1 Introduction 1st Chapeter New Corrected Final PDF

IPT 2014-15 Agricultural Production Management
1. INTRODUCTION
India is primarily an agrarian economy, but still Indian farmers continue to be
among the poorest in the world. With the diverse climatic conditions found and large
areas of rich fertile land, India has a lot of potential to become one of the leading
producers of various agriculture products. With presence of abundant raw materials in
the form of natural resources, India lags far behind in ensuring food security for its
own citizens. This state is a combined consequence of various factors, such as lack of
advanced scientific methods in agriculture, unavailability of modern machinery to the
farmers, lack of electricity in villages and lack of financial support. Moreover, storage
and maintenance inefficiency leads to tones of food grains in the country being
wasted as they rot in the storage godawans. Similarly, uninformed decisions taken at
various stages of cropping by farmers carried out entirely in traditional manner also
lead to low yield. Farmers across the country depend more on the practices learnt by
their ancestors and take various decisions based on myths.
Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the human population
labored in agriculture. Pre-industrial agriculture was typically subsistence
agriculture/self-sufficiency in which farmers raised most of their crops for their own
consumption instead of cash crops for trade. A remarkable shift in agricultural
practices has occurred over the past century in response to new technologies, and the
development of world markets. This also has led to technological improvements in
agricultural techniques, such as the Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium
nitrate which made the traditional practice of recycling nutrients with crop rotation
and animal manure less important.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers,
fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits,
oils, meats and spices. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials
include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as
resins, dyes, drugs, perfumes, biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers
and nursery plants. Over one third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture,
second only to the services' sector, although the percentages of agricultural workers in
developed countries has decreased significantly over the past several centuries.
R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 1

1.1 PRESENT SCENARIO OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

India is primarily an agrarian economy, but still Indian farmers continue to be
among the poorest in the world. With the diverse climatic conditions found and large
areas of rich fertile land, India has a lot of potential to become one of the leading
producers of various agriculture products. With presence of abundant raw materials in
the form of natural resources, India lags far behind in ensuring food security for its
own citizens. This state is a combined consequence of various factors, such as lack of
advanced scientific methods in agriculture, unavailability of modern machinery to the
farmers, lack of electricity in villages and lack of financial support. Moreover, storage
and maintenance inefficiency leads to tones of food grains in the country being
wasted as they rot in the storage godowns. Similarly, uninformed decisions taken at
various stages of cropping by farmers carried out entirely in traditional manner also
lead to low yield. Farmers across the country depend more on the practices learnt by
their ancestors and take various decisions based on myths.
We ourselves had direct interactions with farmers from different parts of the
country. Being uneducated, they had a belief that anything for improving soil fertility
must have a direct response and the more they add it, the better things should become.
Same is their concept regarding fertilizer use. Unaware of heating and complexation,
they add more and more fertilizer in hope of better yield and end up burning the roots.
Also, what the soil lacks and what kind of fertilizers should be used is not known to
them many a times. But some good practices like crop rotation are also followed by
them since generations. There is a wide variation in the performance of different
states during the 11th plan (i.e. 2007-08 to 2011-2012) the growth performance of
agriculture in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Karnataka
was much higher than that of Punjab, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar
Pradesh and Haryana high coefficient of variation was observed in the case of
Himachal and Maharashtra.
1.2 ABOUT MAHARASHTRA

Although Maharashtra is a highly industrialized state of India, agriculture
continues to be the main occupation of the state. Principal crops include rice, Jawar,
bajara, wheat, pulses, turmeric, onions, cotton, sugarcane and several oil seeds
including groundnut, sunflower and soybean. The state has huge areas, under fruit
cultivation of which mangoes, bananas, grapes, and oranges are the main ones.

Irrigation facilities are being extended so that agriculture could be made less
dependent upon rain water. The net irrigated area totals 33,500 square kilometers.
Agriculture is major source of income for rural masses constituting 60-70% of the
state’s population. It is a major contributor to state’s economy at around 25% of the
GDP. A farmer has been quiet successful and they have been consistently producing
large quantities of marketable surplus. So far agriculture has been an economically
viable activity in the state.
However, in recent days there has been a disturbing trend with stagnation in
prices for farm produce, high levels of post-harvest losses and decreasing farm
incomes. Under these circumstances the farmers, like in rest of the country have very
few options but to improve their post-harvest management practices so that the
present high levels post-harvest losses at 25-30% could be brought down to a
reasonable level of 5% or so. And secondly they have to add value through processing
to their farm produce for better remunerative prices. These steps can lead to better
returns with increased market demand for agricultural produce and better chances of
marketing.
1.3 General Information of Crops
i) Wheat: Wheat (Trticum SPP.) is the most importance cereal crop in the world.
In terms of production it occupies the prime position among the food crops. In India it
stands next to Rice. India’s highly diverse rice-wheat cropping system are found on
the Indo Gangetic plants. About 42% of wheat is grown in rotations involving rice.
The states with largest areas under wheat cropping pattern system are U.P, Punjab,
Haryana, Bihar, MP, & HP. Wheat contributes to the total food the total food grains
production of the country to the during extent 25%. The population of the country is
growing very rapidly, it has crossed one billion during 2000 and the slow growth rate
in food grain production has necessitated organizing special plans to meet the
increasing demands of food grains. Wheat has to play an important role in this
direction, as there is a vast scope of increasing productivity of this crop by using the
available technology. ICAR institutes & Directorate of wheat Research and SAU’s,
have done considerable research in wheat cultivation.
At present, India is the second largest producer of wheat in the world. Wheat
being major cereal crop of the country can play an important role. Considerable
research in wheat cultivation has been done and a large amount of scientific

information has been generated by the National Agricultural Research System

(NARS).
Botanical Description
Name Brief Description Image
The function of roots is to anchor the plant to its

Root
substrate and to absorb water and minerals.
Spikelet is composed of flowers called florets. The

number of florets in a spikelet may vary from 1-5.
Spikelet
The florets in each spikelet are enclosed by two
glumes.
Tillers, which have the same basic structure as the

main shoot, arise from the axils of the basal leaves.
Tillers At anthesis, only some of the tillers that have
developed survive to produce an ear. Others die and
may be difficult to find in the mature plant
Flag The flag leaf is the last leaf to emerge before the
Leaf head.
It is the basal part of the leaf. It encircles the culm

Leaf (stem) and provides the growing point and axillary
Sheath
buds from the weather and some support to stem.
The outer covering of a floret is made up of a lemma

and a palea. The lemma enfolds the pale a near their
Florets
attachment point. If an awn is present, it is attached
to the lemma.
The stem of wheat plant is round or cylindrical. In

most varieties of the bread wheat, the stems are
Stem hollow, except at the nodes , re they are solid, but in
a few varieties of Macaroni wheats, the internodes
are completely filled with soft pith.

The flowering portion of the wheat plant is called ear

or head, but in botanical language it is a spike.
Spikelets are systematically arranged and are
Ear distributed along a common axis. The central zigzag
axis is the rachis. The spikelets are borne on alternate
sides of the rachis which gives it a zigzag
appearance.
Leaf comprises the sheath, wrapping around the
subtending leaf, and a lamina (blade). At the junction
of the sheath and lamina, there is a membranous
Leaf
structure, the ligule, and a pair of small, hairy
projections, the auricles. The base of the leaves on
the culm is thickened to form a hard knot or pulvinus.
ii) SAPOTA
1. INTRODUCTION
Botanical name of sapota is AcrassapotaL.Sapota commonly called as an
important fruits of India. Dueto its hardy nature. It is the most common plant of the
kitchen gardens. It is very much liked by both old and young due to its sweetness and
fleshy pump. Sapota is cultivated over an area of 156.1 thousand ha. In India with
annual production of 13.08 lack MT. It is grown from Jammu to Dehradun along
Shivalik hill. Sapota is the most preferred fruit plant of kitchen garden in chandigah
and panchkula. No commercial plantation has come up in Punjab plains due to low
yield per trees. Sapota is widely cultivated in Gujarat, west Bengal, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamilnadu. Sapota fruit is a rich source of sugar
Pulp contain sufficient quantity of minerals per 100 grams of pulp. Fully ripe fruits
are eaten along with skin.
Sapota (Achraszapota) commonly known as chiku is mainly cultivated in
India for its fruit value, while in South-East Mexico, Guatemala and other countries it
is commercially grown for the production of chickle which is a gum like substance
obtained from latex and is mainly used for preparation of chewing gum.
2. BACKGROUND
Origin: The fruit is a native of Mexico and other tropical countries of South America.
Area & Production
The area under sapota cultivation has increased from 27 thousand ha. in 1991-92 to 52
thousand ha. in 2001-02 and production from 3.96 lakh tonnes to 5.94 lakh tones.

