SOLID STATE 1

SOLID STATE

LDA-1

Subjective Questions : 8. Which one of the following is a moleculer crystal ?[KCET]

1. Distinguish between crystalline solid and Amorphous (a) Rock salt (b) Quartz
solids (March 13, March 14, March 17) (2 times) (c) Dry ice (d) Diamond
2. Define: Polymorphous, Isomorphous, Anisotropy 9. The property of crystalline solid is not [OJEE]
and Isotropy. (March 17) (1 time)
(a) Anisotropic (b) Isotropic
3. Explain Moleculer solids? (1 time)
(c) Hard (d) Dense
4. Why ionic solids are hard and brittle? (1 time)
5. Write a shortnote on glass? (1 time) 10. Which one of the following forms a molecular solid when
solidifiled [Kerala CEE]
Objective Questions : (a) Silicon carbide (b) Calcium fluoride
1. Amorphous substance show (c) Rock salt (d) Methane
(i) Short and long range order 11. Napthalene is a/an [AIIMS]
(ii) Short range order (a) ionic solid (b) covalent soild
(iii) Long rango order (c) metallic solid (d) molecular solid
(iv) Have no sharp M.P 12. In solids the constitutent particles may be
(a) 1 and 3 are correct (b) 2 and 3 are correct
(a) Atoms
(c) 3 and 4 are correct (d) 2 and 4 are correct
(b) Ions
2. Amorphus solids are (c) molecules
(a) Solid substance in real sense (d) Any one of the above three
(b) Liquid in real sense 13. A single substance that exists in two or more forms is
(c) Super cooled liquid
called
(d) Substance with definite melting point
(a) Polymorphous (b) Amorphous
3. Crystalline solid are
(c) Isomorphous (d) Monomorphous
(a) Glass (b) Rubber
14. Ionic solids are characterised by
(c) Plastic (d) Sugar
(a) good conductivity in solid state
4. Crystalline solid
(b) high vapour pressure
(a) Changes abruptly from solid to liquid when heated (c) low melting point
(b) Has no definite melting point (d) solubility in polar solvents
(c) Undergoes deformation of its geometry easily
15. Which one is not the property of crystalline solid
(d) Has an irregular 3-dimensional arrangement
(a) isotropic
5. Which of the following is a moleculer crystal
(b) sharp melting point
(a) SiC (b) NaCI (c) high intermolecular forces
(c) Graphite (d) Ice (d) a definite and regular geometry
6. Solid CO2 is an example of 16. Iodine exists as -
(a) Moleculer crystal (b) Ionic crystal a) polar molecular solid
(c) Covalent crystal (d) Metallic crystal b) ionic solid
7. Glass is (2003) c) non polar moleculer solid
(a) Microcrystalline solid (b) Super cooled liquid d) hydrogen bonded molecular solid (March 16)
(c) Gel (d) Polymeric mixture

Answer Key

MCQ’s Question
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c)

