they lead to acid rain
which is a trans-boundary environmental issue.
• The main sources of carbon monoxide emissions are
due to imperfect combustion of fuels.
 IMPACT OF ENERGY USAGE ON
CLIMATE (contd.)
• Some of the key environmental issues of global
significance are acid rain, ozone layer depletion,
global warming and climatic change and loss of
biodiversity.
• It is estimated that the earth’s average
temperature has risen by 0.75 degree C since
1880 because of emissions of greenhouse gases
from human activity.
• Climate models predict that the global
temperature will rise by about 6 degree C by the
year 2100.
 Major Impacts of Global Warming
• Increasing ocean temperature and rising sea
levels
• Snow and ice melting
• Altered rainfall patterns
• Extreme weather events
• More severe heat waves
• Loss of biodiversity
• Increased diseases
• Dwindling freshwater supply
• Food shortages
 Climate Change Mitigation Methods
• Use of low carbon emitting methods for
generation of power such as nuclear and hydro
power instead of thermal power stations/diesel
generator (DG) sets.
• Adoption of energy efficiency and conservation.
Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to
the problem of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Use of renewable energy instead of conventional
fuels reduces the emission of CO2.
Energy Audit and EC Act

Unit-2
 TYPES AND METHODOLOGY
• Energy audit means the verification,
monitoring and analysis of use of energy
including submission of technical report
containing recommendations for improving
energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis
and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption.
 Types of Energy Audit
• Preliminary energy audit/walk-through audit/ or diagnostic audit is a
relatively quick exercise and uses existing, or easily obtained data.

• Targeted energy audits (results from preliminary audits) provide data and
detailed analysis on specified target projects. The analysis of the energy
flows and cost associated with the targets is done.

• Detailed energy audit is a comprehensive audit and results in a detailed

energy project implementation plan for a facility. It includes detailed
energy cost calculations and project implementation costs. Detailed
energy auditing is carried out in three phases:

 Pre Audit Phase

 Audit Phase and
 Post Audit Phase
 Economic Analysis
• Pay back method- It is a measure of how long it will be
before the investment makes money and how long the
financing term needs to be.
• Return on Investment (ROI) and Internal Rate of
Return method- It is a measure that allow comparison
with other investment options.
• Net Present Value method and Cash Flow - It is a
measure that allows financial planning of the project
and provides the company with all the information
needed to incorporate energy efficiency projects into
the corporate financial system.
ENERGY AUDITING REPORTING
FORMAT
Summary of Energy Saving
Recommendations
Types and Priority of Energy Saving
Measures
 ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS

The electrical parameters generally monitored during

energy audit may include the following:

• Voltage (V)
• Current (I)
• Power factor
• Active power (kW)
• Apparent power (kVA)
• Reactive power (kVAR)
• Energy consumption (kWh)
• Frequency (Hz)
 ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
The non-electrical parameters generally monitored during energy audit may
include the following:
• Temperature & heat flow,
• Radiation,
• air and gas flow,
• liquid flow,
• revolutions per minute (RPM),
• air velocity,
• noise and vibration,
• dust concentration,
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),
• pH,
• moisture content,
• relative humidity,
• flue gas analysis – CO2, O2, CO, SOx, Nox,
• combustion efficiency etc.
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
(contd.)
 SOME FACTS ABOUT ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS AND ISSUES
• Some 6000 lac Indians do not have access to electricity
[Source: Planning Commission of India].
• Around 7000 lac Indians use traditional fuels – fuel
wood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes – for
cooking and general heating needs [Source: Planning
Commission of India].
• 3-4 lac people in India die of indoor air pollution and
carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of
biomass burning and use of chullahs.
• Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, unless
electricity or clean burning fuel becomes reliably
available and widely adopted in rural and urban India.
 SOME FACTS ABOUT ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS AND ISSUES (contd.)
• Electricity demand in India will grow by atleast
40% by 2032.
• New power generation equal to nearly 300 power
plants (each of 1000 MW) will be needed to meet
electricity demand by 2030.
• Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non-
renewable and fossil sources (coal, oil, etc.).
• These reserves are continually diminishing with
increasing consumption and will not exist for
future generations
KEY CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT
OF MAIN ENERGY SOURCES
BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN
ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
• Energy Management
Energy management is the judicious and effective use of
energy to maximize profits (by minimizing waste) and
enhance competitive positions.

