IS 800 : 2007

1.1.1. BOLTS 1.1.2. Staggered

1.1.1.1. Find the efficiency of the lap joint shown 1.1.2.1. A boiler shell is made 14mm thick Fe415
in fig. Given M20 bolt and Fe410(E250) plates are plates. If the joint is double bolted lap joint with
used? M16 bolts of grade 4.6 at a dist 50mm, determine
the design strength of joint per pitch width?
Sol. Consider strength of joint per 50mm width

Sol. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6, Dia of bolt

d=20mm, Ultimate strength fub= 400 N/mm2
If d>or= 16mm Dia of hole do= d+2, if <16mm do= d=16mm do=16+2=18mm t=14mm
d+1, here do=20+2=22mm. Partial safety factor 𝑇 = .............................
0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛 pg32 IS.800
𝑑𝑛
γmb =1.25. For Fe410(E250)plates, Ultimate stress 𝛾𝑚𝑙
𝑃𝑠𝑖2
fu=410N/mm2, partial safety factor γml=1.25 An=[𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 𝑜 + ∑ ]×𝑡
4𝑔𝑖
(i).Tensile strength of plate: Thickness of plate In section1-1,Psi = 0 (since no 3staggered bolts
t=20mm, width of plate b=180mm, no. of bolts 𝑃𝑠𝑖 in included), An=[b-ndo]t = (50-2x18)x14 = 196mm2
weakest section = 3. A = [𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 + ∑ 2] × 𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑖2
n 𝑜
4𝑔𝑖
Section 2-2, An=[𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 + ∑ ]×𝑡
4𝑔𝑖
40
,IS800 Pg.32. here Psi=0 since no staggered2 dist. =[(50 − 2 × 18) + 2 × ] × 14 = 644mm2
So, An=[b-nd]t = (180-3x22)x20=2280mm . 4×25
0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛 ........................... ( 2x because 2 guages present in section)
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 pg32 IS.800
∴ sec 1-1 has min area. So An= 196mm2
𝑚𝑙
0.9×410×2280
= =673056nN/mm2=673.056KN ∴,𝑇 = 0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛=0.9×196×410=57.86 KN
1.25 𝑑𝑛 𝛾𝑚𝑙 1.25
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 ................... 𝑉
(ii) Shear strength: 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏
Pg.75 IS800 𝑛𝑠𝑏
Shear strength, 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏 ,
𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑉 = (nnAnb+nsAsb) 𝑉 = (n A +n A ), n = 1 per bolt. So here
𝑛𝑠𝑏 √3 𝑛𝑠𝑏 n nb s sb n
√3
If
If lap
buttjoint
jointwith
withsingle
doublecover
covernnn=1 and ns=0 nn=2 since 2 bolt is present, ns=0
𝜋 since single
n=1 and ns=1 cover.A 𝜋2 2 2
nb= 0.78 × 𝑑 =0.78 16 =156.83mm .
So here, nn=1 and ns=0, total nn=1x6=6 whre 6 is 400 4 4

the no of bolts. 𝜋
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 = √3
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏
(2x156.83+0)=72.44KN
𝜋 2 2 72.44
Anb= 0.78 × 𝑑 2 =0.78 × 20 =245mm 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = = = 57.91 KN
4 𝑓𝑢𝑏 4 𝛾 𝑚𝑏 1.25 𝑉
∴ 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 = √3 (nnAnb+nsAsb) Bearing strength: 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏
𝑛𝑝𝑏
400
2
= (6x245+0)=339482N/mm =339.482KN Vnpb= 2.5Kb.t.d.fu , Kb is least of following(pg75)
√3 𝑒
∴ Vdsb=339.482/1.25 = 271.586 KN 𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏
donot consider since e is not given
3𝑑 𝑜
(iii) Design strength in bearing: 𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝑝
𝛾𝑚𝑏 3𝑑𝑜
- 0.25 = 50
3×18 – 0.25 = 0.676
Vnpb= 2.5Kb.t.d.fu , Kb is least of following(pg75) 𝑓𝑢𝑏 = 400/410 = 0.9756
𝑒 30
= = 0.4545 𝑓𝑢
3𝑑
𝑝𝑜 3𝑥22 60 1, so here Kb= 0.676
- 0.25 = – 0.25 = 0.6591 so V =2.5x0.676x16x14x410=155.21KN
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥22 npb 𝑉 155.21
𝑛𝑝𝑏
𝑓𝑢𝑏 = 400/410 = 0.9756 𝑉 = = = 124.17 KN
𝑓𝑢 𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 1.25
1, so here Kb= 0.4545 ∴ design strength of bolt in joint = min of three =
so Vnpb=2.5x0.4545x20x20x410=186345 N per bolt 57.86 KN.
Vdpb= 186345/1.25 = 149076 N per boltt 1.1.2.2. Find the max force that can be transferred
∴ design strength of joint = 6x149076 = through the double cover butt joint shown. Find the
894.456KN, ∴ design strength of bolt in joint = min efficiency of joint also. Given M20 bolts of grade
of three = 271.586 KN < T dn 4.6 and Fe410 steel plates are used?
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of joint= × 100
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
Strength of solid plate = × 𝐴
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑔

= 250x(180x20) = 818181.8 N = 818.182 KN

1.1
So, effi = 271.586 × 100 = 33.19%
818.182

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IS 800 : 2007

𝑓𝑦
Strength of solid plate = ×𝐴
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑔

= 250x(200x16) = 727.27 KN
1.1
So, effi = 619.884 × 100 = 85.23%
727.27
1.1.2.3. Design a lap joint b/w the 2 plates each of
width 120mm, if thickness of 1 plate 16mm and
other is 12mm. The joint has to transfer a load of
160KN. The plates are of Fe410. Use bearing type
bolts
Sol. Use M16 bolt of grade 4.6, d=16mm,d o=18mm
Sol. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6, d=20mm fub=400N/mm2
Shear strength of bolt: since single cove nn=1,ns=0
do=22mm, fub=400N/mm2 , fu=410N/mm2 𝑓𝑢𝑏
Shear strength: 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 = 𝑓√3
𝑢𝑏 (nnAnb+nsAsb) 𝑛𝑠𝑏 = √3(nnAnb
𝑉400 𝜋
+nsAsb)
2+0)=36218N
= (1x
nn=1 ns=1 (since double cover)
𝜋 √3 0.78
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏
× 16
4
𝜋 2 2
Anb= 𝜋0.78 ×𝜋 𝑑4 2 =0.78 × 204 =245mm 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾 =36218/1.25=28974 N
A 2 2 2 𝑚𝑏
sb= 𝑑 =420 =314mm
4 Bearing strength:
𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 = √3 (nnAnb+nsAsb) Min edge dist, e =1.5do pg 74 IS800
Min pitch, p = 2.5d o
=400(1x245+1x314)=129143N So, e = 1.5x18=27=30mm
√3
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 =129143/1.25=103314 N per bolt P = 2.5x16 = 40mm, Kb= 0.4907
𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 V = 2.5K .t.d.f =2.5x0.4907x16x12x410
npb b u
For 6 bolt= 6x103314=619886 N/mm2=619.886KN = 94222𝑉N
Strength of bolt in bearing: 𝑛𝑝𝑏 94222
𝑉 = = = 75378 N
Vnpb= 2.5Kb.t.d.fu , Kb is least of following(pg75) 𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 1.25
𝑒 40
= = 0.6061 So design strength is min shear and bearing
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥22
𝑝
strength = 28974N=28.974KN
- 0.25 = 60 – 0.25 = 0.6591 Load transferred=160KN
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥22
𝑓𝑢𝑏
= 400/410 = 0.9756 ∴ no.of bolt=160/28.974=5.5=6 bolt
𝑓𝑢
1, so here Kb= 0.6061
so Vnpb=2.5x0.6061x20x16x410=
198806.8 N per bolt
Vdpb= 198806.8/1.25 = 159040.64 N per bolt
∴ design strength of joint = 6x159040.64 = =
954243.84N=954.243KN
Tensile strength: At𝑃𝑠𝑖
section
2 1-1
A = [𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 + ∑ ] × 𝑡 ,IS800 Pg.32. here
n 𝑜 4𝑔𝑖 Tensile strength:
𝑃𝑠𝑖2
Psi=0 since no staggered dist. An=[𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑𝑜 + ∑ 4𝑔𝑖 ] × 𝑡
So, A =[b-nd ]t = (200-1x22)x16=2848mm2.
n11 o = (120-2x18)x12=1008mm2
0.9𝑓 𝐴
𝑢 𝑛 ............................
𝑇𝑑𝑛1 = 𝛾𝑚𝑙 pg32 IS.800 0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛
0.9×410×2848 𝑇𝑑𝑛1 =
= =840730N=840.73KN 𝛾𝑚𝑙
0.9×410×1008
1.25 = = 297KN >160KN (so safe)
At sec 2-2, 1.25
An22=[b-ndo]t = (200-2x22)x16=2496mm2. 1.1.3. Packing Plates
To fail section 22, first sec 11 want to fail. ∴ add 1.1.3.1. Two cover plates 10mm and 18mm thick
shear strength of one bolt are connected by a double cover butt joint using
0.9×410×2496 6mm cover plates as shown in fig. Find the strength
𝑇𝑑𝑛2 = +103314=840133N
1.25 of joint. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe415
Section 3-3, plates are used.
An33=[b-ndo]t = (200-3x22)x16=2144mm2.
tofail sec 33, sec 11 and 22 must fail. So add shear
strength of 3 bolt
0.9×410×2144
𝑇𝑑𝑛2 = 1.25
+3x103314=942851N
Design Strength of joint = min of 3 =619.884KN
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Permissible force =
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑦
619.884/1.5=409.92KN
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of joint= × 100
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

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 IS 800 : 2007

Sol. Strength of rivet is not considered in the design Factored load on bracket =
Here thickness of packing plate = tpk=18-10=8mm 2P=2x59.413=118.823KN
There will be a reduction factor in shear strength of 1.1.4.2. A bracket is bolted to the flange of a
bolt which is given by βpk=(1-0.0125tpk)pg75-IS800 column as shown in fig. Using 8mm thick bracket
=(1-0.0125x8)=0.9
𝑓𝑢𝑏
, since double cover nn=1, ns=1 plate. Using M20 bolts of grade 4.6, design the
𝑉 =β (nn Anb+nsAsb) connection.
𝑛𝑠𝑏 pk √3 Sol. Thickness of ISHB300@577N/m is 10.6mm
400 2 +𝜋 202)=
0.9 × 𝜋
( 0.78 × 20 116228 N from steel table. Thickness of bracket plates is
√3 4 4
Vdsb= 116228/1.25 = 92982.6 N per bolt 8mm. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6, d=20mm,
For 6 bolt = 6x92982.6=557896N = 557.896KN do=22mm, fub=400N/mm2, fu=410N/mm2.
Bearing strength and tensile strength has same step
Take minimum of three
1.1.4. Eccentric Load Case
1.1.4.1. A bracket plate bolted to a vertical column
is loaded as shown in fig. If M20 bolts of grade 4.6
are used, determine max value of factored load P
which can be carried safely.