Lakshya
2 SOLID STATE

LDA-2
Subjective Questions : 8. In a face-centred cubic arrangement of metal, the
1. Write a note on (1 time) co-ordination number of metal is
a) Diamond b) Graphite c) Fullerene (a) 2 (b) 4
2. Dcscribe triclinic crystay lattice with help of diagram (c) 6 (d) 8
(Oct - 14) (1 time) 9. In a simple cubic cell, each atom at the corner is shared
3. Face center cube (FCC) consist of how many atoms ? by
(a) 2 unit cell (b) 4 unit cell
Explain (July - 16, July - 17) (1 time)
(c) 6 unit cell (d) 8 unit cell
4. Write a short note on Metallic solid. (1 time) 10. In a face-centred cubic cell, an atom at the face centre is
5. Distinguish between crytal lattice and unit cell. (1 time) shared by
(a) 1 unit cell (b) 2 unit cell
Objective Questions : (c) 3 unit cell (d) 4 unit cell
1. The major binding force in graphite is 11. The crystals exhibit following number of arrangments for
(a) Ionic bond (b) covelent bond their atoms
(c) Hydrogen bond (d) London force (a) 4 arrangements (b) 7 arrangements
2. An ionic compound AxBy occurs in fcc type crystal (c) 10 arrangements (d) 14 arrangements
staucture with B ion at the center of each face and A ion 12. The correct relation between angles of the edge of a
occupying coreners of the cube. crystal belonging to a cubic system is
Give the formula AxBy. (a)  =  =  = 900 (b)  =  =   900
(a) AB3 (b) AB4
(C) A3B (d) A4B (c)  =  = 900 ,   900 (d)     900 ,   900
3. The number of sphere contained (i) in one body centred 13. The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple cubic, face-
cubic unit cell and (ii) in one face centred cubic unit cell, centred cubic and body-centred cubic are, respectively
is (a) 1, 4, 2 (b) 1, 2, 4
(a) In (i) 2 and in (ii) 4 (b) In (i) 3 and in (ii) 2 (c) 8, 14, 9 (d) 8, 4, 2
(c) In (i) 4 and in (ii) 2 (d) In (i) 2 and in (ii) 3 14. Tetragonal crystal system has the following unit cell
4. The number of atoms or molecules contained in one dimension [MP PMT 1993]
body centered cubic unit cell is (a) a = b = c and  =  =  = 900
(a) 1 (b) 2
(b) a = b  c and  =  =  = 900
(c) 4 (d) 6
5. If the number of atoms per unit in a crystal is 2, the (c) a  b  c and  =  =  = 900
structure of crystal is
(d) a = b  c and  =  = 900 ,  =1200
(a) Octahedral (b) Body centred cubic
(c) Face centred cubic (d) Simple cubic 15. In a face-centerted cubic lattic, a unit cell is shared
6. In a cubic structure of compound which is made from X equally by now many unit cells [CBSE PMT 2005]
and Y, where X atoms are at the coreners of the cube and (a) 8 (b) 4
Y at the face centers of the cube. The moleculer formula (c) 2 (d) 6
of the compound is 16. a  b  c and      follow [Bihar CEE 2006]
(a) X2Y (b) X3Y (a) Triclinic (b) Monoclinic
(c) XY2 (d) XY3 (c) Rhombohedral (d) Tetrahedral
7. A compound is formed by elements A and B. This 17. For a crystal system a = b = c and  =  =   900
crystallize in the cubic structure when atoms A are the (a) Tetragonal (b) Hexagonal
corners of the cube and atoms B are at the center of the (c) Rhombohedral (d) Monoclinic
body. The simplest formula of the compounds is 18. An fcc unit cell of aluminium contains the equilanet of
(a) AB (b) AB2 how many atoms
(c) A2B (d) AB2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4

Answer Key

MCQ’s From Text book

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d)