The objectives of energy management include:

 To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and

utilization throughout the organization.
 To minimize energy costs/waste without affecting
production and quality.
 To minimize environmental effects.
BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN ENERGY
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS (contd.)
• Energy Conservation
Energy conservation means to reduce the quantity of
energy that is used for different purposes. Energy
conservation is reduction in the amount of energy
consumed in a process or system, or by an organization or
society, through economy, elimination of waste, and
rational use
• Energy Efficiency
When the specific energy consumption (units of energy
consumed per unit of output) of a device or equipment is
improved by changing the technology deployed, it is
termed as improving the energy efficiency. Promotion of
energy efficiency contributes to energy conservation
 SALIENT FEATURES OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION ACT 2001 & ENERGY
CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) ACT,
2010 AND ITS IMPORTANCE
The Act provides legal framework and
institutional arrangement for embarking on an
energy efficiency drive. It has been enacted for:
• bridging the gap between demand and supply
• reducing environmental emissions through
energy saving
 Thrust Areas of EC Act 2001
• Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
• Establishment of State Designated Agencies
• Identification of Designated Consumers
• Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
• Energy Efficiency (EE) in Govt. Buildings & Establishments
• DSM (Demand Side Measures) in Power Sector &
Agriculture Sector
• Standards & Labeling Program
• Energy Managers & Auditors
• Establishment of EE Delivery Service Mechanism (ESCO-
Energy Service Companies)
 Salient Features of the Energy
Conservation (EC) Act 2001
The Act empowers the Central Government and, in some
instances, State Governments to:
• specify energy consumption standards for notified equipment and
appliances;
• direct mandatory display of label on notified equipment and appliances;
• prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified equipment
and appliances not conforming to energy consumption standards;
• notify energy intensive industries, other establishments, and commercial
buildings as designated consumers;
• establish and prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for
designated consumers;
• prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy
and its conservation in new commercial buildings having a connected load
of 500 kW or a contract demand of 600 kVA and above;
 Salient Features of the Energy
Conservation (EC) Act 2001 (contd.)
• direct designated consumers to -
 designate or appoint certified energy manager in
charge of activities for efficient use of energy and its
conservation;
 get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy
auditor in the specified manner and interval of time;
 furnish information with regard to energy consumed
and action taken on the recommendation of the
accredited energy auditor to the designated agency;
 prepare and implement schemes for efficient use of
energy and its conservation if the prescribed energy
consumption norms and standards are not fulfilled
 Energy Conservation (Amendment)
Act 2010
EC Act 2001 was amended as EC (Amendment) Act 2010 in
August 2010.

The main amendments of the Act are:

• The Central Government may issue the energy savings certificate to the
designated consumer whose energy consumption is less than the
prescribed norms and standards in accordance with the procedure as may
be prescribed.
• The designated consumer whose energy consumption is more than the
prescribed norms and standards shall be entitled to purchase the energy
savings certificate to comply with the prescribed norms and standards.
• The Central Government may, in consultation with the Bureau, prescribe
the value of per metric ton of oil equivalent of energy consumed.
• Commercial buildings which are having a connected load of 100 kW or
contract demand of 120 kVA and above come under the purview of ECBC
under EC Act.
 Designated Consumers
The Central Government has notified the following nine energy intensive
industries as designated consumers under The EC Act 2001
 Concept of Star Rating and its
Importance
Star rating is a system initiated by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
to determine energy efficiency of an appliance like air conditioner,
washing machine etc. Depending upon their energy efficiency, they
are rated on a scale of 1-5 stars. Star ratings starts from one star
(which is the least energy efficient) to five stars (which is the most
energy efficient). Star ratings provide consumers with an easy way
of comparing the energy efficiency of different models.
The need of developing Standards and Labeling program is
mentioned below:
• Wide variation in energy consumption by products of various
manufacturers is observed.
• Information on energy consumption is often not easily available,
sufficient or easy to understand from the name plate.
• This leads to continued manufacture and purchase of inefficient
equipment and appliances.
 The advantages of using star labeled
• Increased efficiency
• Better performance
• Cleaner technologies, less wastes are released
• Reduced energy consumption
• Protection of environment
 Types of Products Available for Star
Rating
Some of the commonly used products are:
• Room Air Conditioner
• Ceiling Fan
• Color Television
• Computer
• Distribution Transformer
• Industrial Motors
• Stationary Type Water Heater
• Submersible Pump Set
• Diesel Generator Set
 Unit-3

