Coordinates: 46°46′45.8″N 10°50′25.

1″E

Ötzi
Ötzi (German pronunciation: [ˈœtsi] ( listen)), also called the
Ötzi
Iceman, the Similaun Man (Italian: Mummia del Similaun), the
Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, and the
Hauslabjoch mummy, is the well-preserved natural mummy of a
man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE.[3] The mummy was
found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname
"Ötzi", near Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border
between Austria and Italy.[4] He is Europe's oldest known natural
human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of
Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans. His body and belongings
are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in
Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.

Born c. 3345 BCE

near the present village of
Contents Feldthurns (Velturno), north of
Discovery Bolzano, Italy
Scientific analyses Died c. 3300 BCE (aged about 45)
Body
Ötztal Alps, near Hauslabjoch on
Health
the border between Austria and
Skeletal details and tattooing
Clothes and shoes Italy
Tools and equipment Other names Ötzi the Iceman
Genetic analysis Similaun Man
Blood Man from Hauslabjoch
H. pylori analysis
Hauslabjoch mummy
Cause of death Frozen Man
Legal dispute Frozen Fritz[1][2]
"Ötzi's curse" Known for Oldest natural mummy of a
See also Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
References European man
Further reading Height 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Articles
Books
Weight c. 61 kg (134 lb; 9.6 st) (when
alive)
External links
Website South Tyrol Museum of
Archaeology (http://www.archae
Discovery ologiemuseum.it)

Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of 3,210 metres (10,530 ft) on the east ridge of the
Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border. The tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon, were walking off the path
between the mountain passes Hauslabjoch and Tisenjoch. They believed that the body was of a recently deceased mountaineer.[5]
The next day, a mountain gendarme and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was
frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice-axes, but had to
give up due to bad weather. The next day, eight groups visited the site,
among whom were mountaineers Hans Kammerlander and Reinhold
Messner. The body was semi-officially extracted on 22 September and
officially salvaged the following day. It was transported to the office of the
medical examiner in Innsbruck, together with other objects found. On 24
September, the find was examined there by archaeologist Konrad Spindler of
the University of Innsbruck. He dated the find to be "about four thousand
years old", based on the typology of an axe among the retrieved objects.[6][7]
Discovery site marked on a map of the
At the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919, the border between North Alps
and South Tyrol was defined as the watershed of the rivers Inn and Etsch.
Near Tisenjoch the (now withdrawn) glacier complicated establishing the
watershed at the time, and the border was established too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, surveys
in October 1991 showed that the body had been located 92.56 metres (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory as delineated in 1919.[8]
The province of South Tyrol therefore claimed property rights, but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific
examinations. Since 1998, it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South
Tyrol.

Scientific analyses
The corpse has been extensively examined, measured, X-rayed, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined
microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen bodies of three Austro-Hungarian soldiers killed
during the Battle of San Matteo (1918) were found on the mountain Punta San Matteo in Trentino. One body was sent to a
museum in the hope that research on how the environment affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past.[9]

Body
By current estimates (2016), at the time of his death, Ötzi was 160
centimetres (5 ft 3 in) tall, weighed about 50 kilograms (110 lb), and was
about 45 years of age.[10] When his body was found, it weighed 13.750
kilograms (30 lb 5.0 oz).[11][12] Because the body was covered in ice
shortly after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports
claimed that his penis and most of his scrotum were missing, but this was
later shown to be unfounded.[13] Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the
isotopic composition of his tooth enamel indicates that he spent his
childhood near the present village of Feldthurns, north of Bolzano, but
later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres farther north.[14] Ötzi the Iceman while still frozen in the
glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon
In 2009, a CAT scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to upon the discovery of the body in
where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents September 1991
revealed the partly digested remains of ibex meat, confirmed by DNA
analysis, suggesting he had a meal less than two hours before his death.
Wheat grains were also found.[15] It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, probably bacon,
which came from a wild goat in South Tyrol, Italy.[16] Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one
consumed about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer and herb bread; both were eaten with
roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed einkorn wheat bran,[17] quite possibly eaten in the
form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of
einkorn and barley, and seeds of flax and poppy were discovered, as well as kernels of sloes (small plum-like fruits of the
blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.[18] Hair analysis was used to examine his diet from several
months before.

Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the
presence of wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were also discovered.
The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two
hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring, or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late
summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.

High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe blade, which is
99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper smelting.[19]

By examining the proportions of Ötzi's tibia, femur and pelvis, Christopher Ruff has determined that Ötzi's lifestyle included long
walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. Ruff proposes that this may
indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd.[20]

Using modern 3 technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano,
Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is
depicted looking tired and ungroomed.[21]

Health
Ötzi apparently had whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), an intestinal parasite. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of
his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his
fingernails (of the two found) shows three Beau's lines indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The
last incident, two months before he died, lasted about two weeks.[22] It was also found that his epidermis, the outer skin layer,
was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice.[23] Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from
cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high carbohydrate diet.[24] DNA analysis in
February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was lactose intolerant, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that
time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying.[25]

Skeletal details and tattooing

Ötzi had a total of 61 tattoos (or Soot tattoos), consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1 to 3 mm in thickness and 7 to
40 mm long.[26] These include groups of parallel lines running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the
lumbar spine, as well as a cruciform mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist.
The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines.[27] A microscopic
examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from pigment manufactured out of fireplace
ash or soot.[28]

Radiological examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many
tattooed areas, including osteochondrosis and slight spondylosis in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee
and especially in the ankle joints.[29] It has been speculated that these tattoos may have been related to pain relief treatments
similar to acupressure or acupuncture.[27] If so, this is at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (c.
1000 BCE).[30] Recent research into archaeological evidence for ancient tattooing has confirmed that Ötzi is the oldest tattooed
human mummy yet discovered.[31][32]

Clothes and shoes

 Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass[33] and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a
loincloth and shoes, all made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap
with a leather chin strap. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for
walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for
the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the
shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were
constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with sinew. His belt had a pouch
sewn to it that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, drill, flint flake, bone awl and
a dried fungus.[34]

Archeoparc (Schnals valley /
South Tyrol). Museum:
Reconstruction of the
neolithic clothes worn by
Ötzi
An artist's impression of
Ötzi's right shoe
Ireland and Italy reported their analysis of his mitochondrial DNA, which was extracted from nine fragments from six of his
garments, including his loin cloth and fur cap.[37][38][39]
The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the
shoes are actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the
equivalent of a cobbler who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found
to constitute such excellent footwear that it was reported that a Czech company offered to
purchase the rights to sell them.[35] However, a more recent hypothesis by British
archaeologist Jacqui Wood says that Ötzi's shoes were actually the upper part of
snowshoes. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is
actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the
face.[36]
The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic analysis showed
that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic European sheep than to wild sheep;
the items were made from the skins of at least four animals. Part of the coat was made
from domesticated goat belonging to a mitochondrial haplogroup (a common female
ancestor) that inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals
from two different species and was stitched together with hides available at the time. The
leggings were made from domesticated goat leather. A similar set of 6,500-year-old
leggings discovered in Switzerland were made from goat leather which may indicate the
goat leather was specifically chosen.
Shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The quiver was
made from wild roe deer, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of brown bear
which lives in the region today. Writing in the journal Scientific Reports, researchers from

Tools and equipment

Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a chert-bladed knife with an ash handle and a quiver of
14 arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts.[40][41] Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had
fletching (stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a quiver with what is
presumed to be a bow string, an unidentified tool, and an antler tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points.[42]
There was also an unfinished yew longbow that was 1.82 metres (72 in) long.[43]