Lakshya
SOLID STATE 3

LDA-3
Subjective Questions : 11. Na and Mg crystallize in bcc and fcc type crystals
1. Calculate percentage efficiency of packing in the respectively, then the number of atoms of Na and mg
following. ( 1 time ) (March - 17) present in the unit cell of their respectively crystal is
a) SCC [AIEEE 2002; BHU 2006]
b) BCC (a) 4 and 2 (b) 9 and 14
c) FCC (c) 14 and 9 (d) 2 and 4
12. If the number of atoms per unit cell in a crystal is 2, the
Objective Questions : structure of crystal is
1. The ratio of close packed atoms to octahedral holes in (a) Octahedral
hexagpnal close packing is (b) Body centred cubic bcc
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) Face centred cubic fcc
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 3 (d) Simple cubic
2. The number of octahedral sites per sphere in fcc 13. An ionic compound has a unit cell consisting of A ions at
structure is the comes of a cube and B ions on the centres of the
(a) 1 (b) 2 faces of the cube. The empirical formula for this
(c) 3 (d) 4 compound would be
3. The numbe of tetrahedral sites per sphere in ccp [AIIMS 2000; CBSE PMT 2004; AIEEE 2005; KCET 2009;
(a) 1 (b) 2 CPMT 2010]
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) AB (b) A2B
4. The packing efficiency for a body centred cubic structure (c) AB3 (d) A3B
is 14. The fraction of total volume occupied by the atoms
(a) 0.42 (b) 0.53 present in a simple cube is [CBSE PMT 2007]
(c) 0.68 (d) 0.82  
5. Potassium has a bcc strcture with nearest neighbour (a) (b)
6 3 2
distance 4.52 A. Its atomic weight is 39. Its density will be
(a) 454 kgm
-3
(b) 804 kgm
-3  
-3 -3
(c) (d)
(c) 852 kgm (d) 908 kgm 4 2 4
6. An element (atomic mass = 100 g/mol) having bcc 15. Total volume of atoms present in face-centred cubic unit
strcture has unit cell edge 400 pm. Then density of the cell of a metal (r is atomic radius)
element is [AIEEE 2006; AFMC 2006]
3 3
(a) 10.376 g/cm (b) 5.188 g/cm 20 3 24 3
3 3 (a) r (b) r
(c) 7.289 g/cm (d) 2.144 g/cm 3 3
7. An element with atomic mass 100 has a bcc structure and 12 3 16 3
edge length 400 pm. The density of element is (c) r (d) r
-3 -3 3 3
(a) 10.37 gcm (b) 5.19 g cm
-3 -3 16. In a face centred cubic lattice, atom A occupies the
(c) 7.29 g cm (d) 2.14 g cm
corner one atom of B occupies the face centre position. If
8. Which has minimum percent volume occupied by the
one atom of B is missing from one of the face centred
sphere ?
points, the formula of the compound is [AIEEE 2011]
(a) Simple cubic
(a) A2B (b) AB2
(b) Body-centred cubic
(c) A2B3 (d) A2B5
(c) Hexagonal closest packed
17. Percentages of the free space cubic close packed
(d) Cubic closest packed
structure and is body centred packed structure are
9. The packing efficiency in a simple cubic cell system of
respectively.
crystals is
[DCE 2006; Gujarat CET 2007; CBSE PMT 2008; AIEEE
(a) 68 % (b) 52 %
2010; Kerala PMT 2012; Odisha JEE 2012]
(c) 74 % (d) 92 % (a) 48% and 26% (b) 30% and 26%
10. Density of a crystal is given by (c) 26% and 32% (d) 32% and 48%
a3  M N M 18. In a face centred cubic lattice, atom A occupies the
(a) (b) 0 3
z  N0 za corner one atom of B occupies the face centre position. If
one atom of B is missing from one of the face centred
z M a3  N0
(c) (d) points, the formula of the compound is [AIEEE 2011]
a3  N0 z M (a) A2B (b) AB2
(c) A2B3 (d) A2B5

Lakshya
4 SOLID STATE

19. In NaCI unit cell, all the ions lying along the axis as shown
+
in the figure are removed. Then the numbers of Na and
-
CI ions remaining in the unit cell are [MP PET 2010]

(a) 4 and 4 (b) 3 and 3

(c) 1 and 1 (d) 4 and 3
20. Structure of a mixed oxide is cubic close-packed (c.c.p).
The cubic unit cell of mixed oxide is composed of oxide
ions. One fourth of the tetrahedral voids are occupied by
divalent monovalent metal B. The formula of the oxide is
[CBSE PMT (Mains) 2012]
(a) ABO2 (b) A2BO2
(C) A2B3O4 (d) AB2O2

Answer Key

MCQ’s Text book

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)

