Blade Nomenclature

Blade Nomenclature
 Axial and Radial Flow Turbines
Differences between turbine and compressor:
Compressor Turbine

Blade 1 Last blade

Long Short

► Work as diffuser ► Work as nozzle

► Direction of rotation is ► Direction of rotation is same

opposite as
to lift direction Life
► Number of stages are many ► Number of stages is small
<3
► Temperatures are relative ► Temperature is high,
low sometimes
blade cooling is required
 Axial and Radial Flow Turbines
Differences between Radial and Axial Types.

Radial
Axial
(Centrifugal)
► Used for small engines ► Used for large engines

► Small mass flow rates ► Large mass flow rates

► Lower efficiencies ► Better efficiencies

► Cheap ► Expensive

► Easy to manufacture ► Difficult to manufacture

 Axial Flow Turbines

Most of the gas turbines employ the axial

flow turbines.

The chapter is concerned with axial flow

turbines.

The radial turbine can handle low mass

flows more efficiently than the axial flow
machines.
 Axial Flow Turbine
Elementary Theory of Axial Flow Turbine
► Velocity Triangles.

■ The velocity triangles for one axial flow turbine stage and
the nomenclature employed are shown. The gas enters the
row of nozzle blades with a static pressure and temperature
P1, T1, and a velocity C1, is expanded to P2, T2, with an
increased velocity C2 at an angle α2.

■ The rotor blade angle will be chosen to suit the

direction β2 of the gas velocity V2 relative to the blade at
inlet.

■ V2 and β2 are obtained from the velocity diagram of

known C2, α2, and U.
 Axial Flow Turbine
• Elementary Theory
 The gas leaves the rotor at β3, T3, with relative velocity
V3 at an angle β3.
 C3 and α3 can be obtained from the velocity diagram.
 Axial Flow Turbine
► Single Stage Turbine
■ C1 is axial → α1 = 0, and C1 = Cα1. For
similar stages (same black shapes) C1 = C3, and
α1 = α3, called repeating stage.
■ Due to change of U with radius, velocity
triangles vary from root to tip of the blade.
 Axial Flow Turbine
► Assumptions
■ Consider conditions at the mean diameter of the
annulus will represent the average picture of what
happen to total mass flow.
■ This is valid for low ratio of tip radius to root radius.
■ For high radii ratio, 3-D effects have to be
considered.
■ The change of tangential (whirl) mass is . This
amount produces useful torque.
■ The change in axial component produces the axial
thrust on the rotor.
■ Also there is an axial thrust due to P2 – P3.
■ These forces (net thrust on turbine rotor) are
normally balanced by the thrust on the compressor rotor.
Axial Flow Turbine
 Axial Flow Turbine
► Calculation of Work
Assume Ca= constant
Ca2  Ca3
 Ca
U  Ca tan  2  Ca tan 2
U 
 tan  2  tan  2 
Ca 
 tan  3  tan  3 

 tan  2  tan  e  tan  2  tan 3

(1)
 Axial Flow Turbine
Applying principle of angular momentum
Ws  U  (C2  C3 
 U (Ca) (tan  2  tan  3 )
From Equation (1)

Ws  U Ca (tan  2  tan 3 )

Steady-state energy equation: W  C p Tos

Thus:

Tos  U Ca (tan  2  tan  3 ) / C p


C p  1.148,   1.333 and 4
 1
 Axial Flow Turbine
Elementary theory of axial flow turbine

Tos   s Toisent


  s To1  To3, isent 
 To3, isent 
  s To1 1  
 T 
 o 1 
 1
 
  1  

  s To1 1    
  
 Po / Po
1 3
 
 
 
 Axial Flow Turbine
ηs is the isentropic stage efficiency based on
stagnation (total) temperature.

