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SHAINA PATRICIA N.

GERALI
BS MANAGEMENT- I
2019-10474

REFLECTION ON MODULE 2:
NATURE OF ETHICS AND MORAL REASONING

Ethics shapes one’s behavior in identifying what is right and wrong to do in a society, as it
is a belief and standard that succors in creating a harmonious and unified environment. Wherein
individuals keep human conduct in check to maintain the order and peace of the society. Align
with this is the moral reasoning, it is the individual or collective practical reasoning about what,
morally, one ought to do. It involves concerns with welfare, justice and rights. According to Sam
Harris, our moral reasoning is plagued by two illusions. The first illusion can be called the wag-
the-dog illusion: We believe that our own moral judgment (the dog) is driven by our own moral
reasoning (the tail). The second illusion can be called the wag-the-other-dog's-tail illusion: In a
moral argument, we expect the successful rebuttal of an opponent's arguments to change the
opponent's mind. Such a belief is like thinking that forcing a dog's tail to wag by moving it with
your hand will make the dog happy.

As I go along reading about moral reasoning and ethics, I questioned myself how should
an individual supposed to live his or her life. How can we live good life? Should it be in an ethical
or unethical way where we can truly expressed our own freedom as a free moral agent? What if an
individual finds his or her own true happiness in an unethical way of living? What if the standards
that we follow on how to live well doesn’t make us live well? We encounter moral and ethical
issues wherein it is necessary for us to take responsibility to respond to these issues by engaging
in reasoning. And in taking such actions, we need to consider various criticisms and objections
raised against the possibility of morality and legitimacy of ethics and reasoning itself.
Moral reasoning has two competing models namely the deductive model and reflective
equilibrium model. Deductive model of moral reasoning suggests that a believer becomes justified
in believing a moral claim when that person formulates an argument with that moral claim as a
conclusion and other beliefs as premises. That a certain conclusion has to be true if the premises
are true. For example, I am a human-being and all human-beings are mortal. Therefore, I am
mortal. On the contrary is the reflective equilibrium model, a process by which we try to figure
out how we know if something is morally right or not and whether our beliefs about what is moral
are consistent. It requires us to evaluate our system of beliefs to decide whether or not we can
justify them. In the field of justice and fairness, it requires a consistency of laws such treating like
cases alike. If a poor man goes to prison for stealing, then it would be inconsistent and wrong for
us if a rich man doing the same thing but walks freely.

Reasons are distinguish into three broad overlapping categories for actions; motivational,
explanatory and normative. Motivational reasons are the substantive reasons which may or may
not serve as the actual basis of actions or decisions. For an instance, a sick individual was
encouraged to take exercises even though he or she was not in to it. It will motivate him or her to
do exercises that may possibly let him or her live longer. Explanatory reasons are the reasons why
an individual decides or act the way he or she did. In a given situation, the reason why there is a
law in a state or country was to maintain its peace and order. Lastly, the normative reasons, facts
that favor and guide responses, in one’s emotions, beliefs, actions, etc., to how things are. For
example, that a doctor's patient is grimacing is a reason to believe the patient is in pain. That the
patient is in pain is a reason for the doctor to do things to alleviate the pain.

In conclusion, people would do the right thing simply because it is right and in this world,
morality is more complex. People often disagree about what is right and sometimes agree on what
is wrong. If only people have a humane motive to do the right thing in society and aim to make
society a happier place to live in that would mean to need a consistent norms then there will be
impartiality and objectivity. Ending this by a quote from Roger Scruton, “It is not enough to be
nice; you have to be good. We are attracted by nice people; but only on the assumption that their
niceness is a sign of goodness.”

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