Design strength of bolt in shear: nn=1, ns=0

𝑓
𝑉 = 𝑢𝑏(nnAnb+nsAsb)
𝑛𝑠𝑏 √3
400 𝜋
Sol. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6,d=20mm do=22mm = (1x 0.78 × 202)=56590N
√3 4
𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏
2
fub= 400N/mm , thickness of ISMC300 is 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = =56590/1.25=45272 N
𝛾𝑚𝑏
7.6mm(from steel table) Strength in bearing: e=1.5do=1.5x22=33=40mm,
Design strength of bolt in shear: n =1, n =0
n s
𝑓 p=2.5d0=2.5x20=50mm
𝑉 = 𝑢𝑏(nnAnb+nsAsb) ∴,K =0.5076, V =2.5x0.5076x20x8x410=83246N
𝑛𝑠𝑏 √3 b npb
𝜋
=400(1x0.78 × 202)=56590N Vdpb=83246/1.25=66597N
√3 𝑉 𝑛𝑠𝑏 4 ∴ design strength=min=45272N
𝑉 = =56590/1.25=45272 N
𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏
Now moment =ext. Load x
Strength in bearing: e=150-60=90mm, p=80mm dist=300x350KNmm=300x350x1000
6𝑀
Kb=0.96212, No.of bolts per row, n=√
Vnpb=2.5x0.96212x20x7.6x410=119919N>45272 2×𝑉×𝑝
So design strength = 45272N 6×300×350×1000
=√ = 11.79=12 bolts per row
For each bolt there will be 2 forces F1 and F2 2×45272×50
F1=due to ext load=P/n , n: no.of bolt, P=load So provide 12 bolts in each row as shown in fig.
𝑃.𝑒.𝑟
F2=due to moment= 2, e: eccentricity, r: dist to
∑𝑟
extreme bolt from centre of gravity
Here, F1=P/5=0.2P, r=√(602 + 802)=100
𝑃×250×100
∑r2=4x1002, so F2= =0.625P
4×1002
∴ F=√𝐹2 + 𝐹2 + 2𝐹1𝐹2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=√𝐹2 +1𝐹2 + 22𝐹 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 60 =0.6
1 2 12 100
√(0.2𝑃)2 + (0.625𝑃)2 +
2 × 0.2𝑃 × 0.625𝑃 × 0.6
=0.76199P,
Now equate design strength to this value
ie, 45272 = 0.76199P , so P=59413N = 59.413KN

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IS 800 : 2007

85 85
Let effective length of weld= Lw. Assuming normal
weld, throat thickness, t=0.7s=0.7x10=7mm
So design strength of weld=𝐿 𝑡 × 𝑓𝑢 × 1
410 1 𝑤 √3 1.25
=𝐿 × 7 × × =1325.6Lw
𝑤 1.25
√3
Equating it to strength of plate we get,
1325.6Lw=272727 , So Lw=205.7mm
So provide eff length of 105mm on each side
1.2.1.2. A tie member of roof truss consist of
2 ISA10075,8mm. The angles are connected to
either side of a 10mm gusset plate and the member
is subjected to a working pull of 300KN. Design
the welded connection. Assume connection are
made in workshop.
Sol. Working load=300KN,
Factored load=1.5x300=450KN
Thickness of weld: (i). At the rounded toe of angled
section, size of weld should not exceed
3 3
× thickness, ∴ s= × 8 = 6mm
4 4
(ii) At top thickness should not exceed, s = t -1.5
Dist of extreme bolt from CG of bolts = 8-1.5=6.5mm
Hence provide s=6mm weld
r=√(2752 + 852)=286.4mm Since there is 2 angled section, each angle carries a
6
∑𝑟𝑖2=4x[𝑖 =1∑(x 2i+y 2i)] (4x bcoz 4 section) factored load of 450/2=225KN
Since xi=85 is constant Let Lw be total length of weld required
∑𝑟𝑖2 =4x[(6x852)+(252+752+1252+1752+2252+2752) Assuming normal weld, t=0.7s=0.7x6=4.2 mm
𝑃.𝑒.𝑟 300×1000×350×286.4 So design strength of weld=𝐿 𝑓𝑢 1
= 888400mm2, so F2= 2= 888400 𝑤 𝑡 × √3 × 1.25
∑𝑟 410 1
=33850N(e=eccentricity)
𝑃 300×1000 =𝐿 × 4.2 × × =795.36 Lw
𝑤
F= = = 12500 N √3 1.25
1
𝑛 24 Equating it to factored load, 795.36 Lw=225x103
∴ F=√𝐹2 + 𝐹2 + 2𝐹1𝐹2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∴ Lw = 283 mm
1 2
=√𝐹2 + 𝐹2 + 2𝐹 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 85 From steel table Cxx=31mm (dist to CG from top)
1 2 12 286.4 Let L1 be the length of top weld and L2 be length of
√125002 + 338502 + 2 × 12500 × 33850 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 lower weld. To make CG of weld to coincide with
69
=39411.03N < Vd(=45272N) , so safe that of angle, L1x31 = L2(100-31),∴L1 L2
=31
1.2.1. Weld 69
1.2.1.1. Design a suitable longitudinal fillet weld to L1+L2=283, so L2+L2=283 or L2=87mm
31
connect the plates as shown in fig.to transmit a pull ∴ L1=283-87=196mm
equal to full strength of small plate. Given plates
are 12mm thick, grade of plate is Fe410 and
welding is to be made in workshop.

1.2.2. Eccentric Load

1.2.2.1. Determine the max load that can be resisted
Sol. Min size to be used for 12mm = 5mm(pg 78 by bracket shown in fig. by fillet weld of size 6mm,
IS800. Table 21 (ii)) if it is shop welding
Max size = thickness – 1.5=12-1.5=10.5mm
∴ take 10mm fillet weld(s=10mm)
fy= 410N/mm2,γmw=1.25, thickness of plate =12mm
breadth of plate=100mm, ∴
𝐴 𝑔𝑓𝑦
Full design strength of smaller plate =
𝛾𝑚𝑜
12×100×250
= =272727 N
1.1

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 IS 800 : 2007

Sol. Size of weld s=6mm,

∴ throat thickness,t=0.7s=0.7x6=4.2mm
Total area of weld Sol. Let t be throat thickness of weld and 𝑥 be the
=2x(140x4.2)+(320x4.2)=600x4.2 mm2 dist of CG of weld, Area of weld = (180x2+400) x t
Centroidal x-x axis lies on centre of vertical weld = 760t.
𝐴 𝑥 +𝐴 𝑥 +𝐴 𝑥
due to symmetry. Let centroidal y-y axis be at a 𝑥 = 1 1 2 2 3 3 , x1=180/2=90
𝐴1+𝐴2+𝐴3
distance 𝑥 from the vertical weld, then x2=0 (since it is vertical element),x3=180/2=90
𝐴 𝑥 +𝐴 𝑥 +𝐴 𝑥
𝑥 = 1 1 2 2 3 3 , A1= 140x4.2, x1=140/2=70 ∴𝑥=
2×180×𝑡×90
𝐴1+𝐴2+𝐴3 760𝑡 = 42.63 mm
A2=320x4.2, x2=0 (since it is vertical element) 𝑏𝑑3 𝑡×4003 400 2
A3=140x4.2, x3=140/2=70 ∴ Ixx= +Ah2= +2x(180xt)x( )
12 12 2
(140×4.2)×70+0+(140×4.2)×70 =19733333t mm4
∴𝑥= 600×4.2 =32.67mm 𝑏𝑑3 2 2
Now find Ixx and Iyy , to find Ixx first look weld Iyy=( 12
+Ah ) + ah
3 𝑡×1803
perpendicular to x-axis and take 𝑏𝑑 of that weld = 2×[ + (180 × 𝑡) × (90 − 42.63)2] +
12 12
and add Ah2 of parallel weld. Similarly Iyy also. (400 × 𝑡) × 42.632 = 2506737𝑡 𝑚𝑚4
𝑏𝑑3 4.2×3203 320 2 ∴ Izz= Ixx+Iyy=19733333t+2506737t=22240070t
∴ Ixx= +Ah2= +(140x4.2)x( )
12 12 2 Dist to extreme, rmax=√2002 + (180 − 42.63)2
=41574400
3 mm4 180−42.63
I =( +Ah ) + ah2
𝑏𝑑 2 = 242.63 mm, cos 𝜃 = 242.63 = 0.57
yy
124.2×1403 Eccentricity, e= (180-42.63)+120=257.37 mm
2 𝑃 250×1000 328.95
= 2 × [ 12 + (140 × 4.2) × (70 − 32.67) ] + Direct shear, q1=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 760𝑡 = 𝑡 N/mm2
2 4 𝑃×𝑒×𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
(320 × 4.2) × 32.67 = 4994080 𝑚𝑚 Shear stress due to moment, q2=
∴ Izz= Ixx+Iyy=41574400+4994080=46568480mm4 𝐼𝑧𝑧
Dist to extreme, r =√1602 + (140 − 32.67)2 𝑃×𝑒×𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝐼 =
250×1000×257.37×242.63 701.95
= N/mm2
max 𝑧𝑧 22240070𝑡 𝑡
140−32.67
= 192.66 mm, cos 𝜃 = = 0.56 ∴ resultant stress=
192.66
2 2
Eccentricity, e= (140-32.67)+240=347.33
𝑃 mm 328.95 701.95 328.95 701.95
Direct shear, q1= 𝑃×1000 =0.3968P √( )+( )+2× × × 0.57
=
(2𝑏+𝑑)𝑡 (2×140+320)×4.2 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
Here p is in KN = 𝑡
9285.656
𝑃×𝑒×𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
Shear stress due to moment, q2= 1
𝐼𝑧𝑧 Normal stress = 𝑓𝑢 × = 410 =189.37N/mm2
𝑃×𝑒×𝑟 𝑃×1000×347.33×192.66 √3 1.25 √3×1.25
= 𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =1.437P N/mm2
𝑧𝑧 46568480 Equating both we get, 9285.656=189.37,
∴ resultant stress = 𝑡
∴t = 4.904KN
√0.3968𝑃2 + 1.437𝑃2 + 2 × 0.3968𝑃 × 1.437𝑃 × 0.56 We konow t=0.7s, ∴s= 𝑡 =4.904=7.005mm
=1.69P, 0.7 0.7
1
Normal stress = 𝑓𝑢 × = 410 =189.37N/mm2 ∴ provide 8mm fillet weld.
√3 1.25 √3×1.25
Equating both we get, 1.69P=189.37, ∴P = 112KN
1.2.2.2. A 10mm thick bracket plate is shown in fig
is connected with a flange of column
ISHB300@577N/m. find the size of the weld to
transmit a factored load of 250KN.