Sapota is mostly grown in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.
Table 2.1.1: State-wise Area, Production & Productivity of Sapota during 2001-
02
Sr.No. State Area Production Productiv
(‘000 Ha.) (‘000 MT) ity
(MT/Ha.)
1 Karnataka 19.8 211.2 10.7
2 Maharashtra 18.0 180.5 10.0
3 Tamil Nadu 2.8 72.1 25.8
4 Andhra Pradesh 7.2 71.0 9.9
5 West Bengal 3.3 39.7 12.2
6 Haryana 0.6 16.5 28.2
TOTAL 51.7 590.6 96.8
Database of National Horticulture
of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Economic Importance
The fruit is a good source of digestible sugar (15-20%) and an appreciable
source of protein, fat, fibre and minerals (Ca, P and Fe.) Sapota pulp is used for
making sweets and halwas. It is also an ingredient of fruit salads and milk shakes. The
milky latex secreted by unripe Sapota fruits , known as chuckle forms the base for
making chicklet and chewing gum.
1.4 Objective
1) To analyze the cropping pattern of the host farmer.
2) To calculate per hectare cost of cultivation, different Estimated Income
Measures and suggest alternate farm plan to the host farmer.
3) To study the problems faced in production and marketing of the vegetable
crop.
4) To study the co-operative credit society in rural area.

2. Methodology
While deciding to collect the data, it’s very important to plan or follow proper
path of investigation or analytical techniques to achieve predetermined target of study.
The purpose of study is to discover the truth underlying a particular phenomenon with
the help of actual data and interpreting then appropriately.
1. Sampling Design
2. Data collection
3. Analysis of Data
.
2.1 Sampling Design
1
• District (Sangli)
• Tehsil (Miraj)
2
• Village (Malgaon)
3
2.1.1 Selection of Study Area

As my college is located in Sangli, Sangli district region was selected
purposively for the present study.
2.1.2 Selection of Tehsil
Tehsil wise area under different crop was obtained from the district office.
Miraj, Shirol, Tasgoan, Kavtemahankal Tehsil from district having maximum area
under cultivation were selected purposively while selecting the Tehesils on the based
on water availability, types of crop cultivated in that area.
2.1.3 Selection of Village

A list of village along with area under cultivation was obtained from the
selected Miraj Tehesil and Malgoan villege from Miraj Tehsil were selected.
2.1.4 Selection of Farmer
A list of farmers from each of the selected village was prepared from
concerned village. From Malgaon village one farmer was selected i.e. Mr. Balasaheb
Dattaray Tikone for the study of Agricultural Production Management.
2.2 DATA COLLECTION
1) Primary data:
The primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time
and thus happen to be original in character. Data update to assets and proceed by host
farmer, input utilization, cultivation practices, vegetable cultivation, and market
intermediaries were collected trough observation and interview method.
2) Secondary data
Secondary data means data that are already available that is they refer to the
data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else. The data of
production of Wheat, Sapota, Groundnut, etc. crops in India and Maharashtra. And
map of the study area was collected from internet.
The data related to the cultivation practice market function was collected from
internet and S.C.Gupta “Fundamentals of statistics” Himalaya publishing house
(2010), Subha Readdy S, Ran P, Neelkanta Sastry T.V. and Bhawani Devi
“Agricultural economics” books. The information of co-operative credit society was
collected from the annual report of the credit society.
2.3 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
The data collected were analyzed by keeping in view the objective of the
study. The data were arranged in suitable tables and cross tables.
2.3.1: Estimation of per Hector Cost of Cultivation

The total working capital of crop included cost of human labour both family
and hired labour, interest on working and fixed capital and rental value of land.
For hired labour, actual wages paid were considered. For purchased measures,
market values were taken in case of chemical fertilizers and plant protection
chemicals, actual purchase prices were considered. The interest on working capital
was worked out at the rate of 6 percent and on fixed capital 10 percent annum.
Depreciation on machinery and implements was calculated by straight-line method.

Depreciation=
Rental value of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.
RVL = [ ] - Land Revenue

The estimate of the total cost of cultivation was obtained by adding together
the costs of all components mentioned above as per standard cost concepts. viz. Cost-
A cost – B and cost C
1. Cost A = Total Operation cost + Land revenue and other accesses +
Depreciation on Implements and Machinery
2. Cost B = Cost A + Interest on fixed capital + Rental value of owned Land
3. Cost C = Cost B + Supervision Charges
2.3.2: Analytical tools or Estimated Income Measures
The analytical tools or Estimated Income Measures in crop production was
studied by using following parameters.
i) Farm Business Income
It represents the financial return to all unpaid labour and on their capital
invested in farm business, including land and buildings
F.B.I. = Gross Income – Cost A
ii) Family Labour Income (F.B.I.)
F.B.I. = Gross Income – Cost B
iii) Net income (N.I.)
N.I. = Gross Income – Cost C
iv) Farm Investment Income (F.I.I.)
F.I.I. = F.B.I. – Imputed Value of Family labour
v) Benefit – Cost Ratio
B.C. Ratio =
vi) Per quintal cost of Production
Per quintal cost of Production =
vii) Per hectare Cost of Production
Per hectare cost of Production =

2.4 VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS

We also meet to vegetables cultivators, farmer and collected information about
the cultivation of crops and problems faced by the cultivator in production and
marketing of crops. Also the data of the input used in vegetables production like seed,
labour, irrigation, plant protection measures, manures and fertilizers etc. was
collected.
2.5 MARKET INTERMEDIARIES
We visited to market intermediaries and collected the information related to
commodity they purchases and also collect general information regarding to market
intermediate like purchase and sale of the different vegetables and fruits.
2.6 STUDY OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY
In crop production co-operative credit society play very important role, so we
went to co-operative credit society, Malgoan and meet to secretary for collecting
information about working system of society. Also the information regarding function
of society, loan proposal for short term and long term loan was collected.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

During In Plant Training, I studied Agricultural Production Management
under the Guidance of host farmer Mr. Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone. His age is 50 year,
qualification is 12th and category of farmer is middle scale.
3.1 INFORMATION OF HOST FARMER:

In In-plant training programme 2014-15, I Studied Agricultural Production
Management on the field of host farmer, Mr.Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone He is 50 year
old and his qualification is 12th passed. The host farmer was a medium scale farmer.
Other information is given below.
Name of the host farmer: Mr.Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone
Table No: 3.1.1 Details of the host farmer
a) Sex : Male
b) Age : 50 year
c) Education : 12th
d) Category of the : Medium
host farmer 1.60 ha
e) Address : Village: Malgoan Post: Malgoan
Taluka: Miraj District: Sangli
3.2 INFORMATION OF THE FAMILY MEMBERS INCLUDING

ATTACHED LABOUR:
Table No.3.2.1 Information of the host farmer including attached laborers:
Sr. Relation with

Name Sex Age Education Occupation
No. head of family
Balasaheb Dattaray
1 Male Self 50 12th Farmer
Tikone
2 Aruna Balasaheb Tikone Female Wife 45 10th Housewife
3 Amrut Balasaheb Tikone Male Son 25 M.B.A Student
4 Somling Naik Male Attached labour 65 - Farming

