Artificial Intelligence & Robotics – Synthetic Brain in
Action
Dr. Yuvraj Kumar – Ph.D in Artificial Intelligence*
*
The Faculty of Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence,
*
Zukovsky State University, Russia
Abstract- Artificial intelligence is a theory. It is the development
of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would
require human intelligence. Examples of these tasks are visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages. The base object in this reference is the agent
who is the "actor” taking birth in the software and culminating
itself in the hardware body. The connection between those two is
that the control of the robot is a software agent that reads data
from the sensors decides what to do next and then directs the
effectors to act in the physical world. The aim of this paper is to
provide basic, background information on two emerging
technologies: artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics and their
scope in India. Thus, a first major feature of these two disciplines
is product diversity. In addition, it is possible to characterize
them as disruptive, enabling and interdisciplinary.
Index Terms- Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Deep
Learning, Machine Learning, Decision Making
I. INTRODUCTION
M any researchers now feel that the goal of mimicking the
human ability to solve problems and achieve goals in the
real world the so-called „strong AI‟ is neither likely nor desirable
because a long series of conceptual breakthroughs is required AI
systems are generally embedded within larger systems-
applications can be found in video games speech recognition, and
in the „data mining‟ business sector. The field of robotics is
closely linked to that of AI, although definitional issues abound.
„Giving AI motor capability‟ seems a reasonable definition, but
III. RELATED RESEARCH
AI, based upon the capabilities of digital computers to
manipulate symbols, is probably not sufficient to achieve
anything resembling true intelligence. This is because symbolic
AI systems, as they are known, are designed and programmed
rather than trained or evolved. AI software designers are
beginning to team up with cognitive psychologists and use
cognitive science concepts. Another example centers upon the
work of the „connectionists‟ who draw attention to computer
architecture, arguing that the arrangement of most symbolic AI
programmers is fundamentally incapable of exhibiting the
essential characteristics of intelligence to any useful degree. As
an alternative, connectionists aim to develop AI through artificial
neural networks (ANNs). The emergence of ANNs reflects an
underlying paradigm change within the AI research community
and, as a result, such systems have undeniably received much
attention of late. However, regardless of their success in creating
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most people would not regard a cruise missile as a robot even
though the navigation and control techniques draw heavily on
robotics research. AI and robotics are likely to continue to creep
into our lives without us really noticing. Unfortunately, many of
the applications appear to be taking place amongst agencies,
particularly the military that do not readily respond to public
concern, however well-articulated or thought through.
II. BASICS
AI has been one of the most controversial domains of inquiry in
computer science since it was first proposed in the 1950s. The
ultimate aim is to make computer programs that are capable of
solving problems and achieving goals in the world as well as
humans Today, successful AI applications range from custom-
built expert systems to mass produced software and consumer
electronics. Robotics, on the other hand, may be thought of as
„the science of extending human motor capabilities with
machines‟ (Trevelyan, 1999). However, a closer look at this
definition creates a more complicated picture. For example, a
cruise missile, although not intuitively referred to as a robot,
nevertheless incorporates many of the navigation and control
techniques explored in the context of mobile-robotics research.
This report, however, considers robotics research as the attempt
to instill intelligent software with some degree of motor
capability. Since many of the major areas of AI research play an
essential role in work on robots, robotics will be considered here
as a sub-section of AI. Many of those in industry do not use the
term „artificial intelligence‟ even when their company‟s products
rely on some AI techniques.
interest, the fact remains that ANNs have not nearly been able to
replace symbolic AI. AI researchers have a variety of learning
methods at their disposal. However, as to allude to the aforesaid
statement, ANNs represent one of the most promising of these.
There are many advantages of ANNs and advances in this field
will increase their popularity. Their main value over symbolic AI
systems lies in the fact that they are trained rather than
programmed: they learn to evolve to their environment, beyond
the care and attention of their creator (Hsuing, 2002). Other
major advantages of ANNs lie in their ability to classify and
recognize patterns and to handle abnormal input data, a
characteristic very important for systems that handle a wide
range of data. As a result, they are best used when the results of a
model are more important than understanding how the model
works. To this end, these systems are often used in stock market
analysis, fingerprint identification, character
 recognition, speech recognition, and scientific analysis
of data (Stottler Henke, 2002). The following chains of
reasoning, considered in isolation without supporting argument,
all exhibit the Fallacy of the Giant Cheesecake:
• A sufficiently powerful Artificial Intelligence could
overwhelm any human resistance and wipe out humanity. [And
the AI would decide to do so.] Therefore we should not build AI.
• A sufficiently powerful AI could develop new medical
technologies capable of saving millions of human lives. [And the
AI would decide to do so.] Therefore we should build AI.
Once computers become cheap enough, the vast majority of jobs
will be performable by Artificial Intelligence more easily than by
humans. A sufficiently powerful AI would even be better than us
at math, engineering, music, art, and all the other jobs we
consider meaningful. [And the AI will decide to perform those
jobs.] Thus after the invention of AI, humans will have nothing
to do, and we'll starve or watch television.:
A. Algorithms and Genetic Programming
An algorithm is defined as a „detailed sequence of actions to
perform to accomplish some task‟. One branch of algorithm
theory, genetic programming, is currently receiving much
attention. This is a technique for getting software to solve a task
by „mating‟ random programs and selecting the fittest in millions
of generations. Khan elaborates: „Genetic algorithms use natural
selection, mutating and crossbreeding within a pool of sub-
optimal scenarios. Better solutions live and worse ones die –
allowing the program to discover the best option without trying
every possible combination along the way.