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Sol. (i) Gusset connected to 90mm leg:

2.1.1. TENSION MEMBERS Design strength in yeiding of gross section:
2.1.1.1. Determine the design strength of plate 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦 , Ag= 865mm2(from steel table)
𝑑𝑔 𝛾𝑚𝑜
130mm x12mm with the holes for 16mm dia bolts ∴𝑇 196591 N=196.591 kN
865×250
as shown in fig. steel used is Fe410 grade quality. =
𝑑𝑔 =1.1
Sol. Rupture strength of critical section :
0.9𝐴 𝑓 β𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 𝑛𝑐 𝑢 + 𝛾
𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜
Anc= net area of connected leg
=(length of con.leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
6
[90 − ] × 6=522mm2
2
Ago=gross area
=(length of other leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
6
[60 − ] × 6=342mm2
2
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
β=1.4 - 0.076× × × (description in pg33)
All equations in pg. 32&33 IS800 𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
Design strength in yeiding of gross section: w=60mm,wi=50mm(from fig),∴bs= w + wi – t
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦 , A = total area=130x12=1560mm2 (from fig)=60+50-6=104mm
𝑑𝑔 g
𝛾𝑚𝑜 Lc=length b/w extreme
60 bolts=4x50=200mm
250 104
∴𝑇 354545 N=354.545 kN
1560×250 ∴β=1.4 - 0.076× × × = 1.16
= =
𝑑𝑔 1.1 6 410 200
Rupture strength of critical section: ∴𝑇 =
0.9×522×410
+
1.16×342×250
0.9𝐴 𝑓 𝑃𝑠𝑖2 𝑑𝑛 1.25 =244258N
1.1
𝑇 = 𝑛𝑢 , An=[𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 + ∑ ]×𝑡
𝑑𝑛 4𝑔𝑖 Block shear strength:
𝛾𝑚𝑙
=(130-2x18)x12=1128mm2 Avg=gross area of shear(with bolt dia)
∴𝑇 = 0.9×1128×410 332986N=332.986kN = (200+30)x6=1380mm2
𝑑𝑛 = 1.25 Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia)
Block shear strength: = (200+30-4.5x18)x6=894mm2(4.5 no.of bolts)
Avg=gross area of shear (with bolt dia)=area of 1 ’2 2
= (60+35) x12=1140mm2 Atg=gross area of tension=(90-50)x6=240mm
2
Atn=net area=(90-50-0.5x18)x6=186mm
Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia) Tdb is least of following 2
= (60+35-1.5x18)x12=816mm2(1.5 no.of bolts) 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦 0.9𝐴 𝑓
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = + 𝛾 𝑡𝑛 𝑢
Atg=gross area of tension=60x12=720mm2 √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑙
Atn=net area=(60-1x18)x12=504mm2 1380×250 0.9×186×410
Tdb is least of following 2 = + = 235985 N
√3×1.1 1.25
𝐴𝑓 0.9𝐴 𝑓 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 + 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑣𝑔 𝑦 𝑡𝑛 𝑢 √3×𝛾 𝛾
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = √3×𝛾 𝑚𝑜
+ 𝛾𝑚𝑙 0.9×894×410𝑚𝑙 240×250
𝑚𝑜
1140×250 0.9×504×410 = + = 206913 N
= + = 298367 N √3×1.25
∴Tdb= 206913N
1.1
√3×1.1 1.25
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = + 𝛾𝑚𝑜 ∴Design strength = min of three = 196.591 kN
√3×𝛾𝑚𝑙
0.9×816×410 720×250 (ii)When 60mm is connected: Design strength in
= + = 302710.34 N
√3×1.25 1.1 yeiding of gross section will be same as above
∴Tdb= 298.367kN =196.59kN
∴Design strength = min of three = 298.367 kN Rupture strength of critical section :
2.1.1.2. A single unequal angle ISA9060, 6mm is 0.9𝐴 𝑓 β𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑓𝑦
connected to 10mm gusset plates at the ends with 5 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 𝑛𝑐 𝑢 + 𝛾
𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜
no.of 16mm bolt to transfer tension. Determine the Anc= net area of connected leg
design strength of angle if (i) the gusset is =(length of con.leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
connected to 90mm leg (ii) the guesset is connected 6 2
to 60mm leg. [60 − 2] × 6=342mm
Ago=gross area
=(length of other leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
6
[90 − ] × 6=522mm2
2
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
β=1.4 - 0.076× × × (description in pg33)
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
w=90mm,wi=30mm(from fig),∴bs= w + wi – t
(from fig)=90+30-6=114mm
Lc=length b/w extreme bolts=4x50=200mm
90 250 114
∴β=1.4 - 0.076× × × = 1.004
6 410 200

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8
∴𝑇 0.9×342×410 1.004×522×250=220069N [(100 − 22) − ] × 8=592mm2(22 is d )
𝑑𝑛 = 1.25
+ 1.1 2
o

Block shear strength: Ago=gross area

Avg=gross area of shear(with bolt dia) =(length of other leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
= (200+30)x6=1380mm2 2
8
Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia) [75 − ] × 8=568mm2
2
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
= (200+30-4.5x18)x6=894mm2(4.5 no.of bolts) β=1.4 - 0.076× × × (description in pg33)
Atg=gross area of tension=(60-30)x6=180mm2 𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
Atn=net area=(60-30-0.5x18)x6=126mm2 w=75mm,wi=40mm(dist to bolt from con.leg, ie. e)
Tdb is least of following 2 ∴bs= w + wi – t=75+40-8=104mm
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦 + 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛𝑓𝑢 Lc=length b/w extreme bolts=4x60=240mm
75 250 104
𝑑𝑏 √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙 ∴β=1.4 - 0.076× × × = 1.21
1380×250 0.9×126×410 8 410 240
= √3×1.1 + 1.25 = 218273 N ∴𝑇 0.9×592×410 1.21×568×250
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑛= 1.25 + 1.1
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = + =330958N > 225000N. ∴OK
√3×𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝛾𝑚𝑜
0.9×894×410 180×250 Block shear strength:
= + 1.1 = 193277 N Avg=gross area of shear(with bolt dia)
√3×1.25
∴Tdb= 193277N = (240+40)x8=2240mm2
∴Design strength = min of three = 193.277 kN Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia)
2.1.1.3. Design a single angle section for a tension = (240+40-4.5x22)x8=1448mm2(4.5 no.of bolts)
member of a roof truss to carry a factored tensile Atg=gross area of tension=(100-40)x8=480mm2
force of 225kN. The member is subjected to Atn=net area=(100-400-0.5x22)x8=392mm2
possible reversal of stress due to the action of wind. Tdb is least of following 2
The eff. Length of member is 3m. use 20mm shop 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦 + 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛𝑓𝑢
bolts of grade 4.6. 𝑇 225×1000 𝑑𝑏 √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙
Sol. Total area Ag= 𝑑 = =990mm2 =
2240×250 0.9×392×410
+ = 409642 N
𝑓𝑦/𝛾𝑚𝑜 250/1.1 √3×1.1 1.25
2 0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦
Provide a 25% extra area. = 1237.5mm 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = +𝛾
Select a suitable angle section from steel table. √3×𝛾 𝑚𝑙
0.9×1448×410
𝑚𝑜
480×250
∴Adopt ISA 10075, 8mm whose Ag=1336mm2 = + = 355879 N
√3×1.25 1.1
No.of bolts required: d=20mm, do=22mm ∴Tdb= 355879 N > 225000N ∴OK (hence safe)
Strength of one bolt in shear, 2.1.1.4. Design a double angle tension member
1 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑣𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾𝑚𝑏 × (nnAnb+nsAsb) connected on each side of a 10mm thick gusset
√3 plate to carry an axial factored load of 375kN. Use
400 2 )=45272.43N
= 1 × 𝜋
(1x 0.78 × 20 20mm black bolt. Assume shop connection.
1.25 √3 4
𝑇𝑑 375×1000
Edge dist, e=1.5do=1.5x22=33=40mm Sol. Total area Ag= = =1650mm2
𝑓𝑦/𝛾𝑚𝑜 250/1.1
Pitch, p=2.5do=2.5x22=55=60mm
Kb= min value of four=0.606 Add a 25% extra. Try 2 ISA7550, 8mm thick
1 Gross area = 2x938=1876mm2
𝑣𝑑𝑝𝑏 = × 2.5𝑘𝑏. 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓𝑢
𝛾 𝑚𝑙 Strength of 20mm black bolts:
= 1 × 2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 8 × 410 = 79507𝑁 (i) In double
1 𝑓 shear:
1.25 𝑣 = × 𝑢𝑏(n A +n A )
∴bolt value=45272N 𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3
n nb
2)=103314N
s sb
∴no. of bolt=225×1000=4.96= 5 bolts 1 400 𝜋𝜋 2
= × (0.78 × 20+ 20
45272 1.25 √3 4 4
Provide bolts as shown in fig. Edge dist, e=1.5do=1.5x22=33=40mm
Pitch, p=2.5do=2.5x22=55=60mm
Kb= min value
1 of four=0.606
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝑏 𝑢
1
=1.25 × 2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 8 × 410 = 79507𝑁
Checking the design: ∴bolt value=79507N
(i) Strength against yielding: ∴no. of bolt=375×1000=4.71= 5 bolts
79507
𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = 𝛾𝑚𝑜
1336mm2(from steel table)
, Ag= Provide 5 bolts in a row as shown
∴𝑇 1336×250 303636 N>225000 N ∴OK
= =
𝑑𝑔 1.1
Rupture strength of critical section :
0.9𝐴 𝑓 β𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 𝑛𝑐 𝑢 + 𝛾
𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜
Anc= net area of connected leg
=(length of con.leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2 Checking the design:
(i) Strength against yielding:

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IS 800 : 2007

𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑇 = , A =g 1876mm2(from steel table) = 1 × 2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 10 × 410 = 99384𝑁
𝑑𝑔 𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.25
∴𝑇 426364 N>375000 N ∴OK
1876×250 ∴bolt value=90400N
= =
𝑑𝑔 1.1 ∴no. of bolt=500×1000=5.5= 6 bolts
Rupture strength of critical section : 90400
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑐𝑓𝑢 β𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑓𝑦 Provide 6 bolts on each side of joint as shown
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾𝑚𝑙
+ 𝛾
𝑚𝑜
Anc= net area of connected leg
=(length of con.leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
8
2 × [(75 − 22) − ] × 8=784mm2(22 is do)
2
Ago=gross area
=(length of other leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
8
2 × [50 − ] × 8=736mm2
2
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
β=1.4 - 0.076× × × (description in pg33)
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
w=50mm,wi=30mm(dist to bolt from con.leg, ie. e)
∴bs= w + wi – t=50+30-8=72mm
Lc=length b/w extreme bolts=4x60=240mm Checking of strength of plate:
50 250 72 (i) Strength against yielding:
∴β=1.4 - 0.076× × × = 1.31 𝐴 𝑦𝑓
𝑔
8 410 240 𝑇 = , Ag= 300x10=3000mm2
∴𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9×784×410 1.31×736×250 𝑑𝑔 𝛾𝑚𝑜
1.25 + 1.1 ∴𝑇 681818 N>500000 N ∴OK
3000×250
= =
=450062N > 375000N. ∴OK 𝑑𝑔 1.1
Block shear strength: Rupture strength of critical section :
0.9𝐴𝑛𝑓𝑢
Avg=gross area of shear(with bolt dia) 𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾
= (240+40)x8=2240mm2 𝑚𝑙

Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia) An= (b-nd)t=(300-3x22)x10=2340mm2

