2010 International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation

Profiling intelligent systems applications in fraud detection and prevention: survey

of research articles

Mirjana Pejic-Bach
Faculty of Economics & Business
University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: mpejic@efzg.hr

Abstract-This paper surveys intelligent systems (IS)
applications using a literature review and classification of
articles from 1956 to 2009 with a keyword index and article
abstract in order to explore how IS applications in the field of
fraud detection and prevention have developed during this
period. Based on the scope of 36 articles found from Web of
science (SSCI, SCI and A&HCI) database, this paper surveys
and classifies IS applications in the fraud detection and
prevention using the following three categories of intelligent
systems: neural networks, fuzzy ISs, and computational
intelligence. Following applications areas were detected and
described: telecommunications, insurance, auditing, medical
care, credit card transactions, e-business, bid pricing and
identity verification.
Keywords-intelligent systems, fraud detection, fraud
prevention
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
According to the Random House Dictionary fraud is a
deceit, trickery, sharp practice, or breach of confidence,
perpetrated for profit or to gain some unfair or dishonest
advantage. For the purpose of this article the definition of
fraud proposed by [1] will be used: Fraud is the obtaining of
financial advantage or causing of loss by implicit or explicit
deception; it is the mechanism through which the fraudster
gains an unlawful advantage or causes unlawful loss.
Attempts to estimate size and damage from the fraud
indicates that fraud costs a very considerable sum of money.
For example, cost of fraud in UK may fall in rough order of
magnitude of ten+ billion pounds per year. However, there
are many weaknesses of the data collection process on crime
[1]. One reason for incomplete data is that the fraud is not
always reported and in addition not always detected, because
those that are victim of fraud are often not even aware that
the fraud has been committed. Intense financial pressure
during the economic crisis has led to an increase of fraud,
according to a survey of fraud experts conducted by the [2].
Fraud detection is made difficult in part due to the fact
that most auditors have relatively little experience with it [3].
Experiment indicated many of the auditors failed to detect
the manipulations in fraudulent financial statement [4]. Much
hope was put to the use of artificial intelligence in the fraud
detection as an aid to the human reasoning [5].
An intelligent system is a system that emulates some
aspects of intelligence exhibited by nature. These include
learning, adaptability, robustness across problem domains,
improving efficiency (over time and/or space), information
compression (data to knowledge), extrapolated reasoning.
Methods that are used for constructing intelligent systems
that are subject to this paper are: fuzzy logic, neural
networks, and evolutionary computation. Fuzzy logic is is
mainly concerned with imprecision and approximate
reasoning, neural networks mainly with learning and curve
fitting, evolutionary computation with searching and
optimization [6].
Since intelligent systems (IS) could overcome erroneous
human decisions in fraud detection by the ability to learn
from incomplete information, to adapt to changing
circumstances, to explain their decisions and to cope with
novel situations [7], they proved to be useful also in the
domain of fraud detection by many applications [8]. Number
of authors mention IS as part of the data mining process
when fraud detection and prevention is goal of the research
[9, 10, 11].
As part of IS research, this paper survey the application
of IS in fraud prevention and detection through a literature
review and classification of articles from Web of science
(SSCI, SCI and A&HCI) database. This literature survey was
conducted in November, 2009 and it was based on a search
in the topic index for applications of IS in fraud prevention
and detection in which 4,462 articles on fraud were found.
After topic filtering, there were 36 articles from 26 journals
related to the keywords connected to the intelligent systems:
neural networks, fuzzy intelligence, genetic algorithms,
evolutionary programming, genetic programming, evolution
strategies, and particle swarm optimization.
II. METHODOLOGY OF THE RESERACH
Is fraud a hot topic in today's science? A search for
citations in the 'Web of Science' (November 2009; SSCI, SCI
and A&HCI) yielded confirming results: from the beginning
of documentation in 1956 to 1980, 430 citations were
produced with the key word 'fraud'. In the following decade,
1981 to 1990, the number increased to 725, and reached
1528 in the years spanning 1991 to 2000. Even faster growth
is seen from 2001 to 2009, with 1979 new publications
registered.