Mr. Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone himself the head of family. Mrs. Aruna
Balasaheb Tikone wife of the Farmer. They have one son Amrut he is studying in
M.B.A and they have one attached labour Mr. Somaling Naik he was 65 years old.
3.3 INFORATION OF ASSETS OF THE HOST FARMER:

Assets are those things which farmer have its own and used for daily working
in the farm i.e. land, irrigation, buildings, household assets, livestock, implements and
machinery etc.
Table No.3.3.1 Distribution of the Land holding by the host farmer
Sr. Plot No. / Area (ha.) Soil Present Land

No. Survey Dry Irrigated Type Value (Rs.) Revenue and
No. other taxes
(Rs.)
1 2581 - 1.6 Red 95,00,000/- 400
The Table No.3.3.1 showed that the Mr. Balasaheb Tikone had total four
crops in their field Wheat, gram, sapota, mango is located in plot no.2581 under 1.72
ha irrigated area. The present value of land was Rs.95,00,000/-.
Table No.3.3.2 Information of the source of Irrigation and Area Irrigated on the
farm of host farmer:
Sr. Source Number Area Irrigated (ha.)
No. 4 Months 8 Months Perennial
1 Tanks 2 0.60 - 1.2
2 Borewell 3 0.60 - 1.2
Mr.Tikone had two source of irrigation i.e tanks and borewell for total 1.60 ha land.
Table No.3.3.3 Information about the building of the host farmer.
Sr. Category Type of Year of Present

No. construction construction Value
(Rs.)
1 Residential House Pakka 2007 20,00,000/-
2 Farm house Pakka 2013 2,00,000/-
3 Store Kaccha 2010 60,000/-

In building assets includes residential house, farm house and store room
.Type of construction of residential house was Pakka house it was constructed in the
year of 2007. Present value of this house was nearly Rs.20,00,000/-The type of
construction of farm house was in the year 2013 and present value was Rs.2,00,000/-
The type of construction of the store room is kaccha house it was constructed in the
year 2010 and the present value was Rs.60,000/-
Table No.3.3.4 Implements and Machinery possessed by the host farmer
Sr. Category Number Present Value

No. (Rs.)
A Equipments:
a) Sprayer 3 24,000
B Machinery:
a) Electric Motor 3 78,000
b) Oil Engine 1 15,000
c) Power Sprayer 1 15,000
C Hand tools
a) Sickle 4 400
b) Pick axe 4 600
c) Spade 3 450
The Table No.3.3.4 showed that Mr. Tikone used most of equipments,
machinery and handtools. Sprayer was used for spraying of insecticides, weedicides
etc. the present value of sprayer was Rs.11,000/-. They have Electric motor and one
oil engine, the present value of electric motar was Rs.25,000/- and oil engine was
Rs.15,000/-. He had varies handtools used in farming like 4 Sickle, 4 pickaxe,3 spade
and present values was Rs.400/-,Rs.600/-,Rs.450 respectively. The total value of hand
tools was Rs.1450/-
Table No.3.3.5 Information of the household assets of the host farmer:
Sr. Particulars Number Value (Rs.)

No.
1 Motorcycle 2 70,000

2 Car 2 15,00,000
3 Television 1 60,000
4 Radio 1 4000
5 Tape recorder 1 8000
6 Refrigerator 1 20,000
7 Mixer cum grinder 1 3000
8 Washing Machine 1 12,000
9 Steel cupboard 1 8000
Mr. Tikone had a good house hold assets. His house is fulfilling with all the
facilities which require daily routine. He had facilities an equipments like T.V, Mixer
grinder, steel cupboard, Car, Radio, washing machine etc. These assets were
necessary for daily routine. According to above information I known that the living
standard of farmers increasing.
Table No.3.3.6 Cropping Pattern adopted by the host farmer
Irrigated
Season Plot Crop Variety Area Yield Gross
No. (ha) kg/ha Value
Main Bye Rs.
Kharip i)2581 Groundnut Phule 0.60 800 5000 48,000
Shubangi
Rabi i)2581 Wheat C-2581 0.60 1200 7000 26,800
Summer/ i)2581 Sapota Kalipatti 0.40 1200 4000 52,000
Perrennial
GCA - - - 2.20 - - -

0.40 0.60 Groundnut

Wheat
0.60 Sapota
Fig No. 3.3.6.Cropping Pattern adopted by the host farmer
The above fig.No.3.3.6 showed that cropping pattern of cultivation of land.

There are three season of a cropping pattern, Kharif, Rabi and Perennial/Summer. Mr.
Balasaheb Tikone grows the Groundnut Phule Shubhangi variety in previous year in
the field of 0.60 ha and total gross income was Rs.48,000/- In Rabi season he grows
i.e Wheat in the area of 1.2 ha and total gross income obtained from Wheat was
Rs.26,800/-. As a perennial crop, he Cultivated Mango and Sapota under the area of 1
ha. The total gross income obtained from Mango was Rs.50,000/- and total gross
income of sapota was Rs.52,000/-.
Table No.3.3.7 Annual Gross Income during the year 2013
Sr. No. Source Amount (Rs.)

1 Crops 1,00,000
2 Other
i) Service 4,00,000
Total 5,00,000
Mr. Tikone get more profit in agriculture by using technology like high
yielding variety seeds, fertlizers application. The total Annual gross income of
previous year was Rs.5,00,000/-.
3.4 Crop wise inputs used by the host farmer

The crop wise inputs, their quantity required along with the rates incurred for
cultivation of crops during the year 2014-15 was studied. Mr. Balasaheb Tikone
cultivated total 4 crops i.e. Wheat in rabbi season and Groundnut in kharif season and
Sapota as perennial crop.
3.4.1. Input Utilized for Sapota Crop by the host farmer:
Variety: Kallipatti Season: Perennial Area: 0.40 ha

Table No. 3.4.1. Input Utilized for Sapota Crop
Per Plot
Sr. Item of cost Unit Per hectare
No. Qty. Rate Value value (Rs.)
(Rs.)
1 i)Hired human labour
a)Male Days 25 300 7500 18,750
b)Female Days 36 200 2700 6,750
ii)Permanent labour
a)Male Days 9 300 2700 6750
2 Hired bullock labour 1 600 600 1500
3 Fertilizer
4 Green Harvest Kg. 50 1450 1450 3625
GROMER Kg. 50 1087 1087 2717.5
5 Irrigation charges Rs. - - 12,000 12,000
6 Incidental Charges Rs. - - 500 500
7 Total Rs. - - 32,537 81342.5
From table No.3.4.1 it was observed that, the requirement of labour, different
fertilizers in detail for per plot as well as for per ha. The table showed that the
information about inputs required for Sapota which was cultivated by Mr. Balasaheb
Tikone on the 0.40 ha area labour, seed, irrigation etc.
3.4.2. Input Utilized for Wheat Crops by the host farmer
Variety: 2089 Season: Rabi Area: 0.60 ha
Table No. 3.4.2 Input Utilized for Wheat Crops:
Per Plot Per Hectare

Sr. Item of cost Unit Qty Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
no . (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 i)Hired human

labour
a)Male days 14 300 4200 23.3 300 7000
b)Female days 47 200 9400 78.3 200 15666.6
a)Male days 11 300 3300 18.3 300 5500
2 Hired bullock days 4 1000 4000 6.6 1000 6666.6
labour
3 Hired machinery hour 1 2200 2200 1.66 2200 3652
used
a)Threshing hour 1 250 2250 1.6 250 3750
Machine
b)Tractor 1 2200 2200 1.6 2200 3666.6
4 Seed purchased Kg 40 42 1680 66.6 42 2800
5 Manure Tons 3 1500 4500 5 1500 7500
6 Fertilizer Kg
Mixed (NPK) Kg 100 1200 2400 166 1200 1,99,99
Complex Kg 100 1200 2400 166 1200 1,99,99
8 Irrigation charges Rs. 4000 6666
9 Incidental charges Rs 400 666
Total Rs 38,480 64,133
The Table No.3.4.2 showed that the requirement of labour, machinery, seed, different
fertilizers, manure and in detail for per plot as well as for per ha. According to this
table the farmer paid highest cost on fertilizer and lowest cost on hired bullock labour.
3.4.3 Input Utilized for Groundnut Crop by the host farmer:
Variety: Phule Shubhangi Season: Kharif Area: 0.60 ha
Table No. 3.4.3 Input Utilized for Groundnut Crops:
Unit Per Plot Per Hectare