0.9×2340×410
= (240+40-4.5x22)x8=1448mm2(4.5 no.of bolts) ∴𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 1.25
Atg=gross area of tension=(75-30)x8=360mm2 =690768N > 500000N. ∴OK
Atn=net area=(75-30-0.5x22)x8=272mm2 Block shear strength:
Tdb is least of following 2 Avg=gross area of shear(with bolt dia)
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦 + 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛𝑓𝑢 = (40+60)x10=1000mm2
𝑑𝑏 √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙 Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia)
2240×250 0.9×272×410
= + = 374218 N = (40+60-1.5x22)x10=670mm2(1.5 no.of bolts)
√3×1.1 1.25
0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦 Atg=gross area of tnsion=(300-2x40)x10=2200mm2
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = √3×𝛾 + 𝛾𝑚𝑜 Atn=net area=((300-2x40)-2x22)x10=1760mm2
𝑚𝑙
0.9×1448×410 360×250 Tdb is least of following 2
= + = 328606 N
√3×1.25 1.1 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = +
∴Tdb= 328606 N √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙
Strength of 2 angles = 2x328606 1000×250 0.9×1760×410
=657212N > 375000N ∴OK (hence safe) = √3×1.1 + 1.25
= 650767 N
2.1.2. Tension Member Splice 0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = √3×𝛾𝑚𝑙 + 𝛾𝑚𝑜
2.1.2.1. Design a splice to connect a 300x20mm =
0.9×670×410
+
2200×250
= 614191 N
plate with a 300x10mm plate. The design load is √3×1.25 1.1
500kN. Use 20mm black bolt, fabricated in shop. ∴Tdb= 614191 N > 500000N ∴OK (hence safe)
Sol. Let double cover butt joint with 6mm cover 2.1.3. Compresion Members
plate is used. All equations in page. 34 IS 800
Strength of 20mm black bolts: d=20mm do=22mm 2.1.3.1. Determine the design axial load capacity of
(i) In double shear: nn=1, ns=1 the column ISHB300@577N/m if the length of the
β=1- 0.0125tpk where tpk is thickness of packing column is 3m and its both ends pinned.
plate used = 20-10=10mm Sol. For rolled steel sections
∴β = 1- 0.0125x10 = 0.875 fy= 250N/mm2, fu=410N/mm2, E=2x105 N/mm2
1 𝑓 for both ends pinned column, KL=1.0L=3m pg.45
𝑣 = 𝛽(nnAnb+nsAsb) × 𝑢𝑏
𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 √3 for ISHB300@577N/mm2 (from steel table):
𝜋 𝜋 1 40 0 2
=0.875(0.78 × 202 + 4 202) 1.25 × h=300mm,b
ℎ 300 f=250mm, tf=10.6mm,Ae=A=7484mm
=90400N 4 √3 = =1.2, t <100mm, so it belongs to buckling
f
𝑏𝑓 250
Edge dist, e=1.5do=1.5x22=33=40mm class c.(pg 44 table 10)
Pitch, p=2.5do=2.5x22=55=60mm Do steps in reverse page 34 IS800
Kb= min1 value of four=0.606 From steel table rmin=ryy=54.1mm
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝑏 𝑢

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𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋2×2×105 𝐾𝐿
∴f = = =641.92N/mm2 = 3200 = 26.98, belongs to buckling class c
cc 𝐾𝐿 2 3000 2 𝑟 118.6
( )
( )
𝑟 54.1 Interpolating, fcd=214.9N/mm2
𝑓𝑦 250
Eff slenderness ratio =√ =√ = 0.624 ∴ Pd= Aefcd=31789 x 214.9 = 6831456 N
𝑓𝑐𝑐 641.92 = 6831.456kN>6000kN, ∴ safe.
For buckling class c, α=0.49 (pg 35 IS 800) 2.1.5. Design Of Laced Columns
∴ϕ=0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆 − 0.2) + 𝜆2] Equations in pg 48 IS 800
=0.5[1 + 0.49(0.624 − 0.2) + 0.6242]=0.798 2.1.5.1. Design a laced column with two channels
𝑓𝑦/𝛾𝑚𝑜
∴Design comp.stress=fcd = back to back of length 10m to carry an axial
2 2 0.5 𝜙+[𝜙 −𝜆 ]
factored load 1400kN. The column may be
250/1.1
= 175.44 N/mm2
=0.798+[0.7982−0.6242]0.5 assumed to have restrained on position but not in
Strength of column, Pd=Acfcd=7485x175.44 direction at bot ends. (hinged ends).
=1313168.4N=1313.168kN Sol. Assuming fcd=135N/mm2
𝑃 1400×1000
∴Working load = 1313.168/1.5 = 875.44kN A=𝑓 = = 10370mm2
2.1.4.Design Of Compresion Members 𝑐𝑑 135
We have 2 channel section, so area of 1 section
2.1.4.1. Design a single angle strut connected to the = 10370/2=5185mm2
gusset plate to carry 180kN factored load. The From steel table provide 2 ISMC350@413N/m
length of strut b/w centre to centre connection is3m ∴Area provide = 2 x 5366 = 10732mm2
Sol. Assuming fcd=90N/mm2 𝐾𝐿 10×1000
A= 𝑃 =180×1000= 2000mm2 (add 25%)=2500mm2 r=rmin=28.3mm, but if r=28.3mm 𝑟 = 28.3
𝑓𝑐𝑑 90 = 353.35.This value of 𝐾𝐿 is not available in table
Provide ISA 15075, 12mm , A=2562mm2 𝑟
rmin= ryy=33.4mm, KL=0.85L (pg.no 48 7.5.2.1) for finding fcd. So we take r=rzz=136.6mm,so;
𝐾𝐿 10×1000
=0.85x3000=2550mm = = 73.206. since laced column
𝐾𝐿 2550 𝑟
𝐾𝐿 136.6
= = 76.35,section belongs to buckling class c = 1.05𝐾𝐿 (pg.no 48, 7.6.1.5)
𝑟 33.4 𝑟 𝑟
𝐾𝐿
Interpolating an fy, we get fcd=141.85 =1.05x73.206=76.87.
𝑟
Pd= Adfcd= 2562x141.85=363419N=363kN>180kN ∴ by interpolating, fcd=141N/mm2
∴safe. ∴ provide ISA15075 of 12mm thickness. Load carrying capacity = Area x fcd=10732x141
2.1.4.2. A column 4m long has to support a =1513212=1513.212kN > 1400kN ∴ OK.
factored load of 6000kN. The column is effectively Spacing b/w channels:
held at both ends and restrained in direction at one Let it be a clear distance d. to find equate Ixx=Iyy
of the ends. Design the columns using beam section Since x axis and CG of system and 2 channels lie
and plate. on same line and is symmetrical, Ixx=2xIxxof chanel
Sol. Assuming fcd=200N/mm2 = 2x (10008x104)=20016 2 x 104mm4
𝑃 6000×1000
A= = = 30,000mm2 Iyy=2x Iyy of channel+ Ah (where h = d/2 +Cyy) =
𝑓𝑐𝑑 2
200 𝑑
=area of plates + area of I section 2 × [(430.6 × 104 + 22) + 5366 × ( + 24.4) ]
Using ISHB450@925N/m,A=11789mm2 2
Width of flange = 250mm Now equate Ixx=Iyy we get d=218.4mm.∴d=220mm
Lacings :Let lacings be provided at 45° to horizontl
∴area of plates = 30,000-11789 = 18211mm2
Assume lacing overlaps channel by 60mm.
Selecting 20mm thick plates, breadth b can be
obtained from, 2x(bx20)=18211 (since 2 plates)
∴b = 455.3mm,∴provide 20mm x 500 mm plates
𝑏−𝑏𝑓
Check for overhang: overhang= =500−250
𝑡 20
=12.5 < 12t (clause 10.2.3.2)
Total area provided,
Ae=(500x20x2)+11789=31789mm2
For ISHB45@925, Izz=40349.9x104mm4
Iyy= 3045x104mm4
For section selected, Izz=Izz of beam+Ah2
450 20 2
=40349.9x104+2x500x20x( + )
2 2
=1507.999X106mm 4
𝑏𝑑3
I =I +2 ×
yy yy of beam
12
20×5003
=3045x104+2 × = 447.1167x106mm4 ∴Hori. Spacing =d+2x60=220+120=340mm
12
For vertical spacing consider the triangle
∴r=r 𝐼𝑦𝑦 447.1167×106 tan45 = h/340, ie. 1=h/340, so h=340
yy=√
𝐴
=√ 31789 = 118.6mm
KL=0.8L=0.8x4000=3200 (pg.45) ∴vertical spacing =2h=2x340=680mm

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rmin of channel = r yy=28.3mm. ∴𝐾𝐿=680 r=rmin=28.3mm, but if r=28.3mm 𝐾𝐿= 10×1000

𝑟 28.3 𝑟 28.3
=24.03 < 50; hence ok (pg 50, 7.6.5.1) = 353.35.This value of 𝐾𝐿 is not available in table
𝑟
Transverse shear to be restricted by by lacing = for finding fcd. So we take r=rzz=136.6mm,so;
2.5% of axial force3 in the member(pg50,7.6.6.1) 𝐾𝐿
=2.5% of 1400x10 =35000N = 10×1000 = 73.206. since battened column
𝑟 136.6
𝐾𝐿
∴ shear to be resisted by each lacing system=35000 = 1.1𝐾𝐿 (pg.no 51, 7.7.1.4)
2 𝑟 𝑟
=17500N. =1.1x73.206=80.52.
Length of lacing, from triangle, cosθ=340 ∴ by interpolating, fcd=135.22N/mm2
𝑙
so l=480.83mm Load carrying capacity = Area x fcd=10732x135.22
=1451181=1451.181kN > 1400kN ∴ OK.
Min. thickness of lacing = 1 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 Spacing b/w channels:
40
(pg50, 7.6.3)= 1 × 480.3 = 12.02mm Let it be a clear distance d. to find equate Ixx=Iyy
40
Since x axis and CG of system and 2 channels lie
∴ provide 14mm thickness. Min width of lacing if
on same line and is symmetrical, Ixx=2xIxxof chanel
20mm bolts are used =3d=3x20=60mm(pg50,7.6.2)
= 2x (10008x104)=20016 x 104mm4
Use 60 ISF 14 , sectional area = 60x14=840mm2
Iyy=2x Iyy of channel+ Ah2 (where h = d/2 +Cyy) =
𝑏𝑑3 60×143 𝑑 2
𝐼
r=√ = √ 12 = √ 12 = 4.041mm 2 × [(430.6 × 104 + 22) + 5366 × ( + 24.4) ]
𝐴 𝐴 840 2
𝐾𝐿 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 480.83 Now equate Ixx=Iyy we get d=218.4mm.∴d=220mm
𝑟
= 𝑟
= 4.041
= 118.97 < 145 Assume battens overlaps channel by 60mm
(pg 50, 7.6.6.3) ∴ OK ∴Hori. Spacing =d+2x60=220+120=340mm
Strength of 20mm bolt: shear strength Design of battens: Let C be the spacing of battens
𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑣𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 1𝛾𝑚𝑏 × √3(nn𝜋Anb+nsAsb) , nn=1, ns=0 longitudinally.
1 400 2 =45272N Radius of gyration of one channel= ryy=28.3mm
= × ( 0.78 × 20 )
1.25 √3 4 Conditions: (i) 𝐶 < 50, ie. 𝐶 < 50, ie. C<1415
Bearing strength: 𝑟 28.3
𝐾𝐿
Assume edge dist = guage/2=60/2=30mm (ii) 𝐶 < 0.7× , ie. 𝐶 < 0.7× 80.52 ie. C<1595
∴ K = 𝑒 = 30 =0.4545 𝑟 𝑟 28.3
b
3𝑑𝑜1 3×22
∴Assume C=1200mm.
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓 Vt=2.5%of load given (pg51, 7.7.2.1)
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑙 1 𝑏 𝑢 =2.5%of 1400x103=35000N
= × 2.5 × 0.4545 × 20 × 14 × 410 = V =𝑉𝑡𝐶 , N=2 always (description in pg51)
b
1.25 𝑁𝑆
104353𝑁 35000×1200
∴bolt value=45272N = 2×340
=61765N
𝑉𝑡𝐶 35000×1200
M= 2𝑁= = 10500000Nmm
∴no. of bolt= 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 2×2
17500 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Size of battens: Eff depth of end batten not less
= = 0.38 , so provide 1 bolt. than (d+2Cyy) and not less than 2 x bf
45272
Check for strength of lacing: 𝐾𝐿=118.97 (d+2Cyy)= 220+2x24.4=268.8mm
𝑟 2bf=2x100 = 200mm, so provide 270mm depth
Interpolating fcd=84.82N/mm2
Load carrying capacity=A x fc ∴overall depth =eff depth+2 x e=270+2 x 35=340
=60x14x84.82=71251N For intermediate battens, depth not less than ¾
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 17500 depth of end battens and not less than 2bf
∴force in lacing = = = 24749N 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛45 1 x 270 = 202.5 , 2bf=200, so provide 210mm
√2 4
< 71251 N. ∴ safe. Hence provide 60 ISF 14 flats Overall depth = 210+2x35=280mm
at 45° and connect them to CG of channels with Thickness of battens not less than 1/50 of overall
one bolt of 20mm nominal dia. depth of end batten = 1 x 340 = 6.8.
50
2.1.6. Design Of Battened Columns
So provide 8mm thick plates.
2.1.6.1. Design a battened column with two
Check for stresses in batten plates:
channels back to back of length 10m to carry an
Shear stress=𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝑏 = 61765 = 27.57N/mm2
axial factored load 1400kN. The column may be 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 280×8
𝑓𝑦 1
assumed to have restrained on position but not in < × ∴ OK
√3 1.1
direction at bot ends. (hinged ends).(same qstn abv)
Sol. Assuming fcd=135N/mm2 Shear stress < 0.6 x permissible stress
𝑃 1400×1000 Here permissible stress is not given. So no need to
A=𝑓 = = 10370mm2 check.
𝑐𝑑 135
6𝑀 6×10500000 𝑓𝑦
We have 2 channel section, so area of 1 section Bending stress= = < × 1.2
= 10370/2=5185mm2 𝑡𝑑2 8×2802 1.1
100.45<227.27N/mm2 ∴ OK
From steel table provide 2 ISMC350@413N/m
Connections: it is to be designed to transmit both
∴Area provide = 2 x 5366 = 10732mm2
shear and bending moment. Using 20mm bolts;