Lakshya
SOLID STATE 5

LDA-4
Numericals From Text Book :
-3
1. Nibium is found to crystallise with bcc structure and found to have density of 8.55g cm Determine the atomic radius of
niobium if its atomic mass is 93 (14.29 mm)
2. Copper crystallises into a fcc structure and the unit cell has length of edge 3.61  10-8 cm. Calculate the density of copper if
-3
the molar mass of Cu is 63.5g mol (8.92 g cm )
Silver crystallises in face structure with edge length of unit cell, 4.07  10-8 cm. and if density of metallic silver is 10.5g cm .
-3
3.
Calculate the molecular mass of silver. (107.8)
4. Determine the density of cesium chloride which crystallises in a bcc type atomic masses of Cs and CI are 133 and 35.5
-3
respectively. (4.0 g cm )
-3
5. Unit cell of iron crystal has edge length of 288 pm and density of 7.86g cm . Determine the type of crystal lattice (Fe = 56)
(Hint: Determine number of atomic in unit cell, it comes to 2, hence bcc type)
-3
6. An atom crystallises in face crystal lattice and has a density of 10 g cm with unit cell edge length of 100 pm. Calculate

number of atoms present in 1 g of crystal. 4  1023 atoms 
7. An element A and B consitude bcc type crystalline structure. Element A occupies body centre position and B is at the corners
of cube. What is the formula of the compound? What are the coordination numbers of A and B? (Formula AB, corrdination
numbers of A = 8, and B = 8)
8. Atoms C and D from fcc crystalline structure Atom C is present at the corners of the cube and D is at the faces of the cube.
What is the formula of the compound ? (CD3)
–3 –1
9. The density of iron crystal is 8.54 gram cm . if the edge length of unit cell is 2.8 A and atomic mass is 56 gram mol , find the
number of atom in the unit cell. (March 2018)

Lakshya
6 SOLID STATE

LDA-5
Subjective Questions : 8. In ccp arrangement the pattern of successive layers can
1. Distinguish between the following. (1 time ) be designated as
a) Hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing (a) AB AB AB (b) ABC ABC ABC
b) Tetrahedral viod and octahedral void. (c) AB ABC AB (d) ABA ABA ABA
2. Explain AAAA and ABAB type of two dimension packings. 9. For an ionic crystal of the general formula AX and
3. Explain packing in ionic solids ? (1 time) coordination number 6 the value of radius ratio will be
4. Explain Radius Ratio Rule ? (1 time ) (a) Greater than 0.73
(b) In between 0.73 and 0.41
Objective Questions : (c) In between 0.41 and 0.22
1. The ratio of close packed atoms to tetrahedral holes in (d) Less than 0.22
cubic packing is 10. The name given to ABCABCABC … type of arrangement is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (a) cubic close-packed arrangement
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 3 (b) Hexagonal close-packed arrangement
2. The ratio of close paked atoms to octahedral holes in (c) Tetrahedral arrangement
hexagonal close paking is (d) Octahedral arrangement
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 11. The arrangement ABC ABC ABC . . . . . is referred as
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 3 [MP PET 2001]
3. The number of octahedral sites per spehere in fcc (a) Octahedral close packing
strcture is. (b) Hexagonal close packing
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) Tetrahedral close packing
(c) 3 (d) 4 (d) Cubic close packing
4. The number of tetrahedral sites per sphere in ccp 12. The arrangement ABC ABC ABC … is referred as
structure is. [MP PET 2001]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) Octahedral voids
(c) 3 (d) 4 (b) Hexagonal close packing
+ -
5. An ionic crystal lattic has r /r radius ratio of 0.524. Its (c) Tetragonal close packing
coordination number is (d) Corners of cube
(a) 2 (b) 4 13. The number of octahedral sites oer sphere in a fcc
(c) 6 (d) 8 structure is [MP PMT 2000, 01]
6. The two dimensional coordination number of a molecule (a) 8 (b) 4
in square close packed layers is (c) 2 (d) 1
(a) 4 (b) 2 14. Hexagonal close packed arrangement of ions is described
(c) 3 (d) 6 as [MP PMT 1994]
7. Which of the following statements is not true about the (a) ABC ABA (b) ABC ABC
voids ? (c) ABABA (d) ABBAB
(a) Octahedral void is formed at the centre of six 15. The number of octahedral voids in a unit cell of a cubical
spheres which lie at the apices of a regular closest packed structure
octahedron. (a) 1 (b) 2
(b) There is one octahedral site for each sphere. (c) 4 (d) 8
(c) There are two tetrahedral sites for each sphere.
(d) Octahedral voids are formed when the
triangular voids insecond layer exactly overlap with
similar voids in the first layer.

Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c)

Lakshya
SOLID STATE 7

LDA-6

Objective Questions : 10. Which of the following statement is not true about NaCI
1. In which compound 4 : 4 Coordination is found structure
-
(a) ZnS (b) CuCI (a) CI ions are in fcc arrangenment
+
(c) AgI (d) All of these (b) Na ions has coordination number 4
-
2. The unit cell of a NaCI lattice (c) CI ions has coordination number 4
+
(a) Is body centred cube (b) Has 3Na ions (d) Each unit cell contains 4 NaCI moleculer
+
(c) Has 4NaCI units (d) Is electrically charged 11. In CsCI structure, the coordination number of Cs is
3. Which of the following statements is not true about NaCI [MS PET 1993, 2003; MP PMT 2001; Odisha JEE 2011]
-
structure (a) Equal to that of CI , the is 6
-
(a) CI- ions are in fcc arrangement (b) Equal to that of CI , that is 8
-
(b) Na+ ions has coordination number 4 (c) Not equal to that of CI , that is 6
-
(c) CI- ions has coordination number 6 (d) Not equal to that of CI , that is 8
(d) Each unit cell contains 4NaCI molecules 12. Radius ratio of an ionic compound is 0.93. The structure
r
N+ of the above ionic compound is of
4. In NaCI lattice the radius ratio is r a- = (a) NaCI type (b) CsCI type
CI (c) ZnS type (d) None of these
(a) 0.225 (b) 0.115 13. How many chloride ions are therearound sodium ion in
(c) 0.5414 (d) 0.471 sodium chloride crystal
r+ [BHU 1982, 87: CPMT 1988; MP PET 1995, 96, 99, 2011;
5. The - ratio of KF is 0.98. The type of structure in KF is BVP2004; DUMET 2010]
r
(a) NaCI (b) ZnS (a) 3 (b) 8
(c) Graphite (d) CsCI (c) 4 (d) 6
14. Structure NaCI crystal is:
6. In CsCI structure, the coordination number of cations and
anions are [BHU 1995; MP PMT 2006; Odisha JEE 2008]
(a) 6 and 4 (b) 4 and 8 (a) Face centred cubic (b) Monoclinic
(c) 8 and 8 (d) 6 and 6 (c) Orthorhombic (d) Tetragonal
15. In the calcium fluoride structure the co-ordination
7. Hexagonal close packed arrangement of ions is described
as [MP PMT 1994] number of the cation and anions are respectively
(a) ABC ABA (b) ABC ABC [J & K CET 2005]
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) ABABA (d) ABBAB
8. In the flurite structure, the coordination number of Ca
2+ (c) 1 (d) 4
2+
ion is 16. In zinc blende structure the coordination number of Zn
(a) 4 (b) 6 ion is [Odisha JEE 2004]
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) 3
9.
2+ -
The Ca and F are located in CaF2 crystal, respectively at (c) 6 (d) 8
17. A solid compound XY has NaCI structure. If the radius of
face centred cubic lattice points and in [AIIMS 2006] -
the cation is 100 pm, the radius of the anion (Y ) will be
(a) Tetrahedral voids
(a) 241.5 pm (b) 165.7 pm
(b) Half of tetrahedral voids
(c) 275.1 pm (d) 322.5 pm
(c) Octahedral voids
(d) Half of octahedral voids

Answer Key

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a)