Sr. Item of cost
Qty Rate Value Qty. Rate Value
No
. (Rs.) (Rs.)
.
a)Male Days 6 300 1800 10 300 3000
b)Female Days 13 200 2600 21.6 200 4333.3
ii) Permanent labour
a)Male Days 7 300 2100 11.6 300 3500
2 Hired bullock labour Days 2 1400 2800 3.3 1400 4666.6

3 Hired machinery used Hour 1 2200 2200 1.6 2200 3666.6

4 Seed purchased Kg 20 92 1840 33.3 92 3066
5 Manure Tons 4 1500 6000 6.6 1500 10,000
6 Irrigation charges Rs. 4000 6666.6
7 Incidental charges Rs. 300 500
Total 21,940 41,221
The Table no.3.4.3. showed that the requirement of labour, machinery, seed,
different fertilizers, manure in detail for per plot as well as for per ha. According to
this table the farmer paid highest cost on manure i.e. Rs.6000/- and lowest cost on
incidental charges was Rs.300/-.

3.5 PER HECTARE COST OF CULTIVATION

In this tables per hector cost of cultivation was calculated. In this human
labours required, bullock labours required, machineries used, seeds required was
calculated for per hector. And also Cost A, Cost B, Cost C & Gross income was
calculated.
Crop: Sapota Variety: Kallipatti Season: Perennial Area: 0.40 ha
Table No.3.5.1.Per hectare cost of cultivation of Sapota crop
Unit Per Plot

Sr. Item of cost Qty. Rate Value Per hectare
No. (Rs.) value Rs.
a)Male Days 25 300 7500 18,750
b)Female Days 36 200 2700 6,750
ii)Permanent labour
a)Male Days 9 300 2700 6750
2 Hired bullock labour 1 600 600 1500
3 Fertilizer Kg.
4 Green Harvest 50 1450 1450 3625
GROMER 50 1087 1087 2717.5
5 Irrigation charges Rs. - - 12,000 12,000
7 Total Working Capital Rs. - - 32,537 81342.5
(Total of 1 to 6)
8 Interest on working capital Rs. - - 1952.2 4880.5
@ prevailing bank rate for
full crop period
9 Total operational Rs. - - 34489.2 86223
cost(10+11)
10 Land revenue & other Rs. - - 400 1000
cesses
11 Depreciation on Rs. - - 2023.44 5058.6
Implements, Machinery &

Building
12 Rental value of land 1/6th Rs. - - 56916.6 142291.5
of gross return
13 Interest on fixed capital Rs. - - 12122.14 30305.35
14 Total Fixed Cost Rs. - - 71462.18 178655.4
15 Total Cost Rs. - - 105951.3 264878.4
COST CONCEPT
16 Total operational cost Rs. - - 34489.2 86223
17 Land revenue and other Rs. - - 400 1000
cesses
Implements & Machinery
19 Cost A (16+17+18) Rs. - - 36912.64 92281.6
excluding land (10@ on
fixed investment)
21 Rental value of owned Rs. - - 56916.6 142291.5
th
land (1/6 of gross return)
22 Amortizaton Rs. - - 24656.92 61642.3
23 Cost B (19+20+21+22) Rs. - - 130608.3 326520.7
24 Supervision charges (10% Rs. - - 3691.2 9228
on cost A)
25 Cost C (cost B+24) Rs. - - 134299.5 335748.7
Yield
Sr. Item Unit Per plot Per
No. Qty. Rate Value (Rs) Hectare
1 Main Product Kg. 16,875 20 3,37,500 843750
2 By product - - 4000 10,000
Gross Income - - 3,41,500 853750
According to table no.3.5.1, it was observed that, the cost paid by the farmer
for labour, Irrigation, Fertlizer, Incidential charges etc.was Rs.32537/-.This is the total
working Capital of the Sapota plant.

Total Operational Cost of per plot was Rs.34489.2/- and per hectare cost was
Rs.86223/-. Total operational cost includes all variable cost of fertilizer, manure,
irrigation charges, Incidental charges etc.
Total Fixed Cost of per plot was Rs.71462.18 and for per hectare cost was
Rs.178655.4/-. Total fixed cost includes land revenue and other cesses, Depreciation
on machinery and building, rental value of land which is calculated by 1/6th of Gross
return and intrest on fixed capital.
Total cost was calculated by adding total operational cost and total fixed cost.
The total cost of plot was Rs. 105951.3/- that is of per ha was Rs. 264878.4/-
Table No. 3.5.2 Estimated income measures of Sapota crop
Sr. No. Particulars Sapota (Rs.)
1 Cost A 36912.64
2 Cost B 130608.3
3 Cost C 134299.5
4 Gross Income 3,41,500
5 Net Income 207200.5
6 B.C.Ratio 2.5
The Table No.3.5.2 showed the result of cost incurred by the host farmer for
Sapota crop. Cost A, Cost B, Cost C was Rs. 36912.64 /-, 130608.3/-, 134299.5/-
respectively. Gross Income of host farmer was Rs.3,41,500/-. Net Income 207200.5/-
A result showed that the B.C. ratio of Sapota was 2.5. It indicates the sapota crop was
more beneficial to the host farmer. Per quintal cost of production was 1809.71/- and
per hectare cost of production was Rs. 325748.7/-.
Table No.3.5.3.Per hectare cost of cultivation of Wheat crop
Crop: Wheat Variety: 2189 Season: Rabi Area: 0.60 ha
Sr. Per Plot Per

No. Item of cost Unit Qty. Rate Value hectare
(Rs.) value Rs.
1 Hired human labour
a)Male Days 14 300 4200 7000
b)Female Days 47 200 9400 15666.6

2 Permanent labour
a)Male Days 11 300 3300 5500
3 Hired bullock labour 4 1000 4000 6666.6
4 Hired machinery used Hour
a)Tractor Hour 1 2200 2200 3666.6
b)Threshing machine 1 250 8250 13750
5 Seed purchased Kg 40 42 1680 2800
6 Manure Tons 3 1500 4500 7500
7 Fertilizer
a)NPK Kg 100 1200 2400 4000
b)DAP 100 1200 2400 4000
8 Irrigation charges Rs. - - 4000 6666.6
9 Incidental Charges Rs. 400 666.6
10 Total Working Rs. - - 38480 64133.3
Capital(Total of 1 to 9)
11 Interest on working Rs. - - 2308.8 3848
capital@ prevailing
bank rate for full crop
period
12 Total operational Rs. - - 40788.8 67981.3
cost(10+11)
cesses
14 Depreciation. on, Rs. - - 2706.95 4511.58
Implements,
Machinery& Building
15 Rental value of land Rs. - - 14366.6 23944.3
1/6th of gross return
18 Total Cost Rs. - - 74876.19 124793.6
COST CONCEPT
19 Total operational cost Rs. - - 40788.8 67981.3


cesses
Implements &
Machinery
22 Cost A (19+20+21) Rs. - - 44095.75 73492.91
excluding land (10@ on
fixed investment)
land (1/6th of gross
return)
25 Cost B (22+23+24) Rs. - - 74876.19 124793.6
26 Supervision charges Rs. - - 4409.5 7349.16
(10% on cost A)
27 Cost C(cost B+26+27) Rs. - - 79285.69 132142.81
Yield-
Per plot
Sr. Item Unit Qty. Rate Value Per Hectare
No. (Rs.)
1 Main product Qtl. 33 2400 79,200 1,32,000
2 By product Qtl. - - 7000 11666.6
Total Rs. 86,200 1,43,666.6
According to Table No.3.5.3, cost paid by the farmer for labour, Machinery,
Seed, Micronutrient, Fertilizer, Irrigation Charges, and Incidental Charges etc.was
Rs.38,480/- Per plot it was Total Working capital. Total Operational cost of per plot
was Rs.40788.8/- and that of per hectare was Rs.67981.3/- .Total operational cost
includes all variable cost of fertilizer, manures, seeds and other incidental charges.
Total Fixed Cost of plot was Rs.34087.39/- and that of per hectare was
Rs.56812.3/- .Total fixed cost includes land revenue and other cases, depreciation on
machinery and building, rental value of land which was calculated by 1/6th of gross
return and interest on fixed capital. Total Cost was calculated by adding total
operational cost and total fixed cost. The total cost of plot was Rs.74876.19/- and that