B. Applications
1. Intelligent Simulation Systems
There are numbers of software available which can
mimic the process involved in your research work and
can produce the possible result. One of such type of
software is Matlab. You can readily find Mfiles related
to your research work on internet or in some cases these
can require few modifications. Once these Mfiles are
uploaded in software, you can get the simulated results
4.
of your paper and it easies the process of paper writing.
As by adopting the above practices all major constructs
of a research paper can be written and together
compiled to form a complete research ready for Peer
review.
2. Intelligent Information Systems
Intelligent systems must be able to provide including
visual and audio data, in addition to commonplace
structured databases. One development in this area that
is receiving much attention is „data mining‟, the
extraction of general regularities from online data. This
area is becoming increasingly important due to the fact
that all types of commercial and government institutions
are now logging huge volumes of data and require the
means to optimize the use of these vast resources.
3. Sensors
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Sensors are the perceptual interface between robots. On
the one hand we have passive sensors like cameras,
which capture signals that are generated by other
sources in the environment. On the other hand we have
active sensors (for example sonar, radar, laser) which
emit energy into the environment. This energy is
reflected by objects in the environment. These
reflections can then be used to gather the information
needed. Generally active sensors provide more
information than passive sensors. But they also consume
more power. This can lead to a problem on mobile
robots which need to take their energy with them in
batteries. We have three types of sensors (no matter
whether sensors are active or passive). These are
sensors that either record distances to objects or
generate an entire image of the environment or measure
a property of the robot itself. Many mobile robots make
use of range finders, which measure distance to nearby
objects. A common type is the sonar sensor.
Alternatives to sonar include radar and laser. Some
range sensors measure very short or very long distances.
Close-range sensors are often tactile sensors such as
whiskers, bump panels and touch- sensitive skin. The
other extreme are long-range sensors like the Global
Positioning System (GPS). The second important class
of sensors is imaging sensors. These are cameras that
provide images of the environment that can then be
analyzed using computer vision and image recognition
techniques. The third important class is proprioceptive
sensors. These inform the robot of its own state. To
measure the exact configuration of a robotic joint
motors are often equipped with shaft decoders that
count the revolution of motors in small increments.
Another way of measuring the state of the robot is to
use force and torque sensors. These are especially
needed when the robot handles fragile objects or objects
whose exact shape and location is unknown. Imagine a
ton robot manipulator screwing in a light bulb.
Effectors
Effectors are the means by which robots manipulate the
environment, move and change the shape of their
bodies. To understand the ability of a robot to interact
with the physical world we will use the abstract concept
of a degree of freedom (DOF). We count one degree of
freedom for each independent direction in which a
robot, or one of its effectors can move. As an example
lets contemplate a rigid robot like an autonomous
underwater vehicle (AUV). It has six degrees of
freedom, three for its (x;y;z) location in space and three
for its angular orientation (also known as yaw, roll and
pitch). These DOFs define the kinematic state of the
robot. This can be extended with another dimension that
gives the rate of change of each kinematic dimension.
This is called dynamic state. Robots with non rigid
bodies may have additional DOFs. For example a
human wrist has three degrees of freedom – it can move
up and down, side to side and can also rotate. Robot
joints have 1, 2, or 3 degrees of freedom each. Six
 degrees of freedom are required to place an object, such robots were in use worldwide. For more information,
as a hand, at a particular point in a particular orientation. see survey about artificial intelligence in business.
The manipulator shown in Figure1 has exactly six
degrees of freedom, created by five revolute joints
(R) and one prismatic joint (P). Revolute joints
generate rotational motion while the prismatic joints
generate sliding motion. If you take your arm as an
example you will notice, that it has more than six
degrees of freedom. If you put your hand on the table
you still have the freedom to rotate your elbow.
Manipulators which have more degrees of freedom than
required to place an end effector to a target location are
easier to control than robots having only the minimum
number of DOFs. Mobile robots are somewhat special.
The number of degrees of freedom does not need to
have corresponding actuated elements. Think of a car. It
can move forward or backward, and it can turn, giving it
Figure 1 Automobile Body designing using robotic
two DOFs. But if you describe the car‟s kinematic
machinery
configuration you will notice that it is three-
dimensional. On a flat surface like a parking site you
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
can maneuver your car to any (x;y) point, in any
orientation. You see that the car has 3 effective DOFs
Many telecommunications companies make use of
but only 2 controllable DOFs. We say a robot is
heuristic search in the management of their workforces,
nonholonomic if it has more effective DOFs than
for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in
controllable DOFs and holonomic if the two numbers
a scheduling application that provides the work
are the same. Holonomic robots are easier to control
schedules of 20,000 engineers.
than nonholonomic (think of parking a car: it would be
much easier to be able to move the car sideways). But
TOYS AND GAMES
holonomic robots are mechanically more complex. Most
manipulators and robot arms are holonomic and most
The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to mass-
mobile robots are nonholonomic. [1]
produce domestically aimed types of basic Artificial
Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered
COMPUTER SCIENCE
greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped
introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing
AI researchers have created many tools to solve the
with various types of AI, specifically in the form of
most difficult problems in computer science. Many of
Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, the Internet (example: basic
their inventions have been adopted by mainstream
search engine interfaces are one simple form), and the
computer science and are no longer considered a part of
first widely released robot, Furby. A mere year later an
AI.
improved type of domestic robot was released in the
form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and
FINANCE
autonomy.
