Foodborne and Waterborne Disease

Disease Causative Agent Morphology Type of Signs and sDrug of Choice

Microorganism Symptoms Medical Intervention
1. Staphylococcal Food Enterotoxin Gram + Nausea, vomiting and None
Poisoning Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria diarrhea

2. Shigellosis Shigella spp. Gram - Bacteria Tissue damage and Quinolones

dysentery
3. Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica Bacteria Nausea and diarrhea Oral rehydration
4. Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Gram - Bacteria High fever, significant Quinolones and cephalosporins
mortality
5. Cholera Vibrio cholera Gram - Bacteria Diarrhea with large Rehydration and doxycycline
water loss
6. Vibrio V. parahaemolyticus gram- negative, Bacteria Cholera like diarrhea, Rehydration and antibiotics
parahaemolyticus halophilic, non- but generally milder
gastroenteritis sporeforming, curved
rod-shaped bacterium
7. V. vulnificus V. vulnificus Gram - Rapidly spreading Antibiotics
gastroenteritis Bacteria tissue destruction

8. Traveler’s diarrhea Enterotoxigenic, Gram - Bacteria Watery diarrhea Oral Rehydration

enteroinvasive E. coli
9. Shiga toxin – E. coli Gram – ; rod shaped Bacteria Shigella like dysentery: Intravenous rehydration and monitoring of
producing bacteria hemorrhagic colitis serum electrolytes
Escherichia coli (very bloody stools )
and hemolytic uremic
syndrome
10. Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni Gram – negative ; Bacteria Fever, Abdominal pain None
gastroenteritis mainly spiral shaped, and diarrhea
curved or rod-shaped
bacteria.
11. Peptic Ulcer Disease Helicobacter pylori Gram - Bacteria Peptic ulcers Antimicrobial drugs

12. Yersinia Yersinia enterocolitica Gram –negative Bacteria Abdominal pain and Oral rehydration
Gastroenteritis bacillus-shaped diarrhea
bacterium
13. Clostridium Clostridium perfingens Gram-positive, rod- Usually limited to Oral rehydration
perfingens shaped, anaerobic, Bacteria diarrhea
gastroenteritis spore forming
pathogenic bacterium

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Foodborne and Waterborne Disease
14. Clostridium difficile- Clostridium difficile
associated diarrhea
15. Bacillus cereus
gastroenteritis
16. Hepatitis A
17. Hepatitis B
18. Hepatitis C
19. Hepatitis D Hepatitis D virus,
20. Hepatitis E
21. Ergot poisoning Claviceps purpurea
22. Aflatoxin poisoning Aspergillus flavus
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Gram positive, rod- Bacteria Mild diarrhea to colitis Metronidazole, Vancomycin
shaped, spore forming
bacteria
Bacillus cereus Gram-positive, rod- Bacteria May take form of None
shaped, aerobic, diarrhea
facultatively anaerobic
motile
Hepatitis A virus, non-enveloped and Virus Mostly subclinical; Inactivated: virus, postexposure immune
picornaviridae icosohedral-shaped fever, headache, in globulin
containing a ss(+)RNA malaise, jaundice
genome severe cases; no
chronic disease
Hepatitis B virus, Icosahedral Virus Frequently subclinical: Genetically modified vaccine produced in
Hepadnaviridae nucleocapsid, similar to HAV, but no yeast
enveloped headache ; more likely
to progress to severe
liver damage ; chronic
disease
Hepatitis C virus, virions are spherical in Virus Similar to HBV , more None
Flaviviridae shape, single-stranded likely to be chronic
(ss) RNA genome
small spherical Virus Severe liver damage: HBV vaccine is protective
Deltaviridae enveloped virusoid High mortality rate ,
chronic disease may
occur
Hepatitis E virus, cup-shaped Virus Similar to HAV, but HAV vaccine is protective
Caliciviridae depressions on a pregnant women may
spherical capsid have high mortality
surface, single-
stranded RNA,
cylindrical and Fungi Restricted blood flow None
elongated in shape; to limbs ;
Spores of C. purpurea hallucinogenic
are thin and elongated
(like needles)
appear to have Fungi Liver cirrhosis None
radiating conidial
heads while the
conidiophores will
appear rough.
Foodborne and Waterborne Disease

23. Giardiasis Giardia lamblia trophozoite is pear Protozoa Protozoan adheres to Metronidazole : quinacrine
shaped; G. lamblia intestinal wall, may
cyst is egg-shaped inhibit nutritional
absorption; causes
diarrhea
24. Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium obligate parasite Protozoa Self-limiting; diarrhea Oral rehydration
hominis but may be life-
threatening in
immunosuppressed
patients
25. Cyclospora diarrheal Cyclospora cyst-forming coccidian Protozoa Causes watery Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
infection cayatanensis protozoan that causes diarrhea
a self-limiting diarrhea
26. Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica endocytic cups or Protozoa Amoeba lyses Metronidazole
stomas scattered over epitherlial cells of
the free cell surface intestines ,causes
abscesses significant
mortality rate
27. Tapeworms Taenia saginata (beef  long flattened Helminth Helminth lives of Praziquantel; Albendazole
tapeworm) ribbon-like undigested intestinal
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm contents with few
tapeworm )  has a head contents
Diphyllobothrium latum (scolex) with
(fish tapeworms) a double
crown of
hooks
 three fairly
distinct
morphological
segments: the
scolex (head),
the neck, and
the lower
body
28. Hydatid Disease Echinococcus cyclophyllid cestode Helminth Larvae form in the Surgical removal; Albendazole
granulosus that dwells in the small body very large and
intestine cause damage
29. Pinworms Entamoeba vermicularis Aka threadworm; Helminth Itching around anus Pyrantel pamoate
nematode
(roundworm) and a
common intestinal
parasite or helminth,
especially in humans.
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30. Hookworms Necator americanus, obligatory parasitic Helminth Large infections may Mebendazole
Ancyclostoma nematode that lives in result om anemia
duodenale the small intestine of
human hosts, S-shaped
worm and pinkish-
white.
31. Ascariasis Ascaris lumbroicoides The round worm Helminths Helminths live off Mebendazole
resembles to undigested intestinal
earthworm. It is contents, causing few
elongated tapering to symptoms
both end, anterior
being thinner than
posterior
32. Trichinellosis Trichinella spiralis ovoviviparous[1] Helminths Larvae encyst in Mebendazole; Corticosteroids
nematode parasite, sriated muscle ; usually
occurring in rodents, few symptoms but
pigs, large infections may be
fatal
33. Botulism Clostridium botulinum a Gram-positive, rod- Bacteria Muscle paralysis penicillin G or metronidazole
shaped, anaerobic,
spore-forming, motile
bacterium with the
ability to produce the
neurotoxin botulinum.
34. Brucellosis Brucella spp. Gram-negative Bacteria Fever, sweats, Doxycycline plus streptomycin
bacteria, headaches , back pains
nonencapsulated, and physical weakness
nonmotile, facultatively
intracellular
coccobacilli.
35. Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Gram-positive Bacteria Nausea or diarrhea trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,
bacterium, a facultative erythromycin, vancomycin, and the
anaerobic bacterium fluoroquinolones

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