Articles contained in the Web of science are classified
according to one or more subject fields. Articles found on
topic fraud are from diversified subject areas, mostly from
law (887 articles). There were also 337 articles from business
& finance subject area, 235 articles from economics, 181
articles from business, and 80 from management. However,
there were lots of articles from subject areas connected with
health and medicine (e.g. medicine, general & internal – 361

978-0-7695-3973-7/10
Unrecognized Copyright
$26.00
Information
© 2010 IEEE 80
DOI 10.1109/ISMS.2010.26
articles), criminology & penology (245 articles), and ethics TABLE I. TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS
(110 articles). Other articles were from the subject areas Application / Methods / Goal Authors
connected with scientific fraud, and specific industries were On-line security system for Boukerche and Notare (2000)
fraud occurrence was detected or prevented (e.g. impostors and improper use Boukerche and Notare (2002)
telecommunications, food science & technology, veterinary detection / neural networks Boukerche, Juca, Sobral and
science). We didn’t want to focus our research only on the (Kohonen, radial-basis, Notare (2004)
specific subject areas (e.g. business & finance), but to detect biocomputing) / classification
Classifying incoming toll tickets Burge and Shawe-Taylor
various subject area in which ISs were applied for fraud to form behavior profiles / (2001)
prevention and detection. neural network (recurrent ) /
Since IS are mainly concerned with the usage of the soft profiling
computing techniques (neural networks, fuzzy intelligence, Unusual changes of Grosser, Britos and Garcia-
genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, genetic consumption / neural networks / Martinez (2005)
programming, evolution strategies, and particle swarm classification
Discriminating normal from Hilas and Sahalos (2006)
optimization) following words were used for detecting fraudulent activity / neural
articles that are likely to describe applications of intelligent network (feed-forward) /
systems in fraud detection and prevention: neural, fuzzy, classification
genetic, evolution, and particle swarm. However, in order to Subscription fraud prevention / Estevez, Held and Perez
find articles that describe usage of particle swarm neural network; fuzzy rules / (2006)
classification
optimization, quote signs for words ‘particle swarm’ were Classifying billing records in IP Bella, Eloff and Olivier (2009)
used. detail record (IPDR) format /
This approach yielded 36 articles from 26 journals. neural networks (self-organizing
Before 2000 seven articles were published, the number maps) / classification
increased to 11 from 2000 to 2005, and 17 articles were Classifying call detail records Sanver and Karahoca (2009)
published in from 2006 to 2009. Based on the scope of other for fraud intentions detection /
fuzzy rules (adaptive neuro
found articles on IS applications in fraud detection and fuzzy inference) / classification
prevention this paper survey and classifies IS applications in Real time fraud detection / Krenker, Volk, Sedlar, Bester
the following fields: telecommunications, insurance, medical neural network (bidirectional) / and Kos (2009)
fraud, auditing, credit card transactions, and other predicting behaviour
applications.
B. Insurance
III. APPLICATIONS OF IS IN FRAUD DETECTION AND Detecting fraudulent claims is the main source of
PREVENTION maintaining profitability in insurance industry. Fuzzy pattern
recognition, Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Feature Map,
A. Telecommunications Bayesian learning multilayer perceptron neural network
Telecommunications is the application area with the (MLP), least-squares support vector machine are used in
highest number of articles published which reflects the fact order to classify claims according to the suspicion of fraud.
that many telecoms take fraud very seriously, and those who Applications range from property-liability, life insurance and
did not do so saw their customers leave and their costs rise. automobile bodily injury claims to financial disress
This is also due to the competition and regulation among prediction.
telecommunications market especially in European Union
TABLE II. INSURANCE APPLICATIONS
that is getting more crowded each year.