of per hectare was Rs.124793.65/-. Gross Income was Rs.86200/- .it was obtained by
addition of main product value & by produce value.
Table No.3.5.4 Estimated income measures of wheat crop:
Sr. No. Particulars Wheat (Rs.)
1 Cost A 44,095.75
2 Cost B 74,876.19
3 Cost C 79,285.69
4 Gross Income 86,200
5 Net Income 6,914.31
6 Benefit-cost ratio 1.08
7 Per quintal cost of production 2,190.47
8 Per hectare cost of production 12,0476.15
The Cost A was Rs.44095.75/- obtained by calculating total operational cost,
land revenue and depreciation on implements and machinery. Cost B was
Rs.74876.19/- obtained by calculating Interest on fixed capital, rental value. Cost C
was Rs.79285.69/- obtained by calculating supervision charges i.e. 10% of Cost A.
Gross income of Wheat crop was Rs.86,200/-. Farm Business income was
Rs.42104.25/-.which was calculated by substituting Cost A from gross income.Net
income was obtained by substituting Cost C from gross income of Wheat crop i.e.
Rs.6914.31/-. Benefit cost ratio was 1.08 which was obtained by dividing gross
income by Cost C.
Table No.3.5.5.Per hectare cost of cultivation of Groundnut crop
Crop: Groundnut Variety: Phule Shubhangi Season: Kharif Area: 0.60 ha
Per Plot
Sr. Item of cost Unit Per hectare
No. Qty. Rate Value value Rs.
(Rs.)
a)Male Days 6 300 1800 3000
b)Female Days 13 200 2600 4333.3
ii) Permanent labour
a)male 7 300 2100 3500

2 Hired bullock labour 2 700 1400 2333.3

3 Hired machinery used Hour
a)Tractor Hour 1 2200 2200 3666.6
4 Seed purchased Kg 20 92 1840 3066.6
5 Manure Tons 4 1500 6000 10,000
6 Irrigation charges Rs. - - 4000 6666.6
8 Total Working Rs. - - 21940 36566.6
Capital(Total of 1 to 9)
9 Interest on working Rs. - - 13164 21940
capital @ prevailing
bank rate for full crop
period
10 Total operational Rs. - - 35104 58506.6
cost(10+11)
cesses
Implements, Machinery
& Building
13 Rental value of land Rs. - - 21833.3 36388.8
1/6th of gross return
16 Total Cost Rs. - - 76658.09 127763.4
COST CONCEPT
17 Total operational cost Rs. - - 35104 58506.6
cesses
Implements &
Machinery
20 Cost A (19+20+21) Rs. - - 38410.95 64018.25


excluding land (10@
on fixed investment)
land (1/6th of gross
return)
23 Cost B (22+23+24) Rs. - - 76658.09 127763.4
24 Supervision charges Rs. - - 3841.09 6401.8
(10% on cost A)
25 Cost C (cost B+26+27) Rs. - - 80499.0 134165.1
Yield-
Sr. Per plot Per
No. Item Unit Qty. Rate Value (Rs.) Hectare
1 Main product Qtl. 30 4200 1,26,000 2,10,000
2 By product Qtl. 10 5000 5000 8,333.3
Gross income Rs. 9,200 1,31,000 2,18,333.3
According to Table No.3.5.5 cost paid by the farmer for labour, Irrigation,
Fertlizer, Incidential charges etc.was Rs.32537/-.This was the total working Capital of
the Groundnut crop.
Total Operational Cost of per plot was Rs.35104 /- and per hectare cost was
Rs.58506.6/-. Total operational cost includes all variable cost of fertilizer, manure,
irrigaton charges, Incidental charges etc.
Total Fixed Cost of per plot was Rs.41554.09 and for per hectare cost was
Rs.69256.8/-. Total fixed cost includes land revenue and other cesses, Depreciation on
machinery and building, rental value of land which was calculated by 1/6th of Gross
return and intrest on fixed capital.
Total cost was calculated by adding total operational cost and total fixed cost.
The total cost of plot was Rs.76658.09 /- & for per ha was Rs127763.4. /-
Table No.3.5.6 Estimated income measures of Groundnut crop:
Sr. Particulars Groundnut (Rs.)
No.
1 Cost A 38,410.95
2 Cost B 76,658.09

3 Cost C 80,499.09
4 Gross Income 1,31,000
5 Net Income 50,500.91
6 Benefit-cost ratio 1.6
7 Per quintal cost of production 2,516.6
8 Per hectare cost of production 1,25,831.8
From Table No.3.5.6 it was found that the result of cost incurred by the host
farmer for Groundnut crop the Cost A, Cost B, Cost C was Rs.38410.95/-,76658.09 /-,
80499.09/- respectively. Gross Income of host farmer was Rs.1,31,000/-. Net Income
was Rs.50500.91/-. A result showed that the B.C. ratio of Groundnut crop was 1.6.
Per quintal cost of production was Rs.2516.6/- and per hectare cost of production was
Rs. 1,25,831.8/-.

3.6 ESTIMATED INCOME MEASURES
3.6.1. Estimated income measures used by the host farmer:
1) Farm Business Income ( F.B.I.) = Gross Income – Cost A

2) Net Income (N.I.) = Gross Income – Cost C
3) Benefit – Cost Ratio = Gross Income/ Cost C
Table No.3.6.1 Estimated income measures used by the host farmer
=Gross Income – Cost A

Farm Business Income (F.B.I.) =558700 - 119419.25
= Rs.4,39,280.75/-
= Gross Income – Cost C
Net Income (N.I.) = 558700 - 294084.28
= Rs.2,64,615.72/-
= Gross Income/Cost C
Benefit – Cost Ratio = 558700/294084.28
=1.89
The farm business income of total farm was Rs.439280.75/-. The Net income
of whole farm was Rs.2,64,615.72/- and the Benefit – Cost Ratio was 1.89 which
indicate that the host farmer was in profit.

3.7. ALTERNATE FARM PLAN

Alternate farm plan implies optimum utilization of available resources in order
to obtain maximum possible return. While alternate plan is to be developed it involves
the aspects, planning and budgeting. Future Alternative plan is generally based on
existing one.
I. Existing farm plan :
Existing plan is the plan which was presently available and still operations are
going through it.
Sr.No Items Units Wheat Groundnut Sapota
1. Area Ha 0.60 0.60 0.40

3. Cost A Rs. 44095.75 38410.9 36912.6
4. Cost B Rs. 74876.19 76658.09 130608.3
5. Cost C Rs. 79258.69 80499.09 134299.5
6. Gross Income Rs. 86,200 1,31,000 3,41,500
7. Net Income Rs. 6914.31 50500.91 207200.5
8. B.C.Ratio 1.08 1.6 2.5
9. Per qtl. Cost of Rs. 2190.47 2516.6 1809.71
Production
10. Per ha. Cost of Rs. 120476.15 125831.8 325748.7
Production
In existing plan of the farmer Mr. Tikone, Wheat crop was cultivated in 0.60
ha. area, Cost C of Wheat crop was Rs.79258.69 /- Net income was Rs.6914.31/- B.C
ratio was 1.08. In Groundnut crop Cost C was Rs. 80499.09/- Net income was
Rs.50500.91 /- & B.C. ratio was 1.6. In Sapota crop, cost C was Rs. 134299.5/- Net
income from Sapota was Rs.207200.5 /- & B.C ratio was 2.5.
The B.C. ratio of Sapota was highest than the other crops hence Sapota crop
was mostly profitable than other crops which was cultivated in land of the farmer.
II. Alternate farm plan
Sr. Items Units Wheat Groundnu Sapota Sugarca