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize
AI has also been applied to video games.
operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In
August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated
MUSIC
financial trading competition. Financial institutions have
long used artificial neural network systems to detect
The evolution of music has always been affected by
charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for
technology. With AI, scientists are trying to make the
human investigation.
computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician.
Composition, performance, music theory, sound
HEAVY INDUSTRY
processing are some of the major areas on which
research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are
Robots have become common in many industries. They
focusing.
are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to
humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are
very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents
due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which
humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in using
and producing robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000

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Figure 2 An automated online assistant providing
customer service on a web page.
Online and telephone customer service
An automated online assistant providing customer
service on a web page. Artificial intelligence is
implemented in automated online assistants that can be
seen as avatars on web pages. It can avail for enterprises
to reduce their operating and training cost. A major
underlying technology to such systems is natural
language processing. Similar techniques may be used in
answering machines of call centers, such as speech
recognition software to allow computers to handle first
level of customer support, text mining and natural
language processing to allow better customer handling,
agent training by automatic mining of best practices
from past interactions, support automation and many
other technologies to improve agent productivity and
customer satisfaction.
TRANSPORTATION
Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for
automatic gearboxes in automobiles (the 2006 Audi TT,
VW Toureg and VW Caravell feature the DSP
transmission which utilizes Fuzzy logic, a number of
Škoda variants (Škoda Fabia) also currently include a
Fuzzy Logic based controller).
AVIATION
The Air Operations Division AOD, uses AI for the rule
based expert systems. The AOD has use for artificial
intelligence for surrogate operators for combat and
training simulators, mission management aids, support
systems for tactical decision making, and post
processing of the simulator data into symbolic
summaries. The use of artificial intelligence in
simulators is proving to be very useful for the AOD.
Airplane simulators are using artificial intelligence in
order to process the data taken from simulated flights.
Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated
aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up
with the best success scenarios in these situations. The
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computers can also create strategies based on the
placement, size, speed, and strength of the forces and
counter forces. Pilots may be given assistance in the air
during combat by computers. The artificial intelligent
programs can sort the information and provide the pilot
with the best possible maneuvers, not to mention getting
rid of certain maneuvers that would be impossible for a
sentient being to perform. Multiple aircraft are needed
to get good approximations for some calculations so
computer simulated pilots are used to gather data. These
computer simulated pilots are also used to train future
air traffic controllers. The system used by the AOD in
order to measure performance was the Interactive Fault
Diagnosis and Isolation System, or IFDIS. It is a rule
based expert system put together by collecting
information from TF-30 documents and the expert
advice from mechanics that work on the TF-30. This
system was designed to be used to for the development
of the TF-30 for the RAAF F-111C. The performance
system was also used to replace specialized workers.
The system allowed the regular workers to
communicate with the system and avoid mistakes,
miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the
specialized workers. The AOD also uses artificial
intelligence in speech recognition software. The air
traffic controllers are giving directions to the artificial
pilots and the AOD wants to the pilots to respond to the
ATC‟s with simple responses. The programs that
incorporate the speech software must be trained, which
means they use neural networks. The program used, the
Verbex 7000, is still a very early program that has
plenty of room for improvement. The improvements are
imperative because ATCs use very specific dialog and
the software needs to be able to communicate correctly
and promptly every time. The Artificial Intelligence
supported Design of Aircraft, or AIDA, is used to help
designers in the process of creating conceptual designs
of aircraft. This program allows the designers to focus
more on the design itself and less on the design process.
The software also allows the user to focus less on the
software tools. The AIDA uses rule based systems to
compute its data.

This is a diagram of the arrangement of the AIDA
modules. [14]
Although simple, the program is proving effective. In
2003, NASA‟s Dryden Flight Research Center, and
many other companies, created software that could
enable a damaged aircraft to continue flight until a safe
landing zone can be reached. The software compensates
for all the damaged components by relying on the
undamaged components. The neural network used in
the software proved to be effective and marked a
triumph for artificial intelligence. The Integrated
Vehicle Health Management system, also used by
NASA, on board an aircraft must process and interpret
data taken from the various sensors on the aircraft. The
system needs to be able to determine the structural
integrity of the aircraft. The system also needs to
implement protocols in case of any damage taken the
vehicle.
Figure 3 An Aircraft that uses AI
NEWS AND PUBLISHING
The company Narrative Science makes computer
generated news and reports commercially available,
including summarizing team sporting events based on
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statistical data from the game. It also creates financial
reports and real estate analyses.
OTHER
Various tools of artificial intelligence are also being
widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text
recognition, data mining, and e-mail spam filtering.