Fraud detection and prevention is taken very seriously Application / Method / Goal Authors
among telecommunications companies, which resulted in Property-liability and life Derrig and Ostaszewski
insurance / fuzzy rules (pattern (1995)
the 10 articles found on the applications of IS. Number of
recognition) / segmentation
articles range modestly from one article in average per year Automobile bodily injury claims Brockett, Xia and Derrig
until three articles were published in 2009. Neural networks / neural networks (Kononen’s (1998)
were used in most of the articles: Kohonen classifying Self-Organizing Feature Map, Viaene, Dedene and Derrig
model, recurrent neural networks, radial basis function feed-forward, back propagation, (2005)
Bayesian learning multilayer
(RBF) model, feed-forward (FF) neural networks, self- perceptron, least-squared
organizing maps (SOMs) and bidirectional artificial neural support vector) / classification
network (bi-ANN). Other IS mentioned are fuzzy rules, Personal injury protection claims Viaene, Derrig, Baesens and
artificial bio-computing systems, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy / neural network (multilayer Dedene (2002)
perceptron) / classification Viaene, Derrig and Dedene
inference system (ANFIS). Applications are focused either (2003)
to on-line and real-time security systems or to pre-billing Life insurance (financial distress Brockett, Golden, Jang and
systems that classify unusual behavior in consumption, call prediction) / neural network Yang (2006)
detail, and subscription information. (back-propagation, learning
vector quatization) / clustering

81
C. Medical care (e.g. few data with skewed distributions), or they try to
Medical care applications are focused mainly to general improve existing classifiers (e.g. evolutionary serach
practitioners’ practice patterns segmentation in order to algorithm is used to improve NN classifier).
detect inappropriate or unusual behavior to overcome the Following IS methods were used in order to achieve
growth in health expenditures. One application in dentist higher detection rate in a desired range of false detection
practice was also described. Authors use following IS rates: Binary support vector system (BSVS) that combines
methods: self-organizing maps (SOMs), multi-layer support vector machines (SVM) and the genetic algorithm
perception (MLP) network, genetic algorithm in combination (GA), and neural network classifier.
to K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm. IS methods are TABLE V. CREDIT CARD APPLICATIONS
compared to experts’ classifications, and are used in
combination with other methods (e.g. Bayesian rules). All of Application / Method / Goal Authors
the applications focus on GP and dentist practice On-line fraud detection / genetic Dorronsoro, Ginel, Sanchez
segmentation that is used in order to detect characteristics of algorithm, neural network (self- and Cruz (1997)
organizing maps) / classification
potentially fraudulent behavior.
Identifying credit card frauds Chen, Chen and Lin (2006)
from few data with skewed
TABLE III. MEDICAL CARE APPLICATIONS
distributions / neural networks /
Application / Method / Goal Authors classification
Detecting credit card frauds / Kim and Kim (2002)
General practitioners’ (GPs’) He, Wang, Graco and
neural network / classification Park (2005)
practice patterns segmentation / Hawkings (1997)
neural network (multi-layer He, Graco and Yao (1989) F. Other areas
perception), genetic algorithm / Lin, Lin, Li and Kuo (2008)
classification Other applications comprehend a wide range. Detecting
Dentist practice profiles / neural Lin, Lin and Hong (2009) novelties in time series for fraud detection in financial
network (self-organizing maps) / systems are conducted with the usage of MLP networks and
clustering
classifiers. New approach to identity verification with brain
D. Auditing potentials during processing of visual stimuli is proposed,
and Elman neural network achieved very high recognition
IS methods are used in order to detect firms that issue
rage. IS were used to choose best decision strategy in
fraudulent financial statements (FFS) and in predicting
assessing the likelihood of the existence of defective pricing
corporate bankruptcy. Such prototypes would have proved
in defense contracts.
useful in cases such as Enron and WorldCom. Neural
network, genetic programming model, Bayesian belief TABLE VI. OTHER AREAS APPLICATIONS
networks (BBN) are used in auditing applications yielding
better predicting accuracy, better detecting power, less Application / Method / Goal Authors
misclassification cost. IS methods were compared to logit Detecting novelties in financial Oliviera and Meira (2006)
time series / neural network / Oliviera, Neto and Meirad
model and auditor judgments, and decision trees.
predictions (2004)
Identity verification with brain Palaniappan and Mandic
TABLE IV. AUDITING APPLICATIONS
potentials during processing of (2007)
Application / Method / Goal Authors visual stimuli / neural network
(Elman) / classification
Assessing the risk of Green and Choi (1997)
management fraud during Bid pricing fraud / neural Welch, Reeves and Welch
preliminary stage of audit / network (back propagation) / (1998)
neural network / classification classification
Detecting fake escrow websites / Abbasi and Chen (2009)
Fraudulent financial statements Lensberg, Ellifsen and McKee
and predicting bankruptcy / (2006) neural networks / classification
genetic programming; neural Kotsiantis, Koumanakos, Modeling conditions under Geng, Whinston and Zhang
network / classification; Tzelepis and Tampakas (2006) which electronic community (2004)
clustering Krikos, Spathis and lack fraud behavior /
Maholopoulos (2007) evolutionary game theory /
clustering
Potential accounting frauds in Yen (2007)
blue chip companies / neural
network / clustering IV. CITATION AND AUTHOR ANALYSIS
Predict fraud litigation for Chen, Huang and Kuo (2009) Research impact of the most influential authors and
assisting accountants oil audit
strategy making / neural network studies can be estimated based on a citation analysis.