No t ne
1. Land Ha 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.20

2. Labour Rs. 11266.6 6500 17400 13700

3. Cost A Rs. 29397.1 38410.9 36912.6 39644.5
4. Cost B Rs. 49917.46 76658.09 130608.3 62466.85
5. Cost C Rs. 52857.1 80499.09 134299.5 68856.3
6. Gross Income Rs. 57466.6 131000 341500 105000
7. Net Income Rs. 4609.5 50500.91 207200.5 36143.7
8. B.C.Ratio 1.08 1.6 2.5 1.5
9. Per qtl. Cost of Rs. 2220.7 2516.6 1809.71 1621.4
Production
The Alternate farm plan showed that the projected farm plan or alternate farm
plan for the host farmer with the given area of land and with same proportion. Here if
farmer can change the cropping pattern in the area 0.60 ha and cultivated Sugarcane
crop on 0.10 hectare land. The gross income of farmer for whole crop could be
Rs.105000/-. and Net income will be Rs.36143.7/-. The costs incurred for whole farm
i.e. Cost A, Cost B and Cost C are Rs.52857.1/-, Rs.80499.09/-and Rs. 134299.5/-,
respectively.
III. Comparison of Alternate Farm Plan & Existing Farm Plan-
Sr.No. Items Units Existing Plan Alternative
Plan
1. Cost A Rs. 119419.25 144365.1
2. Cost B Rs. 282142.58 319650.7
3. Cost C Rs. 294084.28 336511.9
4. Gross Income Rs. 558700 634966.6
5. Net Income Rs. 264615.72 298454.61
The comparison of the existing plan & alternate plan was as follows in
existing plan Cost C was Rs.294084.28/-& in alternative plan it was Rs.144365.1/-. In
exiting plan Net income was Rs. 264615.72/-& in alternative plan it was increased
i.e.298454.61/- The Gross income of exiting plan was Rs.558700/-& in alternative
plan it was Rs.634966.6/-. The Gross income of the alternative plan was higher than
the exiting plan so alternative plan was most profitable than the existing plan.

3.8 Study of vegetable growing cultivator

Sample no.:1
Village: Malgaon Tal: Miraj Dist: Sangli
Name of the land holder: Mr. Balasaheb.T.Gatade
An In-Plant Training Programme, we had studied two vegetable growing
farmers of Malgoan. The purpose of study was to know about vegetable farming,
problems faced by the vegetables farmers.
Table No. 3.8.1. Details of family members of the vegetable Growing cultivator:
Male Female
Sr. No. Working Non working Working Non Total
working
1 2 1 1 2 6
There were total 6 members in Mr. Gatade’s family from that 2 male members are
working and 1 female members are working in farm.
Table No. 3.8.2. Land Utilization by the vegetable Growing cultivator:
Irrigated area (ha)Well
Sr. Total Present Area under irrigation
No. area Value cultivation Kharif Rabi Summ
(ha) (Rs.) (Irrigated)(ha) er
1 0.30 20 Lack 0.30 - 0.30 -
Mr.Balasaheb Tikone had total 0.30 ha. Farming area. Total land was irrigated.
Irrigation was done by Well. Present value of this land was Rs.20 lakh.
Table No. 3.8.3. Inventory of farm buildings, wells, implements and machineries:
Sr. Type Present value Expected Minor
No. life(yr) repairs(Rs)
1 Residential house 10,00,000 30 5000
2 Implements
a)Khurapi-4 400 20 -
b)Kudali-2 400 20 -
c)Spade-3 600 10 -
3 Machinery
Sprayer pump 10,000 5 200

4 Bore Well 2,00,000 50 -

Mr.Balasaheb Tikone had well developed residential house with present value
of Rs.10,00,000/-. And he also had farming implements viz.- 4 khurpi, 2-kudali,and 3
spade with the value of Rs.400/- and 600/-respectively.
Table No. 3.8.4. Acreages under vegetables for last year
Year Season Area under vegetable(ha) Total
(ha)
2012 Rabi-okra 0.30 0.30
2013 Rabi-brinjal 0.30 0.30
2014 Rabi-okra 0.30 0.30
The Table No.3.8.4 showed that the Mr.Gatade had been taken Okra from last
3 years and brinjal & Okra for the years 2013 & 2014 on 0.30 ha area each.
Sample no.:2
Village: Malgaon Tal: Miraj Dist: Sangli
Name of the land holder: Mr. Shahaji Rama Dalavi
Table No. 3.8.5 Details of family members of the vegetable growing cultivator:
Sr. Male Female
No. Working Non working Working Non Total
working
1 2 2 1 1 6
There were total 6 members in Mr.Dalavi’s family from that 2 male members
are working and 1 female members are working in farm.
Table No. 3.8.6. Land Utilization by the vegetable growing cultivators:
Irrigated area(ha)Well
Sr. Total Present Area under irrigation
No. area Value cultivation Kharif Rabi Sum
(ha) (Rs.) (Irrigated) mer
1 0.40 40 lack 0.40(Ha) - 0.40(ha) -
Mr.Shahaji Rama Dalavi had total land 0.40 ha. Total land was irrigated.
Irrigation is done by Well. Present value of this land was Rs.40 lakh.
Table No.3.8.7 Inventory of farm buildings, wells, implements and machineries:
Sr. Type Present value Expected Minor
No. life(yr) repairs(Rs)

1 Residential house 10,00,000 30 5000

2 Implements
a)Khurapi-6 600 20 -
b)Kudali-2 400 20 -
c)Spade-1 200 10 -
3 Machinery
Sprayer pump 15000 5 200
4 Well 5,00,000 50 -
Mr.Shahaji Rama Dalavi had well developed residential house with present
value of Rs.10,00,000/-. He also had farming implements viz.-6 khurpi,2-kudali,and
1spade with the value of Rs.600/- and 400/- respectively.
Table No.3.8.8 Acreages under vegetables for during year (2014)
Year Season Area under vegetable(ha) Total (ha)
2014 Rabi-Carrot 0.10 0.10
Rabi-Tomato 0.30 0.30
Rabi-Tomato 0.30 0.30
Mr. Shahaji Rama Dalavi had 0.70 ha farming area. He cultivated vegetable
crops from last three years like carrot and tomato.

3.8.9 Problems faced in production and marketing of crops:

 Market intelligence-
The information about market prices, arrivals of different commodities in the
market is not available to the vegetable cultivators due the insufficient information he
get less price for his vegetable.
 Transportation –
The transportation facilities are not easily available in Malgaon and the cost
of transportation is high for distance market.
 Price instability-
The prices of agricultural commodities are unstable mainly for Brinjal and Okra
crop for every year and it will affect the annual income of Mr.Shahaji Rama Dalvi.
 Seed-
Some time there is a shortage of seeds in agro centers so it becomes difficult
for farmer while sowing of seeds & it affects the production level.
Suggestions
 The vegetable growers should be aware about the market information & Daily
updates about the prices of vegetables.
 As their production was at small scale level, they were selling their produce at
near by Miraj market. They did not go through market intermediaries.
Summary of vegetable cultivator
Mr .Balasaheb.T.Tikone has 6 members in their family, the total area is 0.30

ha and the present value of the land was Rs.20 lakh, in rabi season he cultivated Okra,
Brinjal on 0.30 ha of land. He had various machinery and implements. Mr. Shahaji
Rama Dalavi has 6 members in their family, the total area was 0.70 ha and the present
value of the land was 40 lakh, in rabi season he cultivated Carrot and Tomato on 0.70
ha area respectively. He had various machinery and implements. The prices of
agricultural commodities are unstable mainly for Brinjal and Okra crop for every year
and it will affect the annual income of Mr. Shahaji Rama Dalvi. Some time there is a
shortage of seeds in agro centers so it becomes difficult for farmer while sowing of
seeds & it affects the production level. The information about market prices, arrivals
of different commodities in the market is not available to the vegetable cultivators due
the insufficient information he get less price for his vegetable.