In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were berries, two birch bark baskets, and two species of polypore mushrooms with leather
strings through them. One of these, the birch fungus, is known to have anthelmintic properties, and was probably used for
medicinal purposes.[44] The other was a type of tinder fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firelighting
kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.
Ötzi's copper axe was of particular interest. His axe's haft is 60 centimetres (24 in) long
and made from carefully worked yew with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to
the blade. The 9.5 centimetres (3.7 in) long axe head is made of almost pure copper,
produced by a combination of casting, cold forging, polishing, and sharpening. Despite the
fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been exploited at the time, a
study indicated that the copper in the axe came from southern Tuscany.[45] It was let into
the forked end of the crook and fixed there using birch-tar and tight leather lashing. The
blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been
used to chop and cut. At the time, such an axe would have been a valuable possession,
important both as a tool and as a status symbol for the bearer.[46]

Genetic analysis
Ötzi's full genome has been sequenced; the report on this was published on 28 February
A replica of Ötzi's copper
2012.[47] The Y chromosome DNA of Ötzi belongs to a subclade of G defined by the
axe
SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was
not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of
his BAM file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91 [48]. G-L91 is now mostly found in South
Corsica.

Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three
modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.[49]
Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade
with a very limited distribution among modern data sets.[50]

By autosomal DNA, Ötzi is most closely related to southern Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like
Corsicans and Sardinians.[51][52][53][54]

DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis and lactose intolerance, with the presence of the DNA sequence of
Borrelia burgdorferi, possibly making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease.[47][55] A later analysis suggested the
sequence may have been a different Borrelia species.[56]

A 2012 paper by paleoanthropologist John Hawks suggests that Ötzi had a higher degree of Neanderthal ancestry than modern
Europeans.[57]

In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern Tyrolean men were descendants of Ötzi or of a close relative of Ötzi. Scientists
from the Institute of Legal Medicine at Innsbruck Medical University had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood
donors and found 19 who shared a particular genetic mutation with the 5,300-year-old man.[58]

Blood
In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact blood cells. These are the oldest complete human blood
cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same
dimensions as living red blood cells and resembled a modern-day sample.[59][60]

H. pylori analysis
In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the gastrointestinal tract of Ötzi to analyze
the origins of the Helicobacter pylori in his gut.[61] The H. pylori strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the
hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in
modern European populations.[61] The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals from Northern India;
the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.[61]

Cause of death
The cause of death remained uncertain until 10 years after the discovery of the body.[62] It
was initially believed that Ötzi died from exposure during a winter storm. Later it was
speculated that Ötzi might have been a victim of a ritual sacrifice, perhaps for being a
chieftain.[63][64] This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the
first millennium BCE bodies recovered from peat bogs such as the Tollund Man and the
Lindow Man.[64]

In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left
shoulder when he died[65] and a matching small tear on his coat.[66] The discovery of the
arrowhead prompted researchers to theorize Ötzi died of blood loss from the wound,
which would probably have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been
available.[67] Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death,
and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest
and cerebral trauma indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts was to the base of his The Ötzi memorial near
thumb that reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it Tisenjoch. Ötzi was found
is believed that Ötzi bled to death after the arrow shattered the scapula and damaged ca. 70 m NE of here, a place
nerves and blood vessels before lodging near the lung.[68] indicated with a red mark
(not in this photo). The
Recent DNA analyses claim they revealed traces of blood from at least four other people mountain in the background
on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead, and a fourth from his is the Fineilspitze.

coat.[69][70] Interpretations of these findings were that Ötzi killed two people with the
same arrow and was able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was
from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back.[66] Ötzi's posture in death
(frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) could support a theory that before
death occurred and rigor mortis set in, the Iceman was turned onto his stomach in the
effort to remove the arrow shaft.[71]

In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in
the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the Sapienza University
of Rome and his colleagues.[72] According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and
their locations, it is possible that the iceman may have been placed above what has been
interpreted as a stone burial mound but was subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that
created a flowing watery mix driven by gravity before being re-frozen.[73] While
archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process
described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone
formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate
that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform.[73] Moreover, biological
Naturalistic reconstruction of
anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that
Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum
of Archaeology
would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had
been moved up the mountain.[73] In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the possibility of a violent cause of death.