/ classification Citation data (citation count) from Web of Science was
retrieved on November 1, 2009 for all 36 articles found.
E. Credit card transactions Data obtained from Web of Science on citation count per
Authors of the articles of usage of IS in credit card article suggests that 12 articles had none citations, 16
transactions stress by themselves that systems for detecting articles received citations under 10 times, and 8 articles
fraudulent claims are highly efficient already. However, were cited more than 10 times with the highest number of
articles focus on identifying frauds in non-typical situations citations of 31. Rather low number of citations for 12

82
articles is due to the fact that these are in most of the cases
articles written less than two years ago. Older articles were
more likely to have larger numbers of citations. Similar
research finding was also noted in other bibliographical
studies.
Journals with the highest number of articles are Expert
Systems with Applications (6 articles with 6 citations per
(Derrig and Notare) have contributed to 5 and 4 publications
respectively. Other authors each contributed to three
articles. Although not listed in the table, eight authors
contributed to two articles each and finally, the largest
number of authors (69) contributed to one article each.
TABLE VIII. AUTHORS WITH MORE THAN THREE ARTICLES

article in average) and Journal of Risk and Insurance (4 Author Application area No of Most recent affiliation
articles with 20.75 citations per article in average). (Gender) articles
RA Derrig OPAL Consulting
Articles with more than 10 citations come from all of the (M) insurance 5 LLC, Great Britain
areas of IS applications in fraud detection and prevention: MSMA Barddal University,
insurance, credit card transactions, auditing, Notare (F) telecommunications 4 Brazil
telecommunications and medical care. A University of Ottawa,
Boukerche Canada
An analysis is conducted to identify those authors who (M) telecommunications 3
published the most articles in the field of IS applications in G Dedene Katholieke Universiteit
fraud prevention and detection contained in the Web of (M) insurance 3 Leuven
science database. All publications naming the researcher S Viaene Katholieke Universiteit
(M) insurance 3 Leuven
were counted equally, which resulted in the combined count
of all authors being greater than the total number of articles. V. DISCUSSIONS

TABLE VII. ARTICLES WITH MORE THAN 10 CITATIONS A. Application areas

Article
No of
citations
RA. Derrig and KM. Ostaszewski, „Fuzzy techniques of
pattern recognition in risk and claim classification“,
Journal Of Risk And Insurance, Vol. 62 (3), 1995.
PL. Brockett, XH. Xia and RA. Derrig, „Using Kohonen's
self-organizing feature map to uncover automobile bodily
injury claims fraud“, Journal Of Risk And Insurance, Vol.
65 (2), 1998.
JR. Dorronsoro, F. Ginel, C. Sanchez and CS. Cruz,
„Neural fraud detection in credit card operations“, IEEE
Transactions On Neural Networks 8 (4), 1997.
S. Viaene, RA. Derrig, B. Baesens and G. Dedene, „A
comparison of state-of-the-art classification techniques for
expert automobile insurance claim fraud detection“,
Journal Of Risk And Insurance, Vol. 69 (3), 2002.
BP. Green and JH. Choi, „Assessing the risk of
management fraud through neural network technology“,
Auditing-A Journal Of Practice & Theory, Vol. 16 (1),
1997.
T. Lensberg, A. Eilifsen and TE. McKee, „Bankruptcy
theory development and classification via genetic
programming“, European Journal Of Operational
Research, Vol. 169 (2), 2006.
P. Burge and J. Shawe-Taylor, „An unsupervised neural
network approach to profiling the behavior of mobile
phone users for use in fraud detection“, Journal Of Parallel
And Distributed Computing, Vol. 61 (7), 2001.