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1 𝑓𝑢𝑏 0.5
Single shear, 𝑣 = × (n A +n A ) 2.5×8.96(302−0.3×302)1.1
𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏
√3
n nb s sb ∴ts=[ ] =7.88mm
1 400 𝜋 250
=1.25 × √3
(1x0.78 × 4 202)=45272N Thickness of flange of ISHB300 is 10.6
Bearing strength: ∴ts< tf So its not OK
Assume edge dist = guage/2=60/2=30mm Provide 12mm thick plate.
𝑒 30
∴Kb= = =0.4545 Connecting 300x310x12 mm plate to concrete
3𝑑𝑜13×22 foundation: use 4 bolts of 20mm dia 300mm long
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓 to anchor the plate.
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝑏 𝑢
1
=
1.25
× 2.5 × 0.4545 × 20 × 14 × 410 =
104353𝑁
∴bolt value=45272N
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 61765
∴no. of bolt= = = 1.36=2bolts.
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 45272
But here we provide 3 bolts because it must
transmit both shear and BM.
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 61765
Force in each bolt due to shear= =
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 3
= 20588N. Let pitch be d/2=210/2=105mm
Force due to moment in extreme bolt= 𝑀𝑟
∑𝑟2
10500000×105
= 1052+1052 = 50000
Resultant force in extreme bolt Weld: Total available length for welding
=√205882 + 500002 = 54073N>45272N = 2x(250+250-7.6+300-2x10.6)=1542.4mm
1 1
Not safe. So provide61765
5 no. of bolts Strength of weld= 𝑓𝑢 × =410 × =189.37N/mm2
Force in each bolt = = 12353N √3 1.1 √3 1.1
5 Let s be size of weld, then eff area of weld=0.7sLe
10500000×100
Force due to moment = =42000N Where Le is the eff length.
2×(502+1002) Area x strength = load
(5 bolts with 50mm c/c . so looking from centre 0.7sLe x 189.37 = 1000x103, sLe=7543.8
first dist is 50 and second is 100mm. since its on Using 6mm weld, s=6, Le=1257.3mm
left and right we write 2(502+1002)) 2.2.2. Design Of Gusseted Base
Resultant force in extreme bolt 2.2.2.1. Design a gusseted base for a column
=√123532 + 420002 = 43729N<45272N ISHB350@710N/m with 2 plates 450x20 mm
Therefore safe. carrying factored load of 3600kN. The column is to
2.2. COLUMN BASES be supported on concrete pedestal to be built with
2.2.1. Design Of Slab Base M20 concrete. 3600×103
2.2.1.1. Design a slab base for a column ISHB300 Sol. f =20N/mm2,A= 𝑃𝑢 = =400000mm2
ck
@577N/m carrying an axial factored load of 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.45×20
1000kN. M20 concrete is used for the foundation. Selecting ISA150115, 15mm and select 16mm
Provide welded connection b/w column and base gusset plate
plate
Sol. Bearing strength of concrete=0.45fck=0.45x20
= 9N/mm2
Factored load Pu=1000kN
3
Area of base plate required = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =1000×10
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 9
=111111mm2.
Since ISHB300, depth=300, assume 30mm on 2
sides we get one side =300+30=30=360mm
So next side =111111/360=308 = 310mm
So size of plate = 360x310mm
Area provided=360x310=111600mm2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1000×103
Pressure = = = 8.96N/mm2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 111600
Projections : a = 360−300 = 30mm
2
310−250
b= 2
= 30mm From fig Min width required
0.5
2.5𝑤(𝑎2−0.3𝑏2)𝛾𝑚𝑜 =350+(2x20)+(2x16)+(2x115) = 652mm
min thickness required=[ 𝑓𝑦
] >tf So use 700mm plate.
w= 𝑃𝑢 1000×103 So length of base plate= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =400000 =571mm
= = 8.96 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 700
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 360×310

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IS 800 : 2007

So provide 700x600mm plate.Pressure under base Thickness of web = 7.5mm

𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 3600×103 2 Izz= 8603x104mm4
plate = = =8.57N/mm
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 700×600
700−350−(2×20)−(2×16)−(2×15)
Section modulus, Ze=573.6x103mm4
Projections : a= 2
Zp= 651.73x103mm3
= 124mm Self wt = 44.2kg/m(stl tbl)=44.2x9.8=433.6N/m
BM at section XX per mm width(assuming = 0.4336kN/m
pressure 8.57N/mm2 act as UDL & it is cantilever) ∴Factored load=1.5x0.4336=0.6504kN/m
2
2 8.57×1242
M=𝑊𝑙 = = 65886 Nmm Additional factored moment due to self wt=𝑊𝑙
12 12 𝑓𝑦 2 8
Bending strength=1.2x xZ , Z=𝑏𝑑 assume b=1 0.6504×1.52
𝛾𝑚𝑜
e
6
= 8
= 0.183 kNm
2
and d=t, bending strength=1.2x250x1×𝑡 Total factored moment=135+0.183=135.183kNm
1.1 6 Factored shear force = 𝑊𝑙 = 0.6504×1.5 = 0.488kN
Equate Md=Mxx 360 2 2
2
65886=1.2x227.27x1×𝑡 ,∴ t = 38.07 Total factored S.F= + 0.488 = 180.488kN
2
6 360
Assume a much bigger value than this . provide 2
because 360kN act at centre of SSB
56mm thickness base plate of size 700x600mm Section classification:
250
Condition: assuming ends of columns are faced for ε=√ =1
complete bearing, the connection b/w gusset plate 𝑓𝑦
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 140
and column will be designed for 50% of axial load. Overhang, b= = =70mm
∴Design load =0.5x3600=1800kN 2 2
1800 𝑏
=
70 =5.645< 9.4ε
Load on each splice = = 900kN 𝑡𝑓 12.4
2 𝑑 247.2
Use 24mm shop bolts 1 𝑓𝑢𝑏 = = 32.96 < 84ε
Shear strength, 𝑣 = × (n A +n A ) 𝑡𝑤 7.5
1 400 𝑑𝑠𝑏 𝜋 𝛾𝑚𝑏2 √3
n nb s sb So it is classified as plastic section.
= × (1x )=65192N Shear capacity of section,
1.25 √3
0.78 × 24
4
𝑓𝑦 1
= × ×ℎ×𝑡
𝑤
Bearing strength: √3 𝛾𝑚𝑜
e=1.5do=40mm, d=2.5do=70mm, ∴Kb=0.5128 250 1
1 = × × 300 × 7.5 = 295235N=295.235kN
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓 √3 1.1
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑙 𝑏 𝑢 Section is adequate to resist shear
1 0.6Vd=0.6x295.235=177.141kN
=
1.25
× 2.5 × 0.5128 × 24 × 15 × 410 =
∴V>0.6Vd(180.488>177.141)
151.37𝑘𝑁 Moment capacity:
∴bolt value=65192N Since V>0.6Vd and section belongs to plastic
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 900×103
∴no. of bolt= = = 13.8 category, 1
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 65192 M =M -β(M -M )<=1.2Z f × (pg 70)
But here we provide extra bolts because it must dv d d fd ey
𝛾𝑚𝑜
transmit both shear and BM 1 1
Md=zpfy× <=1.2Zefy×
So provide 16 bolts. 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑜
1
3.1.1. DESIGN OF BEAMS Now, zpfy× =Mp
3.1.1.1. Design a simply supported beam of 𝛾𝑚𝑜

effective span 1.5m carrying a factored =651.7x103 x 250 x 1 =148.144x106 N-mm

2 1.1 2
2𝑉 2×180.488
concentrated load of 360kNat mid span. β = [ − 1] =[ − 1] =0.05
Sol. Since simply supported, max moment occurs 𝐾𝐿
𝑉𝑑
1500
295.235
ℎ𝑓 287.6
at mid span and is given by M=𝑊𝐿 = = 52.8 & = = 23.69
4 𝑟 28.4 𝑡𝑓 12.4
= 360×1.5
4 =135kNm = 135x106 Nmm Table 14 pg57, by double interpolation,fcrb=888.2
𝑓𝑦 Now from table 13a pg55,interpolating fcrb & fy
∴Zpobtained from M=𝑍𝑝 × 𝛾
135×106×1.1 𝑚𝑜 fcd=204.77
So Zp= = 594x103 mm3 ∴Mfd=fcdxA=204.77x5626=1.15204x106Nmm, So
6
250 Mdv=148.114x10
6 -0.05(148.114x106-1.15204x106)
By looking this Zp value select a suitable section
=140.77x10 Nmm=140.77kNm>135.183kNm(total
from page 139 IS800. Select ISMB300 1
∴Zp= 651.74x103mm3 factored moment)and<156 (1.2Zefy× 𝛾 )
3 3×15003 𝑚𝑜
Section properties of ISMB300:(from steel table) Max deflection, δ=𝑊𝐿 = 360×10
Overall depth, h = 300mm 48𝐸𝐼 48×2×105×8603×104
1500
Width of flange, b=140mm =1.68mm<
300
Thickness of flange, tf = 12.4mm Hence section is adequate. Use ISMB300 as beam.
12.4 12.4
c/c dist b/w flanges,hf =300− − = 287.6mm 3.1.2. Web Buckling And Crippling
2 2 3.1.2.1. Determine the udl carrying capacity of the
depth of web,d= h-2x(tf+r1
)
= 300 – 2 x (12.4+14) = 247.2mm welded plate girder shown in fig. when it is used as
a cantilever beam of 4m eff span and check it for