To1  To3
s 
To1  To3

To1  To3
s (total to static) 
To1  T3
(used for land-based gas turbines).
Defining
ψ = blade loading coefficient (temperature drop
coefficient)

2 C p Tos
 
U2
 Axial Flow Turbine
Thus,
  2 Ca (tan  2  tan  3 ) / U
Degree of reaction: 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 1

 h2,3  T2,3 T2  T3 (a)

 rotor
 
 h1,3  T1,3 T1  T3
total

For, Ca = const. and C3 = C1

C p (T1  T3 )  C p To1  To3  

 U Ca (tan  2  tan  3 )

and relative to rotor blades no work, thus

 Axial Flow Turbine
C p (T2  T3 )  
1 2
2
V3  V22 

 Ca  sec2  3  sec2  2 
1 2
2
 Ca2  tan 2  3  tan 2  2 
1
2


Substitute in (a):

T2  T3
1
Ca  tan 2  3  tan 2  2 

2

T1  T3 U Ca (tan  2  tan  3

C1
 (tan  3  tan  2 )
2U
 Axial Flow Turbine
  C   C  u    C   C  u  
2 2
V V
2 2 2 2
3 2  a w3   a  w2

 C  u   C  u 
2 2
w3 w2

 Ca2 tan 2  3  Ca2 tan 2  2

Λ = 0.5 → Symm. velocity triangles
 2   3 and  3   2
● Λ = 0 : Impulse turbine

V3  V2 and  3   2
● Λ=1:
C3  C2 ,  3   2
Defining flow coefficient: Ca

U
 Axial Flow Turbine
  2 (tan  2  tan 1 )

  (tan  3  tan  2 )
2
Adding: 1 1 
tan  3     2  
2 2 
1 1 
tan  2     2  
2  2 
U  Ca (tan  2  tan  2 )
From:
U  Ca (tan  3  tan  3 )

1
tan  3  tan  3 

1
tan  2  tan  2 

 Axial Flow Turbine
If , Λ, and  are assumed, blade angles can be determined.
● For aircraft applications:
3 < ψ < s, 0.8 <  < 1
● For industrial applications:
 is less (more stages)
 is less (larger engine size)
α3 < 20 (to min. losses in nozzle)
T2  T2
● Loss coefficient:
n nozzle ( stator )  2
C2 / 2 C p
Po1  Po2
YN 
Po1  P2
Λ and Y: The proportion of the leaving energy
which is degraded by friction.
 Axial Flow Turbine
Example (Mean diameter design)
Given: Single-stage turbine
m = 20 kg/s
t = 0.9
To1 = 1100 K
Temperature drop, To1  To3 = 145 K
Pressure ratio, Po1 / Po3 = 1.873
Inlet pressure, Po1 = 4 bar
Assumptions:
Rotational speed fixed by compressor: N = 250 rps
Mean blade speed: 340 m/s
Nozzle loss coefficient:
T2  T2
N  2
C2 / 2 C p
 Axial Flow Turbine
Calculation:
a)Λ degree of reaction at mean radius
b)Plot velocity diagrams
c)Blade height h, tip/root radius, rt / rr
Assume: Ca2  Ca3 , C1  C3
1  0
The temperature drop coefficient:
2 C p Tos 2  1.148  145  103
    2.88
U2 340 2

Assume (try):
Ca
  flow coefficient   0.8
U
 Axial Flow Turbine
* To calculate degree of reaction Λ:
■ Get β3:
α3 = 0

tan  3  tan  3 
1
 tan  3  1.25

To get Λ use 1 1 
tan  3    
■
 2 
2  2 
   0.28
This is low as a mean radius value because Λ will
be low or negative at the root.
This introduce a value for α3.
Take α3 = 10°
 Axial Flow Turbine
1
tan  3  tan  3   tan  3  1.426

1 1 
tan  3     2  
2  2 
   0.421 (Acceptable)

Reaction at root should be checked.

Thus α3 = 10°, β3 = tan-1 1.426 = 54.96
1
1 
tan  2     2    0.374
2
2 
  0.421
  2.88
  0.8
  2  20.49
 Axial Flow Turbine
1
tan  2  tan  2   1.624

  2  58.38
With knowledge of 3 , 3 ,  2 ,  2 , U

plot velocity diagrams.

* Determine blade height h and tip/root radius ratio, rt / rr

.