HX. He, JC. Wang, W. Graco and S. Hawkins,
„Application of neural networks to detection of medical
fraud“, Expert Systems With Applications, Vol. 13 (4),
1997.
For presenting the findings of this study, only those
authors who have published three or more articles are
included in the list. A total of 82 authors contributed to the
36 articles found. Table VIII. lists the five most productive
authors, ordered according to the number of articles found
in the Web of science on topic of IS applications in fraud
detection and prevention, with only one female author
among them. The findings suggest that only two authors
Articles found are from the five main application areas.
Most of the articles describe applications of IS in
31
telecommunications (10 articles) which is due to the fact
that telecom companies are very interested in early detection
29 of fraudulent activity of its clients. Insurance and auditing
have the same number of articles (6 article each), and these
are the second largest areas of applications. The least
23 number of articles come from the credit card transactions
and medical fraud (4 articles each). Other applications
encompass e-business, identity verification, and bidding.
21
Although we could expect that authors that are experts in
particular IS method could contribute to more different
areas. However, all of the authors that appear in the
20 literature with more than one article wrote articles on the
same field of applications.
13
B. Methods used
Neural networks are the method that is most often used
for the fraud prevention and detection, while fuzzy rules and
13 genetic algorithms are used only in few cases. IS are used in
most cases for classification purpose, while clustering is the
goal of IS usage in several cases in telecommunications,
insurance and auditing application areas. In few cases two
11
or more IS methods were integrated in the fraud detection
and prevention applications, and in other cases IS methods
were integrated with other machine learning or statistical
methods. In the future we expect more integration of
methodologies and cross-interdisciplinary research to
develop applications of IS methods in fraud prevention and
detection.
Most of the articles describes IS applications in fraud
prevention before the damage is already done. One example
is that IS system is applied in fraud prevention at the
moment when the client asks for her premium, which is
tested against fraud. Other example is that the neural

83
network is used to conduct identity verification in the
moment when somebody else is trying to use the system
(faking to be somebody else). In most of the cases usage of
IS is proposed instead of other technique in already existing
system (usually experts’ judgment). Exceptions encompass
modeling the best decision-making approach and/or
modeling characteristics of such electronic community that
is highly resistant to fraud.
C. Limitations
A literature review for the broad category of IS
applications in fraud prevention and detection is a difficult
task due to the extensive background knowledge needed for
collecting, studying and classifying these articles. Altough
limited in background knowledge, this paper makes a brief
literature review of IS applications in order to explore
applications in fraud and detection. We focused only to the
articles cited in Web of science (SSCI, SCI and A&HCI)
database, and more extensive research that would include
other databases as well as other academic
journals/magazines, practical articles and reports. These
would have provided more complete information to explore
IS applications in fraud prevention and detection. In
addition, non-English publications are not considered in this
survey. Some other articles may have implemented IS
methods without words neural, fuzzy, genetic and evolution
in title, keywords or abstract, so this paper might not find
these reference sources. Therefore, the limitation of this
article is the author’s limited knowledge in focusing on the
overall usage of IS in fraud detection and prevention.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Fraud prevention and detection is a broad category of
research issues. Some specific methodologies and methods
are presented as examples for exploring the suggestions and
solutions to specific fraud detection and prevention problem
domains. Methodologies of fraud detection and prevetion
are attracting much attention and efforts, both academia and
practical.
Intelligent systems provide powerful and flexible means
for obtaining solutions to a variety of problems that often
cannot be dealt with by other methods.
Literature review on the usage of intelligent systems
usage in fraud detection and prevention has been conducted
based on the articles cited in Web of science database.
Survey on research articles indicated that IS applications in
fraud detection and prevention are diversified due to
problem domains, and that their applications are proving to
be critical in the process of fraud detection and prevention.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Levi and M. Burrows, "Measuring the impact of fraud in the UK:
a conceptual and empirical journey", British Journal of Criminology,
vol. 48, 2008, no.3, pp.293-318.
[2] Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, „Occupational Fraud:A
Study of the Impact of an Economic Recession, 2009. Available at:
84
http://www.acfe.com/documents/occupational-fraud.pdf. Accessed:
08-11-2009.
[3] P.E. Johnson, S. Grazioli, K. Jamal, K. „Fraud detection –
intelionality and deception in cognition“, Accounting organizations
and society, vol. 18, 1993, no. 5, pp.467-488.