Legal dispute
Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the South Tyrolean provincial government of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In
1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of 10 million lire (€5,200), which the Simons declined.[74] In 2003, the Simons
filed a lawsuit which asked a court in Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his "official
discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favor in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons
announced that they were seeking US$300,000 as their fee. The provincial government decided to appeal.[75]

In addition, two people came forward to claim that they were part of the same mountaineering party that came across Ötzi and
discovered the body first:

Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired Slovenian climber, who alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling
into a crevice, and shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi.
She cited Reinhold Messner, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the witness to this.[76]
Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon,
and that she spat on Ötzi to make sure that her DNA would be found on the body later. She asked for a DNA test
on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of finding any trace.[77]
In 2005 the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged that neither woman was
present on the mountain that day.[77] In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs. Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that
these two new claimants have decided to appear 14 years after Ötzi was found."[77] In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene
newspaper that she wrote twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.[76]

In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the
Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal
costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon reduced her claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the
expenses it had incurred to establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the
finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In September 2006, the authorities appealed the case to Italy's highest
court, the Court of Cassation.[75]

On 29 September 2008 it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a settlement of the dispute,
under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by her and her late husband and the tourist income
that it attracts.[74][78]

"Ötzi's curse"
Influenced by the "Curse of the pharaohs" and the media theme of cursed mummies, claims have been made that Ötzi is cursed.
The allegation revolves around the deaths of several people connected to the discovery, recovery and subsequent examination of
Ötzi. It is alleged that they have died under mysterious circumstances. These people include co-discoverer Helmut Simon[79] and
Konrad Spindler, the first examiner of the mummy in Austria in 1991.[80] To date, the deaths of seven people, of which four were
accidental, have been attributed to the alleged curse. In reality hundreds of people were involved in the recovery of Ötzi and are
still involved in studying the body and the artifacts found with it. The fact that a small percentage of them have died over the
years has not been shown to be statistically significant.[81][82]

See also
Children of Llullaillaco
Mummy Juanita
 Gebelein predynastic mummies
Saltmen
List of human evolution fossils
Lovers of Valdaro
Tarim Basin Mummies

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77. Nick Pisa (22 October 2005), "Cold case comes to court – After 5,300 years" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/
worldnews/europe/italy/1501326/Cold-case-comes-to-court---after-5300-years.html), The Daily Telegraph,
archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081206113514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/
1501326/Cold-case-comes-to-court---after-5300-years.html) from the original on 6 December 2008
78. Nick Squires (29 September 2008), "Oetzi The Iceman's discoverers finally compensated: A bitter dispute over
the payment of a finder's fee for two hikers who discovered the world famous Oetzi The Iceman mummy has
finally been settled" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/3105153/Oetzi-the-icemans-dis
coverers-finally-compensated.html), The Daily Telegraph, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2008100203571
4/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/3105153/Oetzi-the-icemans-discoverers-finally-com
pensated.html) from the original on 2 October 2008
79. Reuters in Vienna (19 October 2004), "Iceman's finder missing" (https://www.theguardian.com/austria/article/0,,1
330689,00.html), The Guardian; Stephen Goodwin (25 October 2004), "Helmut Simon: Finder of a Bronze Age
man in the alpine snow [obituary]" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071001130155/http://news.independent.co.uk/
people/obituaries/article30165.ece), The Independent, archived from the original (http://news.independent.co.uk/
people/obituaries/article30165.ece) on 1 October 2007, retrieved 18 March 2007
80. Barbara McMahon (20 April 2005), "Scientist seen as latest 'victim' of Iceman" (http://education.guardian.co.uk/hi
gher/sciences/story/0,,1463998,00.html), The Guardian, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193306/
http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/sciences/story/0,,1463998,00.html) from the original on 9 December 2007
81. "Is there an Ötzi curse?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120821140353/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-curse), Ötsi
– the Iceman, South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, archived from the original (http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-curs
e) on 21 August 2012, retrieved 15 August 2012, "hundreds of people have worked on the Iceman project, and
many years have passed since the corpse was first discovered. It is therefore not remarkable that some of those
people have since died."
82. The Curse of the Ice Mummy, a television documentary screened on UK Channel 4 on 8 March 2007. See also
Kathy Marks (5 November 2005), "Curse of Oetzi the Iceman strikes again" (https://web.archive.org/web/200705
18151436/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece), The Independent, archived from the original
(http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece) on 18 May 2007, retrieved 17 March 2007 (also
reported as Kathy Marks (5 November 2005), "Curse of Oetzi the Iceman claims another victim" (http://www.nzhe
rald.co.nz/section/2/story.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10353742), The New Zealand Herald); Nick Squires (5
November 2005), "Seventh victim of the Ice Man's 'curse' " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/n
ews/2005/11/05/woetzi05.xml), The Daily Telegraph, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071011204319/htt
p://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F05%2Fwoetzi05.xml) from the
original on 11 October 2007