Assumption:
C1 :axial  Ca1

Calculation of area at Section 2 (exit of nozzle)

 Axial Flow Turbine
Ca2  U   340  0.8  272 m/s
C2 cos 2  Ca2  C2  519 m/s
To2  To1  1100 K
C22
To2  T2   T2  5.9 K
2Cp
C22
T2  T2  N  0.05  117.3  5.9 K
2Cp
 T2  976.8 K

 /  1
Po1  To1  Po1  4
   P2  2.49 bar
Po2  T2 
 Axial Flow Turbine
For the nozzle:
To1 T1  C 2 /(2 C p )  1 M 1 1
 1 M 2

T1 T1 2 2

Po1   1   1 4
   Pc   2.16
Pc  2  1.853
P2 > Pc, the nozzle is not choked. Thus, Pthroat  P2  2.49
P2
2    2  0.833kg / m3
RT2
m
A2  , or , m   2Ca A2 , A2  0.0833m 2
 2 Ca
m
throat area of nozzles; A 2 N 
 2 C2
or , m   2C2 A2 N  A2 N  0.0437m 2 , also A 2 cos  2  A2 N
 Axial Flow Turbine
Calculate areas at section (1) inlet nozzle and (3) exit rotor.

Ca3
Ca1  C1 , but C1  C3 and C3  ,  Ca1  276.4m / s
cos  3
C12
T1  To1   T1  1067 K
2c p

P1  T1   1
   P1  3.54bar
Po1  
 To1 
P1
1   1  1.155kg / m3
RT1
m  1Ca1 A1  A1  0.626m 2
 Axial Flow Turbine
Similarly at outlet of stage ( rotor)
To3  To1  To5  1100  145  955 K , given
C3 2
T3  To3   T3  922 K
2c p

P3  T3   1
   P3  1.856bar
Po3  
 To3 
P3
3   5  0.702kg / m 3
RT5
3  P3 / RT5  5  0.702kg / m 2
m  3Ca3 A3  A3  0.1047 m 2
Blade height and annulus radius ratio
 Axial Flow Turbine
Mean radius
340
um  2 Nrm  rm   0.216m
2 (250)
also for known (A); A  2 rm h
A h h
h then rt  rm  , rr  rm 
2 rm 2 2
using areas at stations 1,2,3 thus

Location 1 2 3
A1 m 2 0.0626 0.0833 0.1047
h1 m 0.04 0.0612 0.077
rt / rr 1.24 1.33 1.43
 Axial Flow Turbine
Blade with width W
Normally taken as W=h/3
Spacing s between axial blades
space s
  0.25, should not be less than 0.2 W
width w
rt
* should be 1.2  1.4
rr
unsatisfactory values such as 0.43 can be reduced by
changing axial velocity through  .
increasing Ca will reduce rt check has to be made for mach number M v .
 Axial Flow Turbine
Vortex Theory
The blade speed ( u=r) changes from root to tip, thus
velocity triangles must vary from root to tip.

Free Vortex design

axial velocity is constant over the annulus.
Whirl velocity is inversely proportional to annulus.
C a2  cons tan t , C 2 r  cons tan t
C a3  cons tan t , C3 r  const,

Along the radius.

 
Ws  u C2  C3   (C2 r  C3 r )  cons tan t
 Axial Flow Turbine
For variable density, m is given by
m   2 (2rr )C a 2

rt
 2 rdr
m  2C a2
rr

 C  r  cons tan t  r C
2 a2 tan  2 
but Ca 2 is cosntant, thus  2 changes as
 rm 
tan 2    tan  2 m (a)
 r 2
similarly
 rm 
tan  3    tan  3m (b)
 r 3
 Axial Flow Turbine
u
u  Ca2 tan  2  Ca2 tan  2 , thus, tan 2  tan  2 
Ca2
 rm   r  um
   tan  2 m    (c)
 r 2  rm  Ca2
for exit of rotor u  Cas tan  3  Ca3 tan  3
 rm   r  u
thus tan3    tan  3m    (d)
 r 3  rm 3 Ca3
Ex: Free vortex
Results from mean diameter calculations
 2 m  58.38,  2m  20.49,  3 m  10o ,
 3 m  54.96, h2  0.0612, rm  0.216,
h
h3  0.077, rr  rm 
2
 Axial Flow Turbine
 rm  rm  rm   rm 
    1.164, ( ) 2 0.877,    1.217,    0.849
 rt 2 rt  rr 3  rt 3
u 1 u
also m   m  1.25, Results are
Ca 2  Ca3