Lakshya
8 SOLID STATE

LDA-7

Subjective Questions : 7. The white ZnO turns yellow on heating because of

1. What are schottky defect and Franked defect. (Oct - 13) [AMU (Engg.) 2010]
2. Explain impurity defect in stainless steel with (a) Frenkel defect
diagram (March - 15) (b) Metal excess defect
3. What is Ferromagnetism? Iron (z = 26) is strongly (c) Metal deficiency defect
Ferromagnetic. Explain (March - 16) (d) Schottky defect
4. What are semiconductors? Describe the two main types 8. Schottky defect in crystals is abserved when
of semiconductors. [CBSE PMT 1994, 98; KCET 2002; VITEEE 2006]
5. Explain band theory. (a) Density of crystal is increased
(b) Unequal number of cations and anions are
Objective Questions : interstitial site
1. Due to Frenkel defect the density of ionic solid (c) An ion leaves its normal site and occupies an
(a) Increase (b) Decreases interstitial site
(c) remains same (d) Fluctuates (d) Equal number of cations and anions are missing
2. In crystalline solid few of the caitons moved from their from the lattice
positions into the interstitial position. The defect is called 9. Due to Frenkel defect, the density of ionic solids
as. [MP PET 1996; MP PMT 2002]
(a) Interstitial defect (b) Frenkel defect (a) Increase (b) Decreases
(c) schottky (d) line defet (c) Does not change (d) Changes
3. Which defect cause decrease in the density of crystal 10. If a non-metal is added to the interstitial sites of a
(a) Frenkel (b) Schottky metal then the metal become
(c) Interstitial (d) F-centre (a) Softer (b) Less tensile
4. In a solid lattice the cation has left a lattice site and is (c) Less malleable (d) More ductile
located at an interstitial position, the lattice defect is 11. When electrons are trapped into the crystal in
(a) Interstitial defect (b) Valency defect anoin vacancy, the defect is known as
(c) Frenkel defect (d) Schottky defect (a) Schotky defect (b) Frenkel defect
5. The correct statement refarding F-centre is (c) Stoichiometric defect (d) F-centres
(a) Electron are held in the voids of crystals 12. In a solid lattice the cation has left a lattice site and is
(b) F-centre produces colour to the crystals located at an interstitial position, the lattice defect is
(c) Conductivity of the crystal increase due to F - center [AIIMS 1982,91; MP PET 1994; DCE 2002; J & K CET
(d) All of these 2005]
6. Schottky defect in crystals is observed when (a) Interstitial defect (b) Valency defect
(a) Density of crystal is increased (c) Frenkel defect (d) Schottky defect
(b) Unequal number of cations and anions are missing
from the lattice
(c) An ion leaves its normal site and occupies an
interstitial site
(d) Equal number of cations and anions are missiong
from the lattice

Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c)

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SOLID STATE 9

LDA-8
Objective Questions : 5. Doping of silicon (Si) with boron (B) leads to
1. Semi conductors are manufactured by addition of [UPSE PMT 2007]
impurities of (a) n-type semicondutors
(a) p-block element (b) p-type semiconductor
(b) actionoids (c) Metal
(c) Lanthanoids (d) Insulator
(d) s-block elements 6. What is the energy gap between valence band and
2. p type semi conductore is formed when trace amount of conduction band in crystal of insulators
impurity is added to silicon. The number of valence [Gujrat CET 2007]
electrons in the impurity atom must be (a) Both the bands are overlapped with each other
(a) 3 (b) 5 (b) Very small
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c) Infinite
3. n type semiconductors is formed when trace amount of (d) Very large
impurity is added to silicon. The number of electrons in 7. Conduction in a p-type semiconductor is increased by
the impurity atom must be [J & K CET 2012]
(a) 3 (b) 5 (a) Increasing the band gap
(c) 1 (d) 2 (b) Decreasing the temperature
4. Which one of the following elements on doping with (c) Adding appropriate electron rich impurities
germanium, make it a p-type semiconductor ? (d) Adding appropriate electron rich impuritie
(a) Sb (b) As
(c) Ga (d) Bi

Answer Key

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c)

Lakshya