Applications are also being developed for gesture
recognition (understanding of sign language by
machines), individual voice recognition, global voice
recognition (from a variety of people in a noisy room),
facial expression recognition for interpretation of
emotion and nonverbal queues.
DEFENCE
The apparent success of high technology weaponry in
the recent wars is indicative that the war is undergoing a
profound transformation. The opportunities offered by
these new or emerging technologies are boundless.
There is a need to concentrate on those technologies that
are important to the Indian Army for its modernization
requirements. The Indian Army remains committed to
self-reliance through indigenous developmental efforts.
Indian industry over a period has grown in strength and
today has the financial capability and the potential to
become a partner in defense research and production so
that it leads to a self-reliant defense industrial and
technological base for the country. An overview of
Indian Army‟s futuristic technology requirements are
covered in the succeeding paragraphs. The requirements
are dynamic in nature and this list needs to be viewed as
an outline
guide only.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
AI is an inescapable need for numerous military
applications. Some possibilities are in the following
areas:-
(a) Imagery Interpretation. Image interpretation for
target identification and classification. Artificial
Intelligence techniques could automate the extraction of
low-level map features from imagery.
(b) Expert Systems. Expert systems for diagnosis
and maintenance of sophisticated weapon systems such
as radars and missiles.
(c) Intelligent Evaluation of Kill Zone. Missile –
target range and trajectory analysis for evaluation of kill
zones and launch time and simulation to assist in
qualifying missile performance in various environments.
Robotic applications for the Indian Army are as under:-
(a) Robots can be used to assist troops in combat
for tasks such as surveillance, reconnaissance, anti mine
and anti IED role, urban area combat, casualty
extraction etc.
 (b) Robotic equipment can be used to provide da Vinci surgical systems installed worldwide,
precision targeting support, carriage of ammunition and including 863 in the United States and in Europe3.
accuracy. Camera equipped and shock-resistant
platforms to fire the guns remotely are possible
applications.
(c) Robotic vehicles equipped with cameras and
weapons can be used to perform tasks such as limited
/ spot surveillance and reconnaissance etc.
(d) Robotic Military Vehicles. These vehicles are
required for a variety of high risk jobs such as mine
/ IED clearance, obstacle breaching and route opening.
Man portable, light weight robotic systems would be
required for reconnaissance, surveillance and target
acquisition missions for sub-terrain/ urban operations.
Robotic vehicles are also needed for mine
detection/clearing, obstacles breaching, clearing wire
obstacles, placing explosives, tactical deception, direct
fire and communication relay. [2]
Figure 5 Robot assisted medical checkup in case of non-
availability of Doctor

By handling control of surgical instruments through

robots and positioning Surgeons at comfortable console
with 3D or high resolution display at up to 20 times
magnification, surgery of vital organs can be
accomplished with precision and accuracy, minimizing
damage to tissues or loss of blood. Robotic wrists
provide much more freedom of movement and
articulated motion inside the abdominal cavity.
Computer interfacing allows for remote control surgery,
for precise manipulations by downscaling the surgeon‟s
motions. Surgeons around the world are using
[10]
sophisticated robots to perform surgical procedures. The
Figure 4 Kitano‟s PINO – “The humanoid robot”
da Vinci surgical system was released in April 1997 and
received FDA approval in 2000 for laparoscopic
MEDICINE
surgeries. Robotic technology provides fundamental
advantages to the operating Surgeon, particularly for
Medical schools in India produce the largest number of
those who are trained in laparoscopy. Robotic surgery is
doctors than anywhere else in the world, corresponding
an evolution of traditional laparoscopy with a special
to the rapid proliferation of medical colleges in the last
tool offering the surgeon more mobile instruments and
two decades, especially within the private sector. WHO
better vision. With increased experience, more and more
has reported that by 2015, 36% of the medical
indications will be performed robotically, with
manpower is going to be produced by India. Over the
significant benefit for our patients. Because of the
last few years there has been increasing interest and
advantages (significantly less pain, less blood loss,
activities in medical education reflecting the underlying
fewer complications, less scarring, a shorter hospital
needs and desire to improve. The enthusiasm and
stay and a faster return to normal daily activities),
momentum generated among the medical educators
robotics is here to stay. The present principal drawback
need to be sustained and supported to bring about
remains the cost (a daVinci Robot costs Rs 8 crores).
meaningful reforms in medical education. Expenses
The acquisition of robots in India has been started by
incurred by the Indian government on healthcare are the
government initiative with two installations at the All
highest amongst developing countries. India‟s expense
India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, but is
on healthcare sector comprises 5.25% of the GDP.
yet to enter the mainstream. In Bangalore there are
The introduction of practical surgical robotic devices
about 120 urologists; among them only 3–5 urologists
has opened a new perspective on minimal access
do an advanced laparoscopy In USA, there are 17,000
surgery in all surgical endeavors. In recent years, robot-
urologists for 300 million people and in Brazil, 4000
assisted surgeries have become the preferred approach
urologists for 200 million people. However, in India
in developed countries such as the United States and the
only 2500 urologists for 1 billion people. There is an
United Kingdom; have attracted considerable attention
increased work load on urologists in India. Comparison
in many other parts of the world. There are about 1171
of the number of urologists versus robotic facilities in
different countries in Asia clearly shows India is lagging

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 behind. There is also an advantage in surgical learning
curve with the robots over open or laparoscopic
surgeries. We need to do 100 cases to be proficient in
open surgery and 50 cases to be proficient in
conventional Laparoscopy. However, for robot-assisted
Laparoscopy 12 cases are needed to be proficient.[3]
Figure 6 A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine
AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
Artificial Intelligence till date was „foreign‟ to Indians.