3.9 STUDY OF MARKET INTERMEDIARIES

Mr.Ikabal.N.Mujavar was dealing with supplying vegetables & Fruits in
Malgoan. He was in the Business of supply of agricultural commodities from last 15
years. He is in 55 years old and his qualification was 10th pass. He deals with near
about all commodities in the market such as Tomato, Okra, Bottle gourd, Bitter gourd,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Potato, Onion etc. and fruits such as Banana, Mango, Grapes,
Sapota etc.
Table No.3.9.1: Number of farmer selling commodities through farm
intermediaries
Sr. Item Number of farmer selling
No. commodities through them
1 Vegetables
2 Tomato 5
3 Okra 4
4 Bottle gourd 4
5 Bitter guard 8
6 Cabbage 5
7 Cauliflower 7
8 Potato 7
9 Onion 5
2 Fruits
1 Banana 7
2 Mango 5
3 Grapes 15
4 Sapota 5
Other information
1) Number of servants :-2
2) Payment per month Rs. :-12000/-
3) Size of shop :-20/10m
4) Other expenses :-800
a) Telephone charges :-700
b) Furniture :-4000
c) Vehicals :-3000

There are two workers in his shop and payment of the worker is Rs.12000/- per
month. There are some other cost is occurred such as cost of telephone, furniture etc.

3.10 Study of Co-operative Credit Society

3.10.1. Information of society
Name :Jayahind Vividh Sahakari Society ltd. Malgaon

Address :Malgaon
Registration Number :10950
Year of establishment :10/11/1948
Audit class in 2014-2015 :A
Table No.3.10.1 Whether the society is for a single village / cluster of villages
Sr. Name of Head Population Distance No. of
No. village quarter of (2001 from members
society census) H.Q.(kms) from the
village
1 Malgaon Malgaon 8000 - 975
2 Sidhewadi Malgaon 5000 3 175
i) Number of members:
Male :950
Female :25
Total :1005
Table No. 3.10.2 Share capital of Co-operative society:
A) Authorised share capital Rs.1,19,60,000
B) Paid up capital: -
C) Value of each share: -
1)From members Rs.1,19,60,000
2)From Government -
3)From N.C.D.C. -
4)From others -
Table No. 3.10.3 Deposit with the society
Particulars Years
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
a) From members 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
(Rs.)
3) Other funds of the society:

A) Reserve fund: Rs.32,71,000

B) Bad Debt Reserve fund: Rs. 1,40,000
C) Special reserve Fund Rs. 34,24,60
3) Working capital for the society (Rs.): 20,000/-
(3B+4+5+6) (during the financial year)
4) Credit Advance :1,19,60,000/-
5) A) Short term Loan :5,84,10,900/-
 Rate of Interest :6%
 Duration :1year
 Purpose :Crop loan
B) Long term loan :2,95,82,900/-
1. Rate of interest : 13.5% 2. Duration: 7 to 11 Year
6) Income of the society from different activities:

 Farm produce(Trading profit) : No
 Subsidy amount received from government : No
 Interest on loans to the members : 2%
 Interest on special Reserve fund : No
 Income from rent : 80,000/-
 Assistance from the apex body : No
 Income on bank saving/ Investment :No
7) Expenditure of the society:

 Interest paid on deposits : No
 Interest paid on borrowings : No
 Salaries to staff : 4,500/-
 Allowances to staff : 4,500/-
 Traveling expenses : 100/-
 Rent of building and repairing of building : 40,000/-
 Electricity charges and repairs : 14,000/-
 Telephone charges : 16,000/-
 Audit fees and other fees : 78,000/-
 Stationery, printing, etc. : 44,000/-

 Draft commission paid to bank : No

 Taxes :9,000/-
8) Loss during the year (2014-15) : 11,81,000/-

9) Information of Secretary:
 Name of the secretary :Mr.Sudhir Surendra Desai
 Age :44 years
 Education :B.Com
 Experience :16 Years
 Special training in co-operation(Specify) :GDC&A
 Where Secretary resides at H.Q. : No
 Number of visit per week to society :Daily
Table No. 3.10.4. Information of Management Committee:
Number
of
Educational Special
Sr. Name of The Age Meetings
Position Qualificatio Training in
No Members (yr) Attende
n cooperation
d During
Year
1 Mr.Ravaso R. Chairman 48 12th No 12

Mane
2 Mr.Rajaram Vice 60 B.Com Service 12
T. Khot Chairman
3 Mr.Sadanand Member 62 B.A.B.Ed Service 12
R.Kbade
4 Mr.Uddhav D. Member 48 10th No 12
Savant
5 Mr.Shivappa Member 45 10th Business 12
B. Mali
6 Mr.Ramchand Member 46 MSc Agri. Service 12
ra S. Chavan
7 Mr.Pramod Member 40 10th No 12
M. Patil
8 Mr.Meghkum Member 37 10th Business 12
ar J. Hulle
9 Mr.Amol A. Member 35 10th No 12
Jatte

10 Mr.Raju R. Member 35 10th No 12

Salgare
11 Mr.Sidram H. Member 47 12th No 12
Mali
12 Mr.Shivaji S. Member 55 10th Service 12
Mali
13 Mr.Mahavir Member 54 9th No 12
B. Dhamne
14 Mr. Vijay S. Member 38 B.Com No 12
Awati
15 Mr.AvinashS. Member 60 12th Service 12
Khandekar
16 Mrs.Suman V. Member 50 10th No 12
Pawar
17 Mrs.Anvar J. Member 55 7th No 12
Mujavar
18 Mr.Sudhir.S. Secretary 44 B.Com GDC&A 12
Desai
I) Do you think that the management committee is quite cohesive :Yes
II) Management Committee Meetings.
 General Body Meetings :2
1) Management Committee Meeting :12
2) How many resolutions were passed :11,00,000
Table No. 3.10.5 Progress of the society for last five years
Year Members Share Rese Borro Total net
Capital rve wings Turno Net loss Aud
(Rs.) Fund ver of Profit it
& the class
Othe societ
r y
fund
2010 2200 6,00,000 - 1,31,07 89,99, 1,20,000 - A
2 19,48.
71
2011 2240 8,00,000 - 1,63,84 98,17, 10,50,00 - A
0 30,34. 0
95
2012 2280 10,00,00 - 2,04,80 10,70, Loss 16,80 B
0 97,856 00
.3
2013 2320 12,00,00 - 2,56,00 11,68, Loss 18,70 B
0 34,025 000

2014 2370 14,00,00 - 3,20,00 12,74, Loss 11,81 B

0 0 55,300 ,000
10) Opinion of the secretary:
 What is your observation regarding working of society: Satisfactory
 If good/ satisfactory, what are the reasons for success
a) Response good from the farmer.
b) Credit obtained time to time from the farmer.
c) Maximum loan provided by co-operative society
11) Problems Faced by the Society : No
12) Summary
The name of society was Jayahind Vividh Sahakari Society ltd. Malgaon. The
society was established in 10/11/1948 and its Regn. No. was 10950. Secretary of the
society was Mr.Sudhir.S.Desai. The society cover the area of villages which was near
from Miraj such as Tanang, Sidhewadi etc. and its head quarter was located in
Malgaon. The total no. of the society was 1005 out of which 950 male members and
25 are female.
Total share capital of the society was 1,19,60,000/-.The society had amount of
cash credit available was Rs.8,79,93,800/-. The society borrowing funds district
Central Co-operative Bank and its amount Rs.68,35,600/- with rate of interest 6% and
repayment period was 1 Year. Society provides short term loan and long tern loam to
their members other physical facilities, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizer are not
provided by the society.