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 IS 800 : 2007

ℎ 800
shear, deflection, web buckling and web crippling. Slenderness ratio, λ=2.5 = 2.5 × = 125
Assume stiff bearing length as 100mm. 𝑡𝑤 16
Since cross section of web is rectangle, it belongs
to buckling class c.
𝐾𝐿
Now from table 9.c interpolating =125&fy250
𝑟
We get fc=79
832
∴Fcdw=(b1+n1)twfc= (100+ )x16x79 = 652224
2
= 652.224kN > V. ∴safe.
Check for web crippling:
1
Web crippling strength = Fw=(b1+n2)twfy
𝛾𝑚𝑜
n2=2.5tf
1
So here, Fw=(b1+n2)twfy
𝛾𝑚𝑜
1
=(b1+2.5tf)twfy
𝛾𝑚𝑜
Sol. Section moduli, Izz=Iof total rectangle – Iof 2 side rectangle = (100+2.5x16)x16x250x 1 = 509.09x103N
1.1
200×8163 (200−16)×8003
12 − 12 = 1748.173x106mm4 =509.09kN > V ∴safe.
𝐼𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 832 ∴we conclude that the load carrying capacity is
Ze= , ymax= =
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 2 119.38 kN
1748.173×10 6
Ze= 832
= 4202.338x103mm3 3.1.2.2. Design a ssb of 10m eff span carrying a
2 total factored load of 60kN/m. The depth of beam
Mp=(200x16x816+400x16x400)fy should not exceed 500mm. The compression flange
𝑀𝑝
Ze= = 5171.2x103mm3 of the beam is laterally supported by floor
𝑓𝑦
construction. Assume stiff end bearing is 75mm
Section classification:
Sol. L=10m=10000mm, w=60kN
ε = 1, 𝑏𝑓 = 200 = 12.5, 𝑑 = 800 = 50 < 84ε 2 2 𝑊𝐿 60×10
𝑡𝑓 16 𝑡𝑤 16 Trial section: Max BM, M= 8 = 8
∴ it belogs to semicompact class of section.(pg18) = 750kN/m𝑀𝛾 = 𝑚𝑜
750x10 6
Nmm
750×106×1.1
Trial section: 1Assume V<0.6Vd ∴Z = = = 3300x103mm3
∴ M =β Z f , where β = 𝑍𝑒 p required 𝑓𝑦 250
d b py 𝑍𝑝
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1 Since depth is restricted to 500mm, select
∴ M =𝑍𝑒 ×Z f =Zf 3
1 4202.338×10 ×250
=
d py ey ISMB450 and suitable plates3 over flanges
𝑍𝑝 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1 Z of ISMB450 = 1553.4x10
p
= 955.0768x106Nmm = 955.0768 kNmm Zp provided by cover plates = (3300-1533.4)x103
Let factored udl be ‘w’kN/m , then
2 2 = 1746.6x103mm3
𝑤𝑙 𝑤×4
M= 2 = 2 = 8w If Ap is the area of cover plate on each side tensile
Equating Md=M, 955.0768=8w, w=119.385kN/m forces and comp forces developed at the time of
∴Shear, V=wL= 119.385x4 = 477.54kN hinge formation=Apfy (stress x area)
Check for shear: If the dist b/w two plates is d, plastic moment
𝐴 𝑝×𝑓 𝑦×𝑑×𝛾𝑚𝑜
Overall depth, h=800+16+16=832mm resisted = A f d, then Z = 𝑀𝛾𝑚𝑜 =
p y p
𝑓𝑦 1 250 1 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Vd= × ×ℎ×𝑡= × × 832 × 16
√3 𝛾𝑚𝑜 √3 1.1 Ap.d x1.1=1746.6x103
= 1746746.996N=1746.746kN > V ∴safe. Taking d=450+t ≈ 450
1746.6×103
0.6Vd=0.6x1746.746=286.523 > V ∴Ap= = 3528.48mm2
Hence calculated M is correct. 1.1×450
d
Assuming t=20mm, b x 20 = 3528.48
Check for deflection:
4 So, b = 176 = 180mm
δ= 𝑊𝐿 , factored load=119.38kN/m So provide 180x20mm 𝑓𝑦 plate
1 on either side
8𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 119.38 Check for shear: V = × × ℎ × 𝑡
∴working load = 1.5
= 79.587kN/m d 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑤
√3
= 79.587N/mm 4 250 1
× 450 × 9.4
79.587×4000 = 7.28mm = √3
× 1.1
δ= 3
= 555.044x10 N=555.04kN
8×2×105×1748.173×106
which should be < 𝑙 = 4000 = 13.33 ∴safe V= 𝑊𝐿 =60×10 = 300kN<555.04kN ∴safe.
300 300 2 2
Check for web buckling: Check for moment capacity: section classification
𝑏 150
Bucling strength Fcdw=(b1+n1)twfc = = 8.6<9.4ε
𝑡𝑓 17.4
b1= bearing strength(given in question) 𝑑 450−(2×17.4)
n1=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = = 44.17 < 84ε
𝑡𝑤 9.4
2 ℎ
Slenderness ratio, λ=2.5 Hence plastic section
𝑡𝑤 Now 0.6Vd = 0.6x559.044 = 333.026 >V
Since its a built up section,h=depth of web=800mm

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IS 800 : 2007

𝑍𝑝𝑓𝑦
∴M =1 × < 1.2 Z f 1 Load parallel to sheeting = wTsinθ
d
𝑍𝑝𝑓𝑦 𝛾𝑚𝑜 ey
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑓𝑦 = 1.46x sin26.56 = 0.653 kN/m
= (Z pof I section+Z p of plates)x 𝑊𝐿2
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑜 Bending moments: UDL so M= 8
= [1553.4x103+1746.6x103]x250 1.1 =750x10 Nmm
6
∴Mz=
wTcosθ×𝐿2
=
1.306×4.5 2
8 = 3.306kNm
Izz= Izzof ISMB450 + Izz of plates 8 2 2
wTsinθ×𝐿 0.653×4.5
4
= 30390.8x10 + 2x (180x20)x(225+10) 2 My= 8
= 8 = 1.653kNm
=701.528 x 106mm 4
Shear forces: F=WL
Ze= =
𝐼 701.528×106 = 2863379.6mm4 2
wTcosθ×𝐿 1.306×4.5
𝑦 225+20 ∴Fz= 2 = 8
= 2.939kN
1 1
∴1.2 Ze fy 𝛾
= 1.2x2863379.6x250x wTsinθ×𝐿 0.653×4.5
𝑚𝑜 1.1 Fy= 2 = 2 = 1.469kN
= 780.92x106Nmm Try ISMC100: b=50mm, h=100mm, tf=7.5mm
∴Md= 750x106Nmm d= h-2t𝑀𝑧f = 100-2x7.5 = 85mm
Check for deflection: Z = ×𝛾 𝑑 𝑀𝑦
pz req 𝑚𝑜 + 2.5 × 𝑏 × 𝐹 𝑦
× 𝛾𝑚𝑜
Working load = 60 = 40kN/m = 40N/mm 𝐹𝑦
1.5 3.306×10 6 1.653×10 85 6
5𝑤𝐿4 5×40×100004 = 250 × 1.1 + 2.5 × 50 × 250 × 1.1
δ= = 5 6 = 37.12mm
384𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 384×2×10 ×701.528×10 = 45457.5mm=45.457x103mm
if elastic cladding is assured, permissible deflection Zpz of ISMC100 = 43.83x103mm (pg140 is 800)
is𝐿 𝐿 (table 6 IS 800) Hence section is adequate.
𝑓𝑦 1
24010000
= = 41.67mm. ∴ Safe Check for shear:V = × ×𝐴 ,
240 240 dz 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑧
√3
Check for web buckling: Avz= h.t250
w for hot rolled(pg 59, IS800)
1
Since its a built up section,d=depth of web ∴ Vdz= × × 100 × 4.7 = 61671N > Fz
=450-2x9.4 = 431.2mm 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 √31 1.1
431.2 V= × ×𝐴
Slenderness ratio, λ=2.5 = 2.5 × = 114.68 dy
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑦
𝑡𝑤 9.4 A =2bt
√3
Since cross section of web is rectangle, it belongs vy f
250 1
to buckling class c. Vdy= × × 2 × 50 × 7.5 = 98411.97N>Fy
𝐾𝐿 √3 1.1
Now from table 9.c interpolating =114.68&fy250 ∴section is adequate to resist shear.
𝑟
We get fc=89.47N/mm2 Design capacity of section:
b =75mm,(given in qst) n =450+2×20 (total depth/2) Section classification: 𝑏 = 50 = 6.7 < 9.4ε
1 1 𝑡𝑓 7.5
490 2
∴Fcdw=(b1+n1)twfc= (75+ )x9.4x89.47 = 269126N 𝑑
= 100 = 18.7 < 42ε
2 𝑡𝑤 4.7
= 269.126kN > V. ∴safe. So from table 2 pg 18,, section belongs to plastic
Check for web crippling: section.
Web crippling strength 𝑍𝑝𝑧×𝑓𝑦 (pg.53 IS800)
F =(b +n )t f 1 , n =2.5t ∴Mdz= 𝛽 𝛾𝑚𝑜
w 1
2 w y1
𝛾
2 f β=1 for plastic section, Z =43.83x103 (pg.140)
=(b1+2.5tf)twfy 𝑚𝑜 43.83×103×250
pz
6
𝛾𝑚𝑜
1
∴Mdz= 1.1 = 9.96x10
2 2 Nmm=9.96kNm
3 𝑏 𝑡𝑓 50 ×7.5
= (75+2.5x(17.4+20))x9.4x250x 1.1 = 359.98x10 N 𝑍𝑝𝑦×𝑓𝑦 = = = 9375mm3
Mdy= 𝛾 , Z py 2
=359.98kN > V ∴safe. 𝑚𝑜 250
2
4.1.1.TRUSS ∴ Mdy= 9375 × = 2.13x106Nmm=2.13kNm
1.1
4.1.1.1. Symmetric truss of span 20m and height 𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 3.306 1.653 < 1 ∴Safe
∴ + = +
5m are spaced at 4.5m c/c. Design channel section 𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 9.96 2.13
purlin to be placed at 1.4m distances to resist the Check for wind correction:
following loads. Total DL = 0.296 kN/m2
Weight of sheeting including bolt = 171N/m2 Factored DL = 1.5x0.296x1.4 = 0.6216kN/m
Live load = 0.4kN/m2 (1.4m is span)
Wind load = 1.2kN/m2, suction. Wind load = 1.2kN/m2 = 1.2x1.4 = 1.68kN/m
Sol. Slope θ = tan-1( 𝐻𝑡.𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠 ) = tan-1( 5 )=26.56 Factored wind load = 1.68x1.5= 2.52kN/m
𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 10 Wind will act only normal and will not act parallel
Assume self wt of purlin = 125N/m2 ∴Load normal to sheeting= -2.52+0.6216cosθ
Given DL=171 N/m2, ∴Total DL = 171+125 -ve since suction = -2.52+0.6216 x cos26.56
= 296N/m2 = 0.296 kN/m2 = -1.965kN/m = 1.96kN/m outwards
Total factored DL+LL = 1.5x(0.296+0.4) Load parallel to sheeting = 0.6216sinθ=0.277kN/m
=1.044kN/m2 w𝐿2 1.96×4.52
Factored load x span = UDL=1.044x1.4=1.46kN/m ∴Mzz= 8
= 8
= 4.96kNm
w𝐿2 0.277×4.52
ie, wT= 1.46kN/m My= = = 0.701 kNm
Load normal to sheeting = w cosθ 8 8
T
Eff length KL=1.2L = 1.2x4500=5400mm
=1.46x cos26.56 = 1.306kN/m