The imagination of a car alerting the driver when the
tyres are low on pressure or about the traffic block
ahead can now be seen coming true. Automotive
Research Association of India (ARAI) is getting ready
to put an Indian label to it. ARAI is currently working
on AI-based Engine Control Unit (ECU) – something
that will provide more safety on Indian roads. The use
of AI-driven systems comes in handy for a driver with
regard to security such as averting a accident or
reducing impact of an accident. ECUs with specific
functions can be set up and can address security
concerns of the drivers and passengers. [8]
COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY
IBM has reportedly started a worldwide initiative to
develop artificially intelligent mobile interfaces, which
could collect data based on user behavior and skill level.
Considering the huge scope for mobile market growth in
India, IBM has decided to start the pilot project at the
India Research Lab with a budget of $100 million and a
time span of 5 years. The pilot project is reportedly part
of the 60 to 80 research projects targeted on the mobile
platform, proposed to be launched globally. Apparently
the rapidly growing Indian market, at the rate of 10
million users every few months and the innovative
research breakthrough from the local service centres,
has provided a major boost in choosing India Research
Lab for the pilot project.
The AI programs proposed for future mobile interfaces
find their applications in understanding user behavior,
monitoring the statistics of usage and determining the
popularity of an advertisement by measuring the
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number of clicks, apart from assisting investors in
making the right decisions and tracking fraudulent
transactions. If all the pieces of this massive project fall
in place, it could mean the revolution of mobile
computing, originating in India. [6]
BEGINNING OF RESEARCH WORK IN AI AND
ROBOTICS IN INDIA
Work in Artificial Intelligence began in India in the
early 1980's. The Management Information Systems
(MIS) Group at the Indian Institute of Management,
Calcutta has been actively involved in Artificial
Intelligence (AI) research since the early 1980s. The AI
work in India got a significant boost with the UNDP
funded Knowledge Based Computing Systems (KBCS)
project. This project started in November 1986 with a
view to building institutional infrastructure, keeping
abreast of the state-of-the-art technology, training
scientific manpower and undertaking R&D in certain
specific socio-economic areas that are amenable to
this technology. The project has been highly successful
in spreading research and application of different
techniques of Artificial Intelligence to not only most
Universities and research institutes in India but also
across large sections of India's very successful software
industry. Under the umbrella of the Computer Society
of India (CSI), India's national body of IT professionals,
a Special Interest Group in AI (SIGAI) has been formed
recently, to consolidate the AI activities going on in the
country. It will provide a forum for the interaction
amongst the researchers. The SIGAI of India will link to
SIGAI of ACM and do similar kind of functioning
within the country. The activities of SIGAI are
envisaged to be: Publication of newsletters, organizing
an annual meet of Indian research scholars working in
AI related areas, providing support for members to
attend conferences, giving grants to prospective authors
of AI related books, Supporting high quality AI
conferences in the country.
A number of organizations are involved in active AI
research in India:
 Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
 Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
 Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
 Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
 Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
 Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata
 Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata
 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,
Mumbai National Centre for Software
Technology, Mumbai International Institute of
Information Technology, Hyderabad
 Central Electronics Engineering Research
Institute (CEERI), Pilani
 University of Hyderabad
 HP Labs India
  IBM India Research Lab (IRL)
 Tata Infotech, Mumbai
 Tata Research Development & Design Centre,
Pune
 CSI Special Interest Group in Artificial
Intelligence (CSI-SIGAI)
 Technology Development in Indian Languages
(TDIL). [7]
RESEARCH WORK BY CENTRE FOR ARTFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS
The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
(CAIR) is a laboratory of the Defense Research &
Development Organization (DRDO). Located in
Bangalore, Karnataka, involved in the Research &
Development of high quality Secure Communication,
Command and Control, and Intelligent Systems. CAIR
is the primary laboratory for R&D in different areas of
Defence Information and Communication Technology
(ICT).CAIR, established in October 1986,had its
research focus, initially in the areas of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), Robotics, and Control systems. In
November 2000, R&D groups working in the
areas of Command, Control, Communications &
Intelligence(C3I) systems, Communication and
Networking, and communication secrecy in Electronics
and Radar Development Establishment (ERDE) were
merged with CAIR. CAIR, which was operating from
different campuses across Bangalore has now moved to
a new unified sprawling campus.
AI AND NEURAL NETWORKS
CAIR is currently developing a number of Data Mining
tools using Artificial Intelligence & Neural Networks
and is building software libraries to create a Data
miner‟s toolbox.
