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ANNEX F
Conceptual Model for Changing
Sanitation Behaviors and Moving Up
The Sanitation Ladder benefits from stopping open defecation (OD) are evoked
to encourage a more cooperative approach whereby
The ZODP has emerged from the field trials community members decide together to each contrib-
conducted by DOH and WSP in the SuSEA trial sites. It ute to creating a clean and hygienic environment.
essentially evolved from an approach that combines
two promising sanitation improvement concepts Sanitation marketing helps move households
developed in the early 2000s – Community-Led Total up the sanitation ladder to improved sanitation but t is
Sanitation (CLTS) and sanitation marketing to stop fair to state that there is, as yet, no broad consensus on
open defecation practices and to help households what sanitation marketing is. Some practitioners define
move up the sanitation ladder (see Figure 1). Both sanitation marketing as training local masons to build
CLTS and sanitation marketing draw heavily on the better quality latrines or to develop a new latrine
behavior change communication (BCC) and social (cheaper, safer, more hygienic, more environmental);
marketing approaches that have been well developed others understand sanitation marketing as the distribu-
in other sectors, particularly health. To ensure sustain- tion of posters using standard messages about sanita-
ability, program recognizes the role of government to tion. To build consensus and learn how to apply sanita-
support and strengthen the enabling environment tion marketing at scale, more dialogue and more efforts
through are needed. This
policy reform, is WSP’s contribu-
institutional tion to the
reform and dialogue.
capacity
building of WSP initially
local govern- applied this
ments. two-pronged
approach to
FIGURE 1. A scaling up rural
CONCEPTUAL sanitation in three
MODEL FOR
countries through
CHANGING its Global Scaling
S A N I TAT I O N Up Rural Sanita-
BEHAVIORS AND tion Project. WSP
MOVING UP THE has since adopted
S A N I TAT I O N this approach as
LADDER its framework for rural sanitation programs. Based on
WSP’s experience to date, these elements provide the
CLTS grew out of work conducted initially in needed framework to scale up a rural sanitation
Bangladesh, and later in India and Indonesia. It has program.
now been applied in some form in numerous countries
throughout Asia and Africa. CLTS was designed to
move a community from defecating in the open to
fixed-point defecation. It focuses on igniting a For more information on CLTS refer to the Facilitator’s
community’s desire to change sanitation behaviors Guide
rather than constructing toilets and it does this
through a process of social awakening that is stimu-
lated by facilitators from within or outside the commu-
nity. Because CLTS is community focused, it concen-
trates on changing community norms and practices
rather than changing individual behaviors. Collective