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 IS 800 : 2007

r = r =14.9 , KL 5400 𝑀𝑧 𝑑 𝑀𝑦𝛾𝑚𝑜

min y ∴ 𝑟 = 14.9 = 362.41 > 300 Zpz req= 𝛾𝑚𝑜 + 2.5 × 𝑏 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦
Hence revise the section Try ISMB150: b=80mm, h=150mm, tf=18.05mm
Try ISMC 125 , rmin= ry=19.2mm d= h-2t𝑀f =𝑧 150-2x18.05 = 𝑑113.9mm
𝑀𝑦
KL 5400
∴ 𝑟 = 19.2 = 281.25 h 125
Zpz req= 𝐹𝑦 × 𝛾𝑚𝑜 + 2.5 × × 𝐹𝑦 × 𝛾𝑚𝑜
𝑏
For ISMC 125, h=125, tf=8.1, ∴ = = 15.43 9.928×106 6
𝑡𝑓 8.1 = × 1.1 + 2.5 × 113.9 × 5.731×10 × 1.1
From table 14 pg 57 , by double interpolating for 250 3 80 250
KL h
= 133.438x10 mm
= 281.25 and =15.43 , Zpz of ISMB150 = 110.476x103mm (pg140 is 800)
𝑟 𝑡𝑓 Hence not sufficient.
we get fcrb=115.65N/mm2
From table 13a pg 55, interpolating fcrb&fy Try ISMB175: b=90mm, h=175mm, tf=20.25mm
We get fbd = 86.53N/mm2 d= h-2tf = 175-2x20.25 = 𝑑134.5mm
𝑀𝑦
∴Mdz= 𝛽𝑏 × 𝑍𝑝𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦 Zpz req=𝑀𝑧 × 𝛾 × 𝛾 𝑚𝑜
β=1 for plastic section, Z =77.2x103 (pg.140) 𝐹𝑦6
𝑚𝑜 + 2.5 × × 6
pz 9.928×10 𝑏134.5
𝐹 𝑦 5.731×10 × 1.1
∴Mdz=1x77.2x103x86.53 = 250 × 1.1 + 2.5 × ×
90 250
= 6.68x106Nmm=6.68kNm𝑏2𝑡𝑓 652×8.1
= 137.894x103mm
𝑍𝑝𝑦×𝑓𝑦 = = = 17111.25mm3 Zpz of ISMB175 = 166.076x103mm (pg140 is 800)
Mdy= , Z py
𝛾𝑚𝑜 2
250 2 Hence section is adequate
𝑓𝑦 1
∴ Mdy= 17111.25 × = 3.8x106Nmm=3.8kNm Check for shear:V = × ×𝐴 ,
1.1 dz 𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑧
𝑀𝑧 𝑀𝑦 4.96 0.701 √3
∴ + = + =0.92 < 1 ∴Safe Avz= h.tw for hot rolled(pg 59, IS800)
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 6.68 3.8 250 1 × 175 × 5.5 = 126.295x103N > F
∴V= ×
So ISMC 125 is adequate dz𝑓𝑦
√3 1 1.1
z
Check for deflection: V= × ×𝐴
Iz=416.4x104mm4,w=12.7kg/m (from steel table) dy
√3
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑣𝑦
Avy=2bt
250f 1
W=12.7 = 1.30kN/m Vdy= × × 2 × 90 × 8.6 = 203.122x103N>Fy
9.8
5 𝑊𝐿4 5×1.3×45004 = 8.33mm √3 1.1
δ=384𝐸𝐼 384×2×10
= 5×416.4×104 ∴section is adequate to resist shear.
4500
Permissible deflection = 𝐿 = = 30mm Design capacity of section:
150 150 Section classification: 𝑏 = 45 = 5.23 < 9.4ε
Hence safe. Provide ISMC 125 𝑡𝑓 8.6
4.1.1.2. Design an I section purlin for an industrial 𝑑
=
134.5
= 24.45 < 84ε
building to support a galvanizes corrugated iron 𝑡𝑤 5.5
sheet roof. Given So from table 2 pg 18,, section belongs to plastic
Spacing of the trusses = 5m section.
Spacing of purlins = 1.5m 𝑍𝑝𝑧×𝑓𝑦 (pg.53 IS800)
∴Mdz= 𝛽 𝛾
Inclination of main rafter to horizontal = 30⁰ 𝑚𝑜

Weight of galvanized sheets taking into account β=1 for plastic section, Zpz=166.076x103 (pg.140)
166.076×103×250
laps and connecting bolts = 1302 N/m2 ∴Mdz=
Imposed snow load = 1.5kN/m 1.1
= 37.745x106Nmm= 37.745kNm
Wind load = 1kN/m2 suction. 𝑍
𝑝𝑦×𝑓𝑦
2
𝑏 𝑡 𝑓 902×20.25
Sol. DL=130 N/m2, spacing of purlin = 1.5m Mdy= 𝛾𝑚𝑜
, Zpy= =
2 2
= 82012.5mm3
250
DL per m run of purlin = 130x1.5 = 195N/m ∴ Mdy= 82012.5 ×
Imposed load = 1.5kN/m2 1.1
Imposed load per m run = 1.5x1.5=2.25kN/m = 18.64x106Nmm=18.64kNm
𝑀 𝑀𝑦 9.928 5.731
Total factored DL = 1.5x(0.195+2.25)=3.668kN/m ∴ 𝑧 + = + =0.57 < 1 ∴Safe
ie, w = 3.668kN/m 𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 37.745 18.64
T
Check for wind correction:
Load normal to sheeing = wTcosθ
Total DL = 0.195 kN/m
=3.668x cos30= 3.177kN/m Factored DL = 1.5x0.195= 0.292kN/m
Load parallel to sheeting = wTsinθ
Wind load = 1kN/m2 = 1x1.5 = 1.5kN/m
= 3.668x sin30 = 1.834 kN/m Factored wind load = 1.5x1.5= 2.25kN/m
2
Bending moments: UDL so M=𝑊𝐿8 Wind will act only normal and will not act parallel
2
wTcosθ×𝐿2 3.177×5
= 9.928kNm ∴Load normal to sheeting= -2.25+0.292cosθ
∴Mz= 8
=
8 -ve since suction = -2.25+0.292 x cos30
wTsinθ×𝐿2 1.834×52 = -1.997kN/m = 1.997kN/m outwards
My= 8
= = 5.731kNm
WL 8 Load parallel to sheeting = 0.292sin30=0.146kN/m
Shear forces: F= ∴Mzz= w𝐿8 2 = 1.997×5 2
2
3.177×5 = 6.24kNm
∴Fz=wTcosθ×𝐿 = = 7.943kN w𝐿2
8
0.146×52
2 2
wTsinθ×𝐿 1.834×5
My= = = 0.456 kNm
8 8
Fy= 2
= 2
= 4.585kN

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IS 800 : 2007

Since load act through the shear centre So from table 2 pg 18,, section belongs to class 3
Eff length KL=1L = 1x5000=5000mm semi compact section.
KL 5000 𝑍 ×𝑓𝑦 𝑍𝑒×𝑓𝑦
rmin= ry=18.6 , ∴ 𝑟 = 18.6 = 268.8 ∴Md= 𝛽 𝑝𝑧 𝛾𝑚𝑜 = 𝛾𝑚𝑜
Hence revise the section h 175 For ISA10075,6mm Ze = 11.5x103mm3
𝑍𝑒×𝑓𝑦 11.5×103×250
For ISMB 175, h=175, tf=8.6, ∴ = = 20.35 Md= = = 2.875x106 Nmm
𝑡𝑓 8.6 𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1
From table 14 pg 57 , by double interpolating for =2.875kNm > M
KL
= 268.8 and h =20.35 , Hence ISA10075,6mm is suitable as purlin.
𝑟 𝑡𝑓
5.1. PREVIOUS YEAR
we get fcrb=94 N/mm2
5.1.1. The tension member of a truss consists of
From table 13a pg 55, interpolating fcrb&fy two angles ISA 90 x 90 x 6, If the two angles are
We get fbd = 73.22N/mm2
welded on either side of a gusset plate at the joint.
∴Mdz= 𝛽𝑏 × 𝑍𝑝𝑧 × 𝑓𝑏𝑑
Design the joint. Axial tension in the member is
β=1 for plastic section, Zpz=166.076x103 (pg.140)
250kN. Use 6mm fillet weld.
∴Mdz=1x166.076x103x73.22 Sol. Working load=250KN,
= 12.16x106Nmm=12.16kNm Factored load=1.5x250=375KN
Mdy=7.294kNm (as found earlier)
𝑀 𝑀𝑦 6.24 0.456 Given s= 6mm weld
∴ 𝑧 + = + =0.57 < 1 ∴Safe Since there is 2 angled section, each angle carries a
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 12.16 7.294 factored load of 375/2=187.5KN
So ISMB 175 is adequate
Let Lw be total length of weld required
Check for deflection:
Iz=1272x104mm4,w=3.368kN/m=3.368N/mm Assuming normal weld, t=0.7s=0.7x6=4.2
𝑓 1
mm
5 𝑊𝐿4 5×3.368×50004 So design strength of weld=𝐿 𝑡 × 𝑢 ×
δ= = 5 4 = 10.77mm 410 1
𝑤 √3 1.25
384𝐸𝐼 384×2×10 ×1272×10 =𝐿 × 4.2 × × =795.36 L
𝑤 w
Permissible deflection = 𝐿 =5000 = 33.33mm √3 1.25
150 150 Equating it to factored load, 795.36 Lw=187.5x103
Hence safe. Provide ISMB 175
∴ Lw = 236 mm
4.1.1.3. Design angle purlin for following data.
From steel table Cxx=24.2mm (dist to CG from top)
Spacing of trusses = 3.5m
Let L1 be the length of top weld and L2 be length of
Spacing of purlins = 1.6m
lower weld. To make CG of weld to coincide with
Weights of A.C sheets including laps and fixtures 59
= 0.205kN/m2 that of angle, L1x24.2 = L2(90-31),∴L1= 24.2L2
59
Live load = 0.6kN/m2 L1+L2=236, so L2+L2=236 or L2=69mm
24.2
Wind load = 1kN/m2, suction ∴ L1=236-69=167mm
Inclination of main rafter of truss = 21⁰
Sol. Trial section:
Min depth = L/45 = 3500/45=78mm
Min width = L/60 = 3500/60 = 58.3mm
Let’s try ISA9090,6mm thick
Dead load: Wt of AC sheets with overlaps and
fixtures =0.205kN/m2=1.6x0.205 =0.328kN/m
Live load = 0.6x1.6 =0.96kN/m
∴total vertical downward load = 0.328+0.96
=1.288kN/m
ie, wT= 1.288 kN/m (In fig. Cxx=24.2mm instead of 31mm and
Factored(DL+LL) normal to sheeting = wTcosθ ISA 9090,6mm )
=1.5x1.288x cos21= 1.804kN/m 5.1.2. An angle section 8 mm. thick carrying 120
Factored(DL+WL) normal to sheeting kN factored load is to be connected to a gusset
= 1.5x(0.328cos21⁰ - 1) = -1.04 kN/m plate. (lap joint) using M 20 bolts of grade 4.6.
= 1.04kN/m outward (-ve since suction) Find the number of bolts required and sketch the
∴ DL+LL is critical connection details. And also find efficiency of
2 bolted Joint.
Bending moments: UDL so M z=𝑊𝐿
10 Sol. Use M20 bolt of grade 4.6, d=20mm,do=22mm
1.804×3.5 2
∴Mz= = 2.21 kNm fub=400N/mm2
10 Shear strength of bolt: since single cover n =1,n =0
n s
For ISA9060,6mm thick, 𝑓
𝑉400 = 𝑢𝑏(nnAnb+nsAsb)
Section classification: 𝑛𝑠𝑏 𝜋
𝑏 60 = (1x √3 2+0)=56590.54N
= = 10 (b/w 9.4&10.5) √3
0.78 × 20
4
𝑡𝑓 6 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏
𝑑 90
= = 15 (b/w 10.5&15.7) 𝑉𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾 =36218/1.25=45272 N
𝑡𝑤 6 𝑚𝑏
Bearing strength:
Min edge dist, e =1.5do pg 74 IS800