Semantic Web is a new paradigm proposed to make the
World Wide Web (WWW) more machine tractable so
as to establish a foundation for Agent based
technologies. The large amount of information
contained in languages used by humans necessitate
development of technologies to process the information
automatically. Human language processing technologies
are being implemented using Commercial off- the- shelf
(COTS) computers with huge memories and high
processing speeds. CAIR has so far been developing
technologies for processing human language inputs
namely, information extraction, shallow Natural
Language Processing (NLP), Semantic Web tools and
techniques, and Semantic Web as a knowledge
representation structure for human languages. Decision
Support System Shell architecture named AADARSHA
that makes use of Object Oriented concepts has been
developed by CAIR. It meets several objectives such as
lean and thin shell for easy maintenance, universal
interface, easy incorporation of new algorithms into
inference engine etc.
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IV. ROBOTICS
A distinction has already been drawn above between
robots working in informational environments and
robots with physical abilities. One advantage of the
former is that there is little need for investment in
additional expensive or unreliable robotic hard ware as
existing computer systems and networks provide
adequate sensor and effector environments. On the other
hand, the kinds of robotics systems elaborated on here,
physical robots, require mechanization of various
physical sensory and motor abilities (Doyle and Dean,
1996). The challenges involved in providing such a
latter environment are considerable, especially when
complete automation is sought, as in Honda‟s humanoid
ASIMO project. Thus, rather than focus on the
ambitious and distant goal of relative autonomy, this
report picks up on Trevelyan (1999) who points out that
complete automation is often unfeasible, impossible, or
simply unwanted. Indeed, much of today‟s robotics
research focuses instead on far humbler goals, such as
simplicity, force control, calibration and accuracy. Thus,
we can see that, to some extent, the field of robotics has
followed similar lines as that of AI, attempting to
rebound from the overly optimistic predictions of the
1950s and 1960s, and coming up against more
contemporary problems not dissimilar to the AI effect
.Indeed, while few of the innovations that emerge from
the work of robotics researchers ever appear in the form
of robots, or even parts of robots, their results are
widely applied in industrial machines not defined as so
(Trevelyan, 1999). In spite of these significant
challenges, there are some good examples of AI-
controlled robotic systems. For instance, Tri Path
Imaging has built Focal Point, a diagnosis expert system
that examines Pap smears for signs of cervical cancer.
Focal Point screens five million slides each year, or
about 10% of all slides taken in the US and, like human
lab technicians in training, teaches itself by practicing
on slides that pathologists have already diagnosed.
Thus, one big advantage of such a system is that, if
implemented properly, Focal Point allows you to
replicate your very best people. A second example and,
again, perhaps the most ambitious of all, concerns
DARPA, who are in the process of developing an
Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV). According
to Boeing (2002), the UCAV system is designed to
„prove the technical feasibility of multiple UCAVs
autonomously performing extremely dangerous and
high priority combat missions.‟ In a typical mission
scenario, „multiple UCAVs will be equipped with
preprogrammed objectives and preliminary targeting
information from ground-based mission planners.
Operations can then be carried out autonomously, but
can also be revised en route by UCAV controllers
should new objectives dictate.‟ The program had been a
success, and the US DoD expects to begin fielding
UCAV weapon systems in the 2018-2028 time-frame.
 A. Types of Robots (used now a days)
Hard working Robots
Traditionally robots have been used to replace human
workers in areas of difficult labor, which is structured
enough for automation, like assembly line work in the
automobile industry (the classical example) or
harvesting machines in the agricultural sector. Some
existing examples apart from the assembly robot are:
 Melon harvester robot
 Ore transport robot for mines
 A robot that removes paint from large ships
 A robot that generates high precision sewer
maps
If employed in a suitable environment robot can work
faster, cheaper and more precise than humans.
Transporters
Although most autonomous transport robots still need
environmental modifications to find their way they are
already widely in use. But building a robot which can
navigate using natural landmarks is probably no more
science fiction. Examples of currently available
transporters are:
 Container transporters used to load and unload
cargo ships
 Medication and food transport systems in
hospitals
 Autonomous helicopters, to deliver goods to
remote areas.
 Insensible Steel Giants
As robots can be easily shielded against hazardous
environments and are somewhat replaceable, they are
used in dangerous, toxic or nuclear environments. Some
places robots have helped cleaning up a mess:
 In Chernobyl robots have helped to
clean up nuclear waste
 Robots have entered dangerous areas in the
remains of the WTC
 Robots are used to clean ammunition and
mines all around the world
For the same reasons robots are sent to Mars and into
the depth of the oceans. They explore sunken ships or
walk the craters of active volcanoes.
Servants and Toys
Robots may not yet be a common sight in our world, but
we already encounter them in many places. Many
modern toys like the Sony Aibo are conquering today‟s
children‟s life. Robots are developed that will help older
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people to have a better and more secure life. Nowadays,
they start to come to us as toys or household helpers.
Their time has just begun.
V. OBSTACLES IN AI
The standard test against which the possibility of strong
AI is often judged concerns Alan Turing‟s 1950 article,
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, in which the
author discusses the conditions for considering a
machine to be intelligent. He argues that if a machine
could successfully pretend to be human to a
knowledgeable observer then you certainly should
consider it intelligent. This test would satisfy most
people but not all philosophers, some of which have
challenged the „inevitable‟ achievement of strong AI
based upon the assertion that the hypothesis of strong
AI is itself false. One famous sceptic of AI is Hubert
Dreyfus, who says that a computer will never be
intelligent unless it can display a good command of
common-sense. Dreyfus then follows up by saying that
computers will never be able to fully grasp common-
sense, since much of our commonsense is on a „know-
how‟ basis. For example, the notion that one solid
cannot easily penetrate another is commonsense, yet the
knowledge required to ride a bicycle is not something
you can gain from a book, or from someone telling you.