Energy Efficiency in Electrical

Utilities
 Tariff Structure
• The electricity billing by utilities for medium &
large enterprises, in High Tension (HT) category, is
often done on two-part tariff structure, i.e. one
part for capacity (or demand) drawn and the
second part for actual energy drawn during the
billing cycle.
• Capacity or demand is in kVA (apparent power) or
kW terms.
• The reactive energy, kVARh drawn by the service
is also recorded and billed for in some utilities,
because this would affect the load on the utility.
 Components of Tariff Structure
• Maximum demand Charges: These charges relate to maximum demand
registered during month/billing period and corresponding rate of utility.
• Energy Charges: These charges relate to energy (kilowatt hours) consumed
during month / billing period and corresponding rates, often levied in
slabs of use rates. Some utilities now charge on the basis of apparent
energy (kVAh), which is a vector sum of kWh and kVARh.
• Power factor penalty or bonus rates, as levied by most utilities, are to
contain reactive power drawn from grid.
• Fuel cost adjustment charges as levied by some utilities are to adjust the
increasing fuel expenses over a base reference value.
• Electricity duty charges levied w.r.t units consumed.
• Meter rentals
• Lighting and fan power consumption is often at higher rates, levied
sometimes on slab basis or on actual metering basis.
• Time of Day (TOD) rates like peak and non-peak hours are also prevalent in
tariff structure provisions of some utilities
• Penalty for exceeding contract demand
• Surcharge if metering is at LT side in some of the utilities
 Components of Power (kW, kVA and
kVAR) and Power Factor
• Apparent Power, S is measured in volt-amperes (VA, kVA, MVA) and
is the voltage on an AC system multiplied by all the current that
flows in it. It is the vector sum of the active and the reactive power.
This measures the electrical load on a circuit or system.
• Active (Real or True) Power, P is measured in watts (W, kW, MW)
and is the power drawn by the electrical resistance of a system
doing useful work. It is the actual power dissipated by the load.
• Reactive Power, Q is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR,
kVAR, MVAR). Reactive power is the portion of apparent power that
does no work. Reactive power is measure of the energy exchange
between the source and the reactive part of the load. Inductive
loads like A.C. motors, induction furnaces, transformers and ballast
etc. require reactive power to create and maintain electro-magnetic
fields.
Power Triangle
 Benefits of power factor
improvement
• Power factor improvement allows the use of
smaller transformers, switchgears and cables etc.
as well as reducing power losses and voltage drop
in an installation.
• The installation of power factor correction
capacitors on installations permits the consumer
to reduce his electricity bill by maintaining the
level of reactive power consumption below a
value contractually agreed with the power supply
authority.
 CONCEPT OF SANCTIONED LOAD, MAXIMUM
DEMAND, CONTRACT DEMAND AND MONTHLY
MINIMUM CHARGES (MMC)
• Sanctioned Load: Sanctioned load means the load in
kW/HP (kilo Watt/Horse Power) which the utility has
agreed to supply from time to time subject to the
governing terms and conditions.
• Maximum Demand: Maximum demand is the highest
average kVA recorded during any one-demand interval
within the month. The demand interval is normally 30
minutes, but may vary from utility to utility from 15
minutes to 60 minutes. The demand is measured using
a tri-vector meter / digital energy meter
• Contract Demand: Contract demand is the amount of
electric power that a customer demands from utility in a
specified interval. Unit used is kVA. It is the amount of
electric power that the consumer agreed upon with the
utility. It is the maximum demand in kVA sanctioned to the
consumer. This would mean that utility has to plan for the
specified capacity.
• Minimum Monthly Charges (MMC): In some states if the
consumption is less than a certain amount, minimum
monthly charges are applicable, which means that the bill
amount cannot be less than minimum monthly charges.
MMC is charged by utility to recover cost of maintenance &
upkeep of the created infrastructure, i.e. to partly recover
the fixed charges incurred by the corporation in making
electricity available at the door steps of the consumer
round the clock.