3.11. LOAN PROPOSAL

3.11.1 REQUIREMENT FOR LONE PROPOSAL
 Land should be owned.
 7 ‘A’ ‘B’ 12 should be on the name of applicant.
 Applicant should be member of society OR To become a member.
 NOC from other bank.
 Two Guarantors should be necessary.
 Bank statement of applicant & guarantor.
3.11.2 DOCUMENTATION FOR LOAN PROPOSAL
 Application Form
 7 ‘A’ ‘B’ 12
 A Bond / Debenture
 N.O.C.
 Two Guarantor
 ID Proof
 Address Proof
 Income Proof
 ID /Pass port size photo of applicant as well as Guarantor.

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

I had selected host farmer named as Mr.Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone. He was
the 50 years old. To, get practical knowledge about farming system, Cropping pattern
to study the cultivation practices in agriculture production of various crop, resourses
use efficiency, analyze the problems faced by crop producers and financial feasibility
analysis, role of co-operative society.
Primary data was collected with the help of questionnaire and interview
method. Tehsil wise area under different crop was obtained from Sangli Dist. Miraj
Tehsil from related Dist. Having maximum area under cultivation were selected
purposively. A list of village with area under cultivation was obtained from selected
Tehasils. Village was prepared from concerned village from selected village one
farmer is selected by each student for study. In Plant Training I studied Agriculture
Production Management under the host farmer Mr. Balasaheb Dattaray Tikone. The
selected farmer was followed in multi cropping pattern in farm so I got practical
knowledge about farm cultivation practices, operation, cropping pattern of various
crop etc. I studied the problem faced by farmer in production and marketing of crops.
The imporatant of farm inputs chemicals, Fertilizer, plant protection, equipments,
machineries, labour, electricity, seeds, credit has significantly increased in the recent
past with new technological breakthrough in Indian Agriculture without credit farmer
can’t purchase inputs thus the co-oprative societies in rural area are necessary.
I had also studied the vegetable cultivation, problems faced by the vegetable
cultivators and market intermediate. Vegetable cultivation is more beneficial than the
cultivation of other crops. But the major problems related to vegetable cultivation was
market intelligence, transportation, perishability of produce and price fluctuation etc.
I also studied the working of co-operative credit society. The name of society
was Jayahind Vividh Sahakari Society ltd. Malgaon. The society was established in
10/11/1948 and its Regn. No. was 10950. Secretary of the society was
Mr.Sudhir.S.Desai. The society cover the area of villages which was near from Miraj
such as Tanang, Sidhewadi etc. and its head quarter was located in Malgaon. The total
no. of the society was 1005 out of which 950 male members and 25 are female.
Total share capital of the society was 1,19,60,000/-.The society had amount of cash
credit available was Rs.8,79,93,800/-. The society borrowing funds district Central
Co-operative Bank and its amount Rs.68,35,600/- with rate of interest 6% and

repayment period was 1 Year. Society provides short term loan and long tern loam to
their members other physical facilities, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizer are not
provided by the society. The Jayhind Vivid Co-operative Credit Society Ltd. Malgoan
having very well progress and it goes in profit. That society got ‘A’ Class in Audit
Class.
Alternate farm plan implies optimum utilization of available resources in order
to obtain maximum possible return. While alternate plan is to be developed it involves
the aspects, planning and budgeting. Future Alternative plan is generally based on
existing one. Existing plan was the plan which was presently available and still
operations are going through it. In existing plan of the farmer Mr. Tikone, Wheat crop
was cultivated in 0.60 ha. area, Cost C of Wheat crop was Rs.79258.69 /- Net income
was Rs.6914.31/- B.C ratio was 1.08. In Groundnut crop Cost C was Rs. 80499.09/-
Net income was Rs.50500.91 /- & B.C. ratio was 1.6. In Sapota crop, cost C was Rs.
134299.5/- Net income from Sapota was Rs.207200.5 /- & B.C ratio was 2.5.
The B.C. ratio of Sapota was highest than the other crops hence Sapota crop
was mostly profitable than other crops which was cultivated in land of the farmer. The
Alternate farm plan showed that the projected farm plan or alternate farm plan for the
host farmer with the given area of land and with same proportion. Here if farmer can
change the cropping pattern in the area 0.60 ha and cultivated Sugarcane crop on 0.10
hectare land. The gross income of farmer for whole crop could be Rs.105000/-. and
Net income will be Rs.36143.7/-.
As per the study of Agriculture Production Management it is conclude that,
Mr.Balasaheb Tikone adopt different cultivation practices in agriculture production of
Wheat, Sapota, Mango, and Groundnut which gives more production in per hector
cultivation. Gross income obtained from total farm was Rs.5,58,700/-. Net income
was Rs.2,64,615.72/-. Benefit Cost Ratio was 1.89 which indicate that the host farmer
was in profit. The farm business income of total farm was Rs.439280.75/-. The Net
income of whole farm was Rs.2,64,615.72/- and the Benefit – Cost Ratio was 1.89
which indicate that the host farmer was in profit.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Subha Ready S, Radhu Ran P, Neelkanta Sastry T.V. and Bhawani Devi I
“Agricultural economics” Oxford & IBH publishing Co private ltd, New Delhi
(2004)
 S.C.Gupta “Fundamental of statistics” Himalaya publishing house (2010)
 www.angrau.ac.in /media /10850 /fast 31.
 www.agriculturalproduction.com
 www.economicbackgroundnut.com
 www.agriculturalproductionmanagement.com

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IPT 2014-15 Agricultural Production Management

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 1

1.1 PRESENT SCENARIO OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

1.2 ABOUT MAHARASHTRA

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 2

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 3

information has been generated by the National Agricultural Research System

Name Brief Description Image

The function of roots is to anchor the plant to its

Spikelet is composed of flowers called florets. The

Tillers, which have the same basic structure as the

It is the basal part of the leaf. It encircles the culm

The outer covering of a floret is made up of a lemma

The stem of wheat plant is round or cylindrical. In

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 4

The flowering portion of the wheat plant is called ear

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 5

Sapota is mostly grown in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 6

2.1.1 Selection of Study Area

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 7

2.3.1: Estimation of per Hector Cost of Cultivation

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 8

Rental value of land was estimated at 1/6th of gross value of produce.

RVL = [ ] - Land Revenue

vi) Per quintal cost of Production

Per quintal cost of Production =

vii) Per hectare Cost of Production

Per hectare cost of Production =

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 9

2.4 VEGETABLE CULTIVATORS

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 10

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 INFORMATION OF HOST FARMER:

3.2 INFORMATION OF THE FAMILY MEMBERS INCLUDING

Sr. Relation with

3 Amrut Balasaheb Tikone Male Son 25 M.B.A Student

4 Somling Naik Male Attached labour 65 - Farming

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 11

3.3 INFORATION OF ASSETS OF THE HOST FARMER:

Sr. Plot No. / Area (ha.) Soil Present Land

Table No.3.3.3 Information about the building of the host farmer.

Sr. Category Type of Year of Present

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 12

Table No.3.3.4 Implements and Machinery possessed by the host farmer

Sr. Category Number Present Value

Table No.3.3.5 Information of the household assets of the host farmer:

Sr. Particulars Number Value (Rs.)

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 13

Table No.3.3.6 Cropping Pattern adopted by the host farmer

R.C.S.M. College of Agri. Business Management, Sangli Page 14

0.40 0.60 Groundnut

Fig No. 3.3.6.Cropping Pattern adopted by the host farmer

The above fig.No.3.3.6 showed that cropping pattern of cultivation of land.

Table No.3.3.7 Annual Gross Income during the year 2013

Sr. No. Source Amount (Rs.)

3.4 Crop wise inputs used by the host farmer

3.4.1. Input Utilized for Sapota Crop by the host farmer:

Variety: Kallipatti Season: Perennial Area: 0.40 ha

3.4.2. Input Utilized for Wheat Crops by the host farmer

Variety: 2089 Season: Rabi Area: 0.60 ha

Table No. 3.4.2 Input Utilized for Wheat Crops:

Per Plot Per Hectare