156
 IS 800 : 2007

Min pitch, p = 2.5do

So, e = 1.5x22=33=35mm
p = 2.5x22 = 55mm, Kb is min of following
𝑒 35
= = 0.5303
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥22
𝑝
- 0.25 = 55 – 0.25 = 0.583
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥22
𝑓𝑢𝑏
= 400/410 = 0.9756 Checking the design:
𝑓𝑢 (i) Strength against yielding:
1, so here Kb= 0.5303 𝐴𝑔𝑓𝑦
Vnpb= 2.5Kb.d.t.fu=2.5x0.5303x20x8x410 𝑇𝑑𝑔 = 𝛾𝑚𝑜 , Ag= 4312mm2(from steel table)
= 86969.2 N ∴𝑇 = 4312×250 980000 N>400000 N ∴OK
𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏 86969.2 =
𝑉 = = = 69575.36 N 𝑑𝑔 1.1
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝛾𝑚𝑏 1.25 Rupture strength of critical section :
So design strength is min shear and bearing 0.9𝐴 𝑓 β𝐴𝑔𝑜𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 𝑛𝑐 𝑢 + 𝛾
strength = 45272 N=45.272KN 𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑜

Load transferred=120KN Anc= net area of connected leg

∴ no.of bolt=120/45.272=2.65=3 bolt =(length of con.leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
10
2 × [(150 − 22) − ] × 10=2460mm2(22 is do)
2
Ago=gross area
=(length of other leg-𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) x thicknesss
2
10
2 × [75 − ] × 10=1400mm2
2
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠
β=1.4 - 0.076× × × (description in pg33)
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐
w=75mm,wi=30mm(dist to bolt from con.leg, ie. e)
Tensile strength: 𝑃𝑠𝑖 ∴bs= w + wi – t=75+30-10=95mm
A =[𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑 + ∑ ] 2× 𝑡 (Assuming b=120mm) Lc=length b/w extreme bolts=6x60=360mm
n 𝑜 4𝑔𝑖 75 250 95
= (120-1x22)x8=784mm2 ∴β=1.4 - 0.076× × × = 1.31
10 410 360
0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛
𝑇𝑑𝑛1 = 𝛾𝑚𝑙 ∴𝑇 = 0.9×2460×410 + 1.31×1400×250
𝑑𝑛 1.25 1.1
0.9×410×784
= = 231.44KN >120KN (so safe) =1143010N > 400000N. ∴OK
1.25 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 Block shear strength:
Efficiency of joint= × 100 A =gross area of shear(with bolt dia)
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ vg
𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
Strength of solid plate = ×𝐴 = (360+40)x10=4000mm2
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑔 Avn=net area(neglecting bolt dia)
= 250x(120x10) = 272727.27 N = 272.72 KN = (360+40-5.5x22)x10=2790mm2(5.5 no.of bolts)
1.1 45.272 Atg=gross area of tension=(150-30)x10=1200mm2
So, effi = × 100 = 16.6%
272.72 Atn=net area=(150-30-0.5x22)x10=1090mm2
5.2.1. Design a double angle tension member Tdb is least of following 2
connected on each side of a 10 mm thick gusset 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔𝑓𝑦 + 0.9𝐴𝑡𝑛𝑓𝑢
plate, to carry an axial factored load of 400 kN. Use 𝑑𝑏 √3×𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝛾𝑚𝑙
4000×250 0.9×1090×410
20 mm. black bolts. Assume shop connection. = √3×1.1 + = 846631.88 N
𝑇𝑑 400×1000 2 1.25
Sol. Total area Ag= 𝑓 /𝛾 = 250/1.1 =1760mm 0.9𝐴𝑣𝑛𝑓𝑢 𝐴𝑡𝑔𝑓𝑦
𝑦 𝑚𝑜 𝑇𝑑𝑏 = √3×𝛾𝑚𝑙 + 𝛾𝑚𝑜
Add a 25% extra. Try 2 ISA15075, 10mm thick 0.9×2790×410 1200×250
= + = 748237.57 N
Gross area = 2x2156=4312mm2 √3×1.25 1.1
Strength of 20mm black bolts: ∴Tdb= 748237.57 N
(i) In double shear: Strength of 2 angles = 2x328606
𝑓𝑢𝑏
1
𝑣𝑑𝑠𝑏 = 𝛾 × (nnAnb+nsAsb) =1496475N > 400000N ∴OK (hence safe)
1
𝑚𝑏
400
√3
𝜋 𝜋
5.2.2. A column 4 m. long has to support a factored
=1.25 × ( 2 2)=103314N
√3 0.78 × 20
4 + 20 4
axial load of 6000 kN. The column is effectively
Edge dist, e=1.5do=1.5x22=33=40mm held at both ends and restrained in direction at one
Pitch, p=2.5do=2.5x22=55=60mm ends. Design the column using standard rolled
Kb= min1 value of four=0.606 sections and plates
𝑣 = × 2.5𝑘 . 𝑑. 𝑡. 𝑓 Sol. Assuming fcd=200N/mm2
𝑑𝑝𝑏 𝑏 𝑢 𝑃 6000×1000
𝛾𝑚𝑙 A= = = 30,000mm2
= 1 × 2.5 × 0.606 × 20 × 8 × 410 = 79507𝑁 𝑓𝑐𝑑 200
1.25 =area of plates + area of I section
∴bolt value=79507N Using ISHB450@925N/m,A=11789mm2
∴no. of bolt=400×1000=5.03= 6 bolts Width of flange = 250mm
79507
Provide 6 bolts in a row as shown(make changes) ∴area of plates = 30,000-11789 = 18211mm2

157
IS 800 : 2007

Selecting 20mm thick plates, breadth b can be 𝑑 175−(2×7.4)

= = 29.127 < 84ε
obtained from, 2x(bx20)=18211 (since 2 plates) 𝑡𝑤 5.8

∴b = 455.3mm,∴provide 20mm x 500 mm plates Hence plastic section

𝑏−𝑏𝑓 Now 0.6Vd = 0.6x133.184= 79.9 >V
Check for overhang: overhang= 𝑡 = 500−250
20 ∴ d 1 × 𝑍𝑝𝑓𝑦 1
=12.5 < 12t (clause 10.2.3.2) M= 𝛾𝑚𝑜 < 1.2 Zefy 𝛾
𝑍𝑝𝑓𝑦 𝑚𝑜 𝑓𝑦
Total area provided, = (Z of I section+Z of plates)x
p p
Ae=(500x20x2)+11789=31789mm2 𝛾𝑚𝑜 250 𝛾𝑚𝑜
4 4 = [194.2x10 +270.55x103]x
3
=105.625x106Nmm
For ISHB45@925, Izz=40349.9x10 mm 1.1
4
Iyy= 3045x10 mm 4 Izz= Izzof ISWB175 + Izz of plates
For section selected, Izz=Izz of beam+Ah2 = 1509.4x104 + 2x (160x10)x(175+10)2
2 2
450 20 2
=40349.9x104+2x500x20x( + ) =42.474 x 106mm4
𝐼 42.474×106
2 2 = 435631mm4
=1507.999X106mm43 Z= =
𝑏𝑑 e 87.5+10
I =I +2 × 𝑦 1 1
yy yy of beam 12
∴1.2 Ze fy 𝛾𝑚𝑜
= 1.2x435631x250x
20×5003 1.1
=3045x104+2 × = 447.1167x106mm4 = 118.8x106Nmm 6
12 ∴Md= 105.625x10 Nmm
∴ r = r =√ 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = √447.1167×106 = 118.6mm Check for deflection:
yy
𝐴31789

KL=0.8L=0.8x4000=3200 (pg.45) Working load = 20 = 13.33kN/m = 13.33N/mm

1.5
𝐾𝐿 3200
= = 26.98, belongs to buckling class c 5𝑤𝐿4 5×13.33×65004
𝑟 118.6 2
δ= 384𝐸𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 384×2×105×42.474×106 = 36.47mm
Interpolating, fcd=214.9N/mm (pg. 42) if elastic cladding is assured, permissible deflection
∴ Pd= Aefcd=31789 x 214.9 = 6831456 N
= 6831.456 kN>6000kN, ∴ safe. is 𝐿 (table 6 IS 800)
150
𝐿
5.3.1. A simply supported beam is to carry a load 150
= 6500
150
= 43.33mm. ∴ Safe
of 20 KN/m. The beam ends are resting on 250 mm Check for web buckling:
thick walls with bearing plates with clear span as Since its a built up section,d=depth of web
6.25 m. The beam supports a floor slab. Design the =175-2x7.4= 160.2mm 𝑑 160.2
beam with steel of yield stress 250 MPa. Slenderness ratio, λ=2.5 = 2.5 × = 68.96
Sol. L=6.25+0.25=6.5m=6500mm, w=20kN/m 𝑡𝑤 5.8
2 2
Trial section: Max BM, M= 𝑊𝐿 = 20×6.5 Since cross section of web is rectangle, it belongs
8 8 to buckling class c.
= 105.625kNm = 105.625x106 N mm Now from table 9.c interpolating 𝐾𝐿=68.96&f 250
𝑀𝛾𝑚𝑜 105.625×106×1.1 3 3 𝑟
y
∴Zp req= 𝑓𝑦
= 250
=464. 75x10 mm We get fc=153.664N/mm 2

Select ISWB175 and suitable plates over flanges b1=250mm,(given in qst)

175+2×10
Zp of ISWB175 = 194.2x103mm3. n1= 2 (total depth/2)
Zp provided by cover plates = (464.75-194.2)x103 ∴
Fcdw=(b1+n1)twfc= (250+97.5)x5.8x153.664
= 270.55x103mm3 = 309710N
If Ap is the area of cover plate on each side tensile = 309.71kN > V. ∴safe.
forces and comp forces developed at the time of Check for web crippling:
hinge formation=Apfy (stress x area) Web crippling strength
If the dist b/w two plates is d, plastic moment 1
𝐴 𝑝×𝑓 𝑦×𝑑×𝛾𝑚𝑜 Fw=(b1+n2)twfy𝛾 , n2=2.5tf
resisted = A f d, then Z = 𝑀𝛾𝑚𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜
p y
3
p 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 =(b +2.5t )t f 1
A .d x1.1=270.55x10 1 fwy
𝛾𝑚𝑜
p
Taking d=175+t ≈ 175 = (250+2.5x(7.4+10))x5.8x250x 1
1.1
270.55×103
∴Ap= 1.1×150 =1639.69mm2 = 386.89x103N
=386.89kN > V ∴safe.
Assuming t=10mm, b x 10 = 1639.69
5.1.1. Find the efficiency of single bolted butt joint
So, b = 163.9 = 160mm
with double cover plates connecting two plates of
So provide 160x10mm 𝑓𝑦 plate
1 on either side
Check for shear: V = × × ℎ × 𝑡 8mm thickness wit 16mm dia bolts of grade 4.6.
d
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑤 Sol. For M16 bolts of grade 4.6, Dia of bolt
√3
250
×
1
× 175 × 5.8 d=16mm, Ultimate strength fub= 400 N/mm2
√3 1.1 do=16+2=18mm. Partial safety factor γ mb=1.25. For
= 133.184x103N=133.184kN Fe410(E250)plates, Ultimate stress fu=410N/mm2,
V= 𝑊𝐿 =20×6.5 = 65kN<133.184kN ∴safe.
partial safety factor γ ml=1.25
𝑉
2 2
Check for moment capacity: section classification Shear strength: 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑠𝑏................... Pg.75 IS800