2 2 3 3
Tip 54.93 0 8.52 58.33

Root 62.15 39.32 12.12 51.13

mean 58.38 20.49 10 54.96

 Axial Flow Turbine

U
 tan  2  tan 2  tan 3  tan 3
Ca
Wm  c p Tos  m  c p (To1  To3 )  m
 UCa (tan  2  tan 3 )  m
 UCa (tan 2  tan 3 )
m
 UCa (tan  2  tan 1)  m
 UCa (tan 2  tan 1)
To' 3 p
Tos  To1  To3  sTo1(1  )  sTo1(1  ( o3 )  /(  1) )
To1 po1
T T
where s  o1 o3
To1  To' 3
EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine
Known Information

To 1 = 1100 [K]

P ratio = 1.873

DelTs = 145

Etta turbine = 0.9

Assumptions

U = 340 [m/s]

N rps = 250

= 0.8

3 = 10

Loss nozzle = 0.05

EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine
cp = 1148 R = 0.287 = 1.333

DelTs = To 1 – To 3

Po 1
P ratio =
Po 3

Ca = C2 · cos ( 2 )

Ca
=
U

Gamr =
– 1

DelTs
Epsi = 2 · cp · 2
U

Epsi = 2 · · ( tan ( 2 ) + tan ( 3 ))

Reaction = · ( tan ( 3 ) – tan ( 2 ))

2

U = Ca · ( tan ( 2 ) – tan ( 2 ))

U = Ca · ( tan ( 3 ) – tan ( 3 ))
EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine
Calculate A2

T2 – T2dash
Loss nozzle = 2
C2
2 · cp

To 2 = To 1

2
C2
To 2 – T2 =
2 · cp

Gamr
Po 1 To 1
=
P2 T2dash

Gamr
Po 1 + 1
=
Pc 2

Pth = P2

Pth
Rho2 =
R · T2

m
A2 =
Rho2 · Ca

A2 · cos ( 2 ) = A2N
EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

Calculate A3
Calculate A1
2
C3
C1
2 To 3 – T3 =
To 1 – T1 = 2 · cp
2 · cp
Gamr
Gamr Po 3 To 3
Po 1 To 1 =
= P3 T3
P1 T1

P1
P3
Rho1 = Rho3 =
R · T1 R · T3

C1 = Ca C3 = Ca

m m
A1 = A3 =
Rho1 · Ca Rho3 · Ca
EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine
Blade height at section 2

A2 = 2 · · r m · h2

h2
r t2 = rm +
Blade height 2
U = 2 · · N rps · r m h2
r r2 = rm –
Blade height at section 1 2

A1 = 2 · · r m · h1 r t2
rratio 2 =
r r2
h1
r t1 = rm +
2 Blade height at section 3
A3 = 2 · · r m · h3
h1
r r1 = rm –
2 h3
r t3 = rm +
2
r t1
rratio 1 =
r r1 h3
r r3 = rm –
2

r t3
rratio 3 =
r r3
 EES Design Calculations of Axial Flow Turbine

A1 = 0.06345 A2 = 0.08336 A2N = 0.04372 A3 = 0.1046 2 = 58.37

3 = 10 2 = 20.49 3 = 54.97 C1 = 272 C2 = 518.7
C3 = 272 Ca = 272 cp = 1148 [J/kgK] DelTs = 145 Epsi = 2.88
Ettaturbine = 0.9 = 1.333 Gamr = 4.003 h1 = 0.04666 h2 = 0.06129
h3 = 0.07692 Loss nozzle = 0.05 m = 20 [kg/s] Nrps = 250 [rev per sec] P1 = 355.1
P2 = 248.8 P3 = 186.1 Pc = 215.9 = 0.8 Po1 = 400 [kPa]
Po3 = 213.6 Pth = 248.8 Pratio = 1.873 R = 0.287 [kJ/kgK] Reaction = 0.4211
Rho1 = 1.159 Rho2 = 0.8821 Rho3 = 0.7029 rratio1 = 1.242 rratio2 = 1.33
rratio3 = 1.432 rm = 0.2165 rr1 = 0.1931 rr2 = 0.1858 rr3 = 0.178
rt1 = 0.2398 rt2 = 0.2471 rt3 = 0.2549 T1 = 1068 T2 = 982.8
T2dash = 977 T3 = 922.8 To1 = 1100 [K] To2 = 1100 [K] To3 = 955
U = 340 [m/s]
Axial Flow Turbine
Axial Flow Turbine