You can only learn through experience. Thus, since
current computers can only really „represent‟ things, the
possibility of taking a skill, emotion, or something else
equally abstract, and changing it into a series of zeros
and ones is according to Dreyfus, close to impossible. A
second famous doubter is John Searle, who, with his
Chinese Room analogy, has responded directly to
Turing.
VI. FUTURE OF AI
In spite of the many fundamental barriers highlighted
above, the fields of AI and robotics are replete with
many wonderfully inventive predictions, a domain
where reality and science fiction often meet. Indeed, it
is likely that in the next two decades we‟ll see more and
better capabilities that we tend to attribute as awareness.
However, it is unlikely that machines will ever have
human awareness in the philosophical sense of the term,
although they may come close in the long term. Rather,
we can expect to see classical AI going on to produce
more and more sophisticated applications in restricted
domains, such as expert systems, chess programs and
Internet agents. At the same time, the next 30 years will
produce new types of animal-inspired machines that are
more „messy‟ and unpredictable than any we have seen
before – less rationally intelligent but more rounded and
whole.
AI POWERED SOLUTIONS OF MOST IMPACT [11]
a. IT/ITES – In the IT/ITES industry, machine
learning is the most popular AI-powered
 solution (63% of the participants). This also
reinforces the understanding that IT/ITES may
potentially be the most disrupted sector by
machine learning solutions, indicating that the
sector may replace repetitive manual jobs.
b. Technology – The technology sector showed a
relatively balanced focus on multiple AI-
powered solutions. As this sector is at the
forefront of AI research and commercial
deployments, it is likely to cater to multiple
client industries with a range of AI-powered
solutions.
c. BFSI – The banking, financial services and
insurance (BFSI) industry considers robotics,
along with machine learning and automated
data analysts (44% of the participants for
each), to have the highest impact on their
business with use cases ranging from
automation of processes, customer support,
regulatory processes to other back office
operations.
d. Manufacturing – In the manufacturing sector,
decision makers/influencers seem to lean
towards a mix of machine learning solutions
(50% of the participants), decision support
systems, automated communications and
automated research and information
aggregation (40% of the participants each) in
terms of how they perceive the above solutions
to impact their business over the next few
years. AI solutions, combined with other
enabling fields such as industrial Internet of
things (IIoT) devices and platforms, are
expected to play a significant role in paving the
way for smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0
e. Education and Training – In the field of
education and teaching, machine learning
solutions (100% of the participants) and
automated research and aggregation solutions
(57% of the participants) seem to be the
perceived high-impact applications of AI-
powered solutions. This seems to be a potential
opportunity for identifying use cases where
machine learning and other AI-powered
solutions can deliver the appropriate training
and education to a vast majority of the
populace.
VII. AI AND ROBOT COMBINATIONS
Many of the major ethical issues surrounding AI -
related development hinge upon the being voiced based
upon the workability of such a system. This is because,
while testing may be possible for an autonomous tank
and other weapons of the electronic battlefield, it is not
feasible for National Missile Defense. Such a system
can only be realistically evaluated in actual combat
(Augarten, 1986). More fundamentally, significant
moral difficulties arise out of human distaste for
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autonomous weapons. Gary Chapman (2000)
summarizes this concern well.
TOP 10 ROBOTS OF 2017 [12]
 HANSON ROBOTICS – SOPHIA
 MAYFIELD ROBOTICS – KURI
 SONY – AIBO
 STANFORD UNIVERSITY – SNAKE
ROBOT
 FESTO – OCTOPUSGRIPPER
 HONDA – E2-DR
 BOSTON DYNAMICS – HANDLE
 PIAGGIO – GITA CARGO BOT
 NASA – PUFFER
 HONDA – 3E ROBOTICS CONCEPT
VIII. ROBOT SUPERIOR THAN MACHINE
Such issues of predatory machines are bound to raise
concern over the scenario of AIs overtaking humankind
and thus somehow competing with him. This idea has
often been popularized by classic science fiction works
and populist academics, such as Professor Kevin
Warwick, Professor of Cybernetics at the University of
Reading, UK, who has repeated this beliefs concerning
robot „take-over‟ on many occasions in the press, in his
books, and on television and radio. Consider the
following letter from Nicholas Albery (1999) of the
Institute of Social Inventions. Published in New
Scientist and entitled Robot Terror, Albery seeks
support for the following petition: The strong public
reaction to machine takeover appears, then, not to be
well founded. However, if it is possible to agree, for
argument's sake, that humankind will be able to create a
truly intelligent machine, a much deeper issue arises:
how will a sentient artificial being be received by
humankind and by society? „Would it be forced to exist
like its automaton predecessors who have effectively
been our slaves, or would it enjoy the same rights as the
humans who created it, simply because of its intellect?‟
This is an enormous question that touches religion,
politics and law, but to date little serious discussion has
been given to the possibility of a new intelligent species
and to the rights an autonomous sentient might claim.