[4] P.E. Johnson, S. Grazioli, K. Jamal, R.G. Berryman (2001).
“Detecting deception: adversarial problem solving in a low base-rate
world”, Cognitive Science
[5] M.J. Cerullo, M.V. Cerulo, “Conducting A Financial Audit In An
Automated Environment”, Computer Audit Update, vol 1997, Sept.
1997, pp.8-16.
[6] I.J. Rudas, J. Fodor, “Intelligent Systems”, International Journal of
Computers, Communications & Control, vol. 3, 2008, pp. 132-138
[7] E. Turban, J.E. Aronson, T. Liang, R. Sharda, Decision Support
Systems and Intelligent Systems, 6th edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:
Prentice Hall, 2006.
[8] Fadlalla and CH. Lin, „An analysis of the applications of neural
networks in finance“, Interfaces, Vol. 31 (4), 2001, pp. 112-122,
LINTHICUM HTS, INST OPERATIONS RESEARCH
MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
[9] M.J. MacKinnon, N. Glick, „Data mining and knowledge discovery
in databases - An overview“. Australian & New Zealand Journal Of
Statistics, vol. 41, no. 3, 1999, pp. 255-275, OXFORD,
BLACKWELL PUBL LTD
[10] DS. Zhang and L. Zhou, „Discovering golden nuggets: Data mining
in financial application“, IEEE Transactions On Systems Man And
Cybernetics Part C-Applications And Review, Vol. 34 (4), 2004, pp.
513-522, doi: 10.1109/TSMCC.2004.829279, PISCATAWAY, IEEE-
INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
[11] B, Baesens, C. Mues, D. Martens and J. Vanthienen, „50 years of data
mining and OR: upcoming trends and challenges“. Journal Of The
Operational Research Society, Vol. 60, 2009, pp.16-23, doi:
10.1057/jors.2008.171, Suppl. 1.BASINGSTOKE, PALGRAVE
MACMILLAN LTD
[12] A. Boukerche and MSMA. Notare, „Neural fraud detection in mobile
phone operations“, Parallel And Distributed Processing, Proceedings
1800, 2000, pp. 636-644, edited by Rolim, J.BERLIN, SPRINGER-
VERLAG BERLIN
[13] A. Boukerche and MSMA. Notare, „Behavior-based intrusion
detection in mobile phone systems“, Journal Of Parallel And
Distributed Computing, Vol. 62 (9), 2002, pp. 1476-1490, doi:
10.1006/jpdc.2002.1857, SAN DIEGO, ACADEMIC PRESS INC
ELSEVIER SCIENCE
[14] Boukerche, KRL. Juca, JB. Sobral and MSMA. Notare, „An artificial
immune based intrusion detection model for computer and
telecommunication systems“, Parallel Computing, Vol. 30 (5-6),
2004, pp. 629-646, doi: 10.1016/j.parco.2003.12.008,
AMSTERDAM, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
[15] P. Burge and J. Shawe-Taylor, „An unsupervised neural network
approach to profiling the behavior of mobile phone users for use in
fraud detection“, Journal Of Parallel And Distributed Computing,
Vol. 61 (7), 2001, pp. 915-925, SAN DIEGO, ACADEMIC PRESS
INC
[16] H. Grosser, P. Britos and R. Garcia-Martinez, „Detecting fraud in
mobile telephony using neural networks“. Innovations In Applied
Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3533, 2005, pp. 613-615, edited by Ali,
M; Esposito, F.BERLIN, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[17] CS. Hilas and JN. Sahalos, „Testing the fraud detection ability of
different user profiles by means of FF-NN classifiers“. Artificial
Neural Networks – Icann, Vol. 2 4132, 2006, pp. 872-883, edited by
Kollias, S; Stafylopatis, A; Duch, W; Oja, E.BERLIN, SPRINGER-
VERLAG BERLIN
[18] PA. Estevez, CM. Held and CA. Perez, „Subscription fraud
prevention in telecommunications using fuzzy rules and neural
networks“, Expert Systems With Applications, Vol. 31 (2), 2006, pp.
