Major Elements of Communication

 Sender- The person who intends to convey the message

 Ideas- is the subject matter of communication
 Encoding- requires use of certain symbols such as words, actions or pictures etc.
 Channel- this info is transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be either formal
or informal
 Receiver- is the person who receives the message
 Decoding- the person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator
 Feedback- is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message
 Context- the environment where communication takes place
 Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication
 Medium- it is the immediate form which a message takes

Lasswell Communication Theory

Principle of Communication

 Know your audience

 Know your purpose
 Know your topic
 Anticipate objection
 Presented arounded picture
 Achieve creadibility with your audience
 Follow through or emphasize
 Communicate a little at a time
 Present info in several ways
 Develop a practical and useful way to get feedback
 Use multiple communication technniques

5 Noises of Communication

 Psychological- brain or stressers

 Physiological-refer to the things we need (nourishment of the body)
 Physical Noise-ex: waving your friend
 Semantic Noise- vocabulary that we use while the convo is going on
  Punctual Noise- small things that we forget, recalling small details

Different Noises in Communication

Examples of noise include environmental noise, physiological-impairment noise, semantic noise,

syntactical noise, organizational noise, cultural noise, and psychological noise.

 semantic: Related to meaning.

 noise: Various sounds, usually unwanted.
 Syntactical: Related to the set of rules that govern how words are combined into
meaningful phrases and sentences

 Nonverbal communication-refers to meaning conveyed in the absence of words.

 Voluntary nonverbal communication- refers to intentional movement, gestures, and
poses.
 Involuntary nonverbal communication- gives cues about what one is really thinking
or feeling.

10 Essential Skills to be a effective communicator

 Listening
 Non verbal communication
 Be clear and concise
 Be personable
 Be confident
 Empathy
 Always have an open mind
 Convey respect
 Give and receive feedback
 Consider the best medium for the job

Ethnocentrism and Relativism

Ethnocentrism - evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the

standards and customs of one's own culture.

Relativism - the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or
historical context, and are not absolute.
Culture determines…

-Food we eat, clothing, music, games we play, how to express emotion etc

Culture consisting of 2 different categories

 Material culture
- any physical objects to which give social meaning
-includes the object associated with cultural group such as tools ,machines utensils , buildings etc.

 Symbolic culture
- includes way of thinking like values, beliefs and assumptions

Components of Culture

 Symbol- anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people

 Cignals- such as traffic signal or product logo
 Language- a system of symbols that allow members of society to communicate
 Cultural transmission- process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Lesson on making a Proposal

 A well defined problem

 A recommendable solution
 A convincing argument for your proposed solution
 Anticipated question

A Brief Guide

 Decide on a topic-decide a problem that can be solved

 Consider the ff; (purpose, audience, stance, media, desogn)
 Generate ideas and text

In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver

(SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
 The Osgood-Schramm Model
The Osgood-Schramm model is built on the theory that communication is a two-way
street, with a sender and a receiver. Charles Egerton Osgood popularized the notion that
communication was circular rather than linear, meaning that it required two participants
taking turns sending and receiving a message.

Roman Jakobson's Model of the functions of language