Further reading

Articles
Dickson, James Holms (28 June 2005), Plants and the Iceman: Ötzi's last journey (http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/DEE
B/jd/otzi.htm), Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences,
University of Glasgow, retrieved 17 March 2007.
Fowler, Brenda (November 2002), The Iceman's last meal (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/iceman.
html), NOVA Online, PBS, retrieved 17 March 2007.
Keller, Andreas (28 February 2012), New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by
whole-genome sequencing (http://isogg.org/tree/Keller%202012%20Oetzi%20Iceman.pdf) (PDF), nature.com,
retrieved 25 April 2012.
Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001), "Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say scientists" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20070518151436/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece), The Independent,
archived from the original (http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece) on 18 May 2007, retrieved
17 March 2007 .
Macintyre, Ben (1 November 2003), "We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ... and he died 5,300
years ago" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/ben_macintyre/article1006322.ece), The
Times.
Murphy, William A., Jr.; zur Nedden, Dieter; Gostner, Paul; Knapp, Rudolf; Recheis, Wolfgang; Seidler, Horst (24
January 2003), "The Iceman: Discovery and imaging" (http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/226/3/614),
Radiology, 226 (3): 614–629, doi:10.1148/radiol.2263020338 (https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.2263020338),
ISSN 0033-8419 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8419), PMID 12601185 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubm
ed/12601185). On-line pre-publication version.

Books
Deem, James (2008), Bodies from the Ice (http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumb
er=552123), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 64, ISBN 978-0-618-80045-2
Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, eds. (2000), The Iceman and His Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical
Results, Wien; New York, N.Y.: Springer, ISBN 978-3-211-82660-7.
Fowler, Brenda (2000), Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier,
New York, N.Y.: Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-43167-1.
Spindler, Konrad (2001), The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man Reveals the Secrets of the
Stone Age, Ewald Osers (trans.), London: Phoenix, ISBN 978-0-7538-1260-0.
 De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998), La Mummia del Similaun: Ötzi, l'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio
[The Mummy of the Similaun: Ötzi, the Man who Came from the Ice], Venice, Italy: Marsilio, ISBN 978-88-317-
7073-6 (in Italian)
Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000) [1998], L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Man who Came from the
Ice], Bolzano, Italy: Folio, ISBN 978-88-86857-03-1 (in Italian)

External links
Official website about Ötzi (http://www.iceman.it)
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing (http://w
ww.isogg.org/tree/Keller%202012%20Oetzi%20Iceman.pdf)
Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman (http://www.icemanph
otoscan.eu)
"Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002 (http://
www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/iceman.shtml)
Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi in English, German
and Italian (http://home.bawue.de/~wmwerner/oetzi.html) (last updated 28 January 2006)
Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information (http://www.wilderdom.com/evolution/OtziIc
emanAlpsPictures.htm) (last updated 27 October 2004)
"Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/
five-millennia-on-iceman-of-bolzano-gives-up-dna-secrets-2041236.html) Michael Day, The Independent, 2
August 2010
"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face (http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/otzi-face-reconstruction-1102
25.html) High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.
"An Ice Cold Case" (http://www.radiolab.org/story/ice-cold-case/) RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of
EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.
"Ötzi's Shoes (http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Projects/otzi_shoe/shoe.html)

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