LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 Two types of pathological signs of Alzheimer's disease (Retrieved June
20, 2019, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/82563654416222189).........................6
FIGURE 1.2 Progression of the senile plaque formation in a senile case of AD (Haass,
1996)...............................................................................................................................7
FIGURE 1.3 Amyloidogenic APP Processing (Retreived July 08, 2019, from
https://www.biolegend.com/en-us/amyloid-precursor-protein)....................................12
FIGURE 1.4 Amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic APP processing (Bordon,
2017).............................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 1.5 Cholinergic hypothesis pathway (Retrieved July 10, 2019, from
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/900644)........................................................15
FIGURE 1.6 Amyloid cascade hypothesis (Drouet et al., 2000)................................16
FIGURE 2.1 Molecular mechanisms of Aβ toxicity (Grimm, M. O., & Hartmann, T.,
2012)............................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 2.2 Notch signalling pathway (Retrieved July 25, 2019, from
https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Notch-Signaling-Pathway.aspx)...........23
FIGURE 3.1 The biogenesis of microRNAs (Retreived August 10, 2019, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271598818_Regulation_of_IGF_-
1_signaling_by_microRNAs)......................................................................................31
FIGURE 4.1 Apolipoprotein E and Aβ metabolism in the brain (Liu et al.,
2013)...........................................................................................................................38
FIGURE 4.2 The role of ApoE4 in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis (Liu et al.,
2013)...........................................................................................................................39
FIGURE 4.3 Formation of neurofibrillary tangles (Retrieved August 15, 2019, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523417305925).................45

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FIGURE 4.4 Physical interactions and pathway connections between genes related to
AD (Retreived August 21, 2019, from
http://genemania.org/search/homosapiens/APOE/APP/MAPT/ABCA7/BDNF/PSEN1/P
SEN2/TNF/TP53/BPTF/TOMM40)...............................................................................47

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AD Alzehimer’s disease

CNS Central nervous system

Aβ Amyloid-beta peptide

APP Amyloid precursor protein

E-NFT Extracellular neurofibrillary tangles

PSEN1 Presenilin gene 1

PSEN2 Presenilin gene 2

MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment

NAC Non-Aβ component

PHF Paired helical fragments

MAP Microtubule-associated protein

GSK3β Glycogen synthase kinase-3β

CDK5 Cyclin-dependent kinase 5

PP Protein phosphatase

BACE1 β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1

sAPPα α-secreted APP

TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α

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DHA Docosahexaenoic acid

ChAT Choline acetyltransferase

VAChT Vesicular acetylcholine transporter

cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

AChE Acetylcholinesterase

APLP1 Amyloid precursor like protein 1

AICD Amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain

ER Endoplasmic reticulum

IP3 Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate

nAChR N-acetylcholine-receptor

ROS Reactive oxidative species

PARP-1 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1

FAD Familial Alzheimer’s disease

SAD Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein

CaN Calcineurin

GLAST Glutamate aspartate transporter

GLT-1 Glutamate transporter-1

GS Glutamine synthase

GABA γ-aminobutyric acid

miRNA MicroRNA

3’UTR 3' untranslated region

RISC RNA-induced silencing complex

FGFR1 Fibroblast growthfactor receptor 1

SIRT1 Sirtuin 1

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ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

IRAK-1 Interleukin-1 associated kinase-1

CFH Complement factor-H protein

qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

LDLR Low-density lipoprotein receptor

CAA Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

IDE Insulin-degrading enzyme

APOE Apolipoprotein E gene

LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1

HSPG Heparan sulphate proteoglycan

CRISPR Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

TNFR1 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1

TNFR2 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2

FDA Food and Drug Administration

MTH Molecular Trojan horse

TP53 Tumor protein 53 gene

BPTF Bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor

FAC1 Fetal Alz-50 clone 1 protein

NURF Nucleosome remodeling factor

TOMM40 Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 gene

BDNF Brain derived neurotrophic factor

TrkB Tropomycin receptor kinase B

NGF Nerve growth factor

ABCA7 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 7

GWAS Genome wide association studies

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