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper began by stressing the need to provide
background information on AI. In doing so, it was
hoped that the prospects of these emerging technologies
to affect quality of life in the coming decades could be
realistically assessed. One consequence of providing
such an overview is that there can be no decisive
conclusions as such; the industries characterized here
are too dynamic and uncertain to generate any real sense
of resolution. However, it is possible to highlight a
number of important differences and similarities
between robotics and AI which go some way to
shedding more light on their character. Perhaps the
 greatest contrast between the two industries concerns
public interest. Indeed, as this paper has demonstrated,
robotics is widely regarded as a „new‟ and exciting
branch of science and technology. AI, on the other hand,
is viewed by many as a highly specialized and unproven
discipline. One reason for this concerns the gross over-
optimism that characterized the industry in the 1960s
and 1980s. Another reason reflects the AI community‟s
seemingly insurmountable difficulty in publicizing its
own achievements without whipping up general anxiety
over machine superiority. The upshot of all this has
been the field‟s struggle to attract funding in the past
and it is likely that this trend will continue for some
time into the foreseeable future. Revealing similarities
also exist between robotics and AI. There has been
much talk recently regarding the convergence of
traditionally separate scientific fields, in particular the
blurring of the boundaries between the physical sciences
and life sciences – perhaps even the first step towards
the long sought after unification of physics, chemistry
and biology. For example, the concourse of
nanoscience, biotechnology, IT, and cognitive science
(„NBIC‟) was discussed during a December 2001 NSF
workshop. NBIC, it was agreed „could achieve a
tremendous improvement in human abilities, societal
outcomes, the nation‟s productivity and the quality of
life‟. In some ways, the above conclusion is hardly
surprising given the ambitious and broad scope of the
technologies discussed in this paper. As pointed out
above, „convergence‟ largely arises from the wide
availability of techniques and tools on offer today – the
real innovation stems from the process of bringing
individuals from traditionally separate disciplines
together. [1]
Robotic technology will definitely grow and encompass
a huge range of surgical procedures, particularly in
urology. India should not ignore the robotic revolution
and should wholeheartedly imbibe the future generation
of technological expertise. Robotic surgery has come to
stay and will make slow but steady inroads into Indian
healthcare delivery system. Health is a human right,
which has also been accepted in the Constitution. Its
accessibility and affordability has to be insured.
According to the recent reports, the hospital industry in
India stood at Rs 4 trillion (US$ 61.79 billion) in FY17
and is expected to reach Rs 8.6 trillion (US$ 132.84
billion) by FY22. The Government of India aims to
develop India as a global healthcare hub. It has created
the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) for
improving coverage of immunisation in the country and
reaches every child under two years of age and all the
pregnant women who have not been part of the routine
immunisation programme. In March 2018, Union
Cabinet approved budget support of Rs 85,271 crore
(US$ 13.16 billion) for the period of April 2017- March
All Rights Reserved ® 2018
2020 under the National Health Mission to encourage
medical infrastructure in India. In August 2018, the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare set up National
Resource Centre for EHR Standards (NRCeS) to
facilitate adaptation of notified EHR standards, at an
estimated cost of Rs 23.59 crore (US$ 3.52 million). [15]
India can afford this technology restricted access for
many patients. To improve healthcare delivery system
to promote medical tourism and medical education,
India should invest on robots. [3]
There is tremendous scope for industry to participate in
the development and production of systems and
technologies for the Indian Army. Barring a few major
PSUs and some private industries, most Indian
industries engaged in production of defense equipment
have limited R & D infrastructure and spend little on R
& D. There is, therefore, an urgent need for Indian
Industry to develop a vibrant defense R & D and
production capability to meet requirements of the Indian
Army. The participation of the Indian Industry in the
modernization, collaborative research and development
and equipping of the Indian Army will provide
improved capability and also boost the Indian economy.
[2].
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.ipedr.net/vol6/22-A10017.pdf
[2] http://www.ciidefence.com/pdf/Future_Technology_Req
uirements_of_the%20Indian_Army.pdf
[3] http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/25jun2010/1553.pdf
[4] http://sigai.cdacmumbai.in/files/AI_India_compilation.pdf
[5] http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CAIR/English/index.jsp?pg=ac
hieve.jsp
[6] http://www.thinkdigit.com/Mobiles-PDAs/IBM-to- build-
AI-mobile-interfaces-at_5191.html
[7] http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/articles/68
46-ai-artificial-intelligence-india.html
[8] http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-artificial-
intelligence-made-in-india/412129/
[9] http://post.jagran.com/barc-develops-roboticsbased-
automated-vehicle-for-industry-1316008078
[10] http://science.howstuffworks.com/robot6.html
[11] https://www.pwc.in/consulting/technology/data-and-
analytics/artificial-intelligence-in-india-hype-or-
reality.html
[12] https://www.designboom.com/technology/top-10-robots-
artificial-intelligence-12-14-2017/
[13] https://www.scribd.com/document/73829633/Research-
Paper-on-AI-in-Robotics
[14] http://www.kbs.twi.tudelft.nl/Research/Projects/AIDA/
[15] https://www.ibef.org/industry/healthcare-presentation
AUTHORS
First Author – Yuvraj Kumar, Ph.D in Artificial Intelligence,
Faculty of Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence,
Zukovsky State University, Russia