337-344, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2005.09.028, OXFORD, PERGAMON-
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
[19] MAB. Bella, JHP. Eloff and MS. Olivier, „A fraud management
system architecture for next-generation networks“. Forensic Science
International Vol. 185 (1-3), 2009, pp. 51-58.CLARE, doi:
10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.013, ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
[20] M. Sanver and A. Karahoca, „Fraud Detection Using an Adaptive
Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System in Mobile Telecommunication
Networks“, Journal of multiple-valued logic and soft computing, Vol.
15 (2-3), 2009, pp. 155-179, sp. iss. si.Philadelphia, Old City
Publishing Inc
[21] Krenker, M. Volk, U. Sedlar, J. Bester and A. Kos, „Bidirectional
Artificial Neural Networks for Mobile-Phone Fraud Detection“. Etri
Journal, Vol. 31 (1), 2009, pp. 92-94, TAEJON, ELECTRONICS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INST
[22] RA. Derrig and KM. Ostaszewski, „Fuzzy techniques of pattern
recognition in risk and claim classification“, Journal Of Risk And
Insurance, Vol. 62 (3), 1995, pp. 447-482, MT VERNON, AMER
RISK INSURANCE ASSOC, INC
[23] PL. Brockett, XH. Xia and RA. Derrig, „Using Kohonen's self-
organizing feature map to uncover automobile bodily injury claims
fraud“, Journal Of Risk And Insurance, Vol. 65 (2), 1998, pp. 245-
274, MT VERNON, AMER RISK INSURANCE ASSOC, INC
[24] S. Viaene, G. Dedene and RA. Derrig, „Auto claim fraud detection
using Bayesian learning neural networks“, Expert Systems With
Applications, Vol. 29 (3), 2005, pp. 653-666, doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2005.04.030, OXFORD, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD
[25] S. Viaene, R. Derrig and G. Dedene, „MLP-ARD vs. logistic
regression and C4.5 for PIP claim fraud explication“, Insurance
Mathematics & Economics, Vol. 32 (1), 2003, pp. 154-
154.AMSTERDAM, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
[26] S. Viaene, RA. Derrig, B. Baesens and G. Dedene, „A comparison of
state-of-the-art classification techniques for expert automobile
insurance claim fraud detection“, Journal Of Risk And Insurance,
Vol. 69 (3), 2002, pp. 373-421, OXFORD, BLACKWELL PUBL
LTD
[27] PL. Brockett, LL. Golden, JH. Jang and CH. Yang, „A comparison of
neural network, statistical methods, and variable choice for life
insurers' financial distress prediction“, Journal Of Risk And Insurance
Vol. 73 (3), 2006, pp. 397-419, OXFORD, BLACKWELL
PUBLISHING
[28] HX. He, JC. Wang, W. Graco and S. Hawkins, „Application of neural
networks to detection of medical fraud“, Expert Systems With
Applications, Vol. 13 (4), 1997, pp. 329-336.OXFORD,
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
[29] HX. He, W. Graco and X. Yao, „Application of genetic algorithm and
k-nearest neighbour method in medical fraud detection“, Simulated
Evolution And Learning, Vol. 1585, 1999, pp. 74-81, edited by
McKay, B; Yao, X; Newton, CS; Kim, JH; Furuhashi, T.BERLIN,
SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[30] Lin, CM. Lin, ST. Li and SC. Kuo, „Intelligent physician
segmentation and management based on KDD approach“, Expert
Systems With Applications, Vol. 34 (3): 2008, pp. 1963-1973, doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2007.02.038, OXFORD, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD
[31] CH. Lin, CM. Lin and CW. Hong, „The development of dentist
practice profiles and management“, Journal Of Evaluation In Clinical
Practice, Vol. 15 (1), 2009, pp. 4-13, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2753.2007.00940.x, MALDEN, WILEY-BLACKWELL
PUBLISHING, INC
[32] BP. Green and JH. Choi, „Assessing the risk of management fraud
through neural network technology“, Auditing-A Journal Of Practice
& Theory, Vol. 16 (1), 1997, pp. 14-28.SARASOTA, AMER
ACCOUNTING ASSOC
[33] T. Lensberg, A. Eilifsen and TE. McKee, „Bankruptcy theory
development and classification via genetic programming“, European
Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 169 (2), 2006, pp. 677-697,
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2004.06.013, AMSTERDAM, ELSEVIER
SCIENCE BV
85
[34] S. Kotsiantis, E. Koumanakos, D. Tzelepis and V. Tampakas,
„Financial application of neural networks: Two case studies in
Greece“. Artificial Neural Networks - Icann 2006, Vol. 2 4132: 2006,
pp. 672-681, edited by Kollias, S; Stafylopatis, A; Duch, W; Oja,
E.BERLIN, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[35] E. Kirkos, C. Spathis and Y. Manolopoulos, „Data mining techniques
for the detection of fraudulent financial statements“, Expert Systems
With Applications, Vol. 32 (4), 2007, pp. 995-1003, doi:
10.1016/j.eswa.2006.02.016, OXFORD, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE LTD
[36] ECC. Yen, „Warning signals for potential accounting frauds in blue
chip companies - An application of adaptive resonance theory“,
Information Sciences, Vol. 177 (20), 2007, pp. 4515-4525, doi:
10.1016/j.ins.2007.03.034, NEW YORK, ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
[37] HJ. Chen, SY. Huang and CL. Kuo, „Using the artificial neural
network to predict fraud litigation: Some empirical evidence from
emerging markets“. Expert Systems With Applications, Vol. 36 (2),
2009, pp. 1478-1484, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2007.11.030, Part
1.OXFORD, PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
[38] JR. Dorronsoro, F. Ginel, C. Sanchez and CS. Cruz, „Neural fraud
detection in credit card operations“, IEEE Transactions On Neural
Networks 8 (4), 1997, pp. 827-834, NEW YORK, IEEE-INST
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
[39] RC. Chen, TS. Chen and CC. Lin, „A new binary support vector
system for increasing detection rate of credit card fraud“,.
International Journal Of Pattern Recognition And Artificial
Intelligence, Vol. 20 (2), 2006, pp. 227-239, SINGAPORE, WORLD
SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
[40] MJ. Kim and TS. Kim, „A neural classifier with fraud density map
for effective credit card fraud detection“, Intelligent Data Engineering
And Automated Learning – Ideal, Vol. 2002 2412, 2002, pp. 378-383,
edited by Yin, H; Allinson, N; Freeman, R; Keane, J; Hubbard,
S.BERLIN, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[41] LJ. Park, „Learning of neural networks for fraud detection based on a
partial area under curve“, Advances In Neural Networks, Pt 2,
Proceedings 3497, 2005, pp. 922-927, edited by Wang, J; Liao, X;
Wang, J.BERLIN, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[42] ALI. Oliveira and SRL. Meira, „Detecting novelties in time series
through neural networks forecasting with robust confidence
intervals“, Neurocomputing, Vol. 70 (1-3), 2006, pp. 79-92, doi:
10.1016/j.neucom.2006.05.008, AMSTERDAM, ELSEVIER
SCIENCE BV
[43] ALI. Oliveira, FBL. Neto and SRL. Meira, „Combining MLP and
RBF neural networks for novelty detection in short time series“,
Micai 2004: Advances In Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2972, 2004, pp.
844-853, edited by Monroy, R; ArroyoFigueroa, G; Sucar, LE; Sossa,
H.BERLIN, SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
[44] R. Palaniappan and DP. Mandic, „EEG based biometric framework
for automatic identity verification“, Journal Of Vlsi Signal Processing
Systems For Signal Image And Video Technology, Vol. 49 (2),
2007, pp. 243-250, doi: 10.1007/s11265-007-0078-1,
DORDRECHT,SPRINGER
[45] OJ. Welch, TE. Reeves and ST. Welch, „Neural network model: Bid
pricing fraud“, Journal Of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 38
(3), 1998, pp. 99-104,STILLWATER, INT ASSOC COMPUTER
INFO SYSTEM
[46] A. Abbasi and HC. Chen, „A comparison of fraud cues and
classification methods for fake escrow website detection“,
Information Technology & Management, Vol. 10 (2-3), 2009, pp. 83-
101, doi: 10.1007/s10799-009-0059-0, Sp. Iss. SI.NEW YORK,
SPRINGER
[47] XJ. Geng, AB. Whinston and H. Zhang, „Health of electronic
communities: An evolutionary game approach“, Journal Of
Management Information Systems, Vol. 21 (3), 2004, pp. 83-110,
ARMONK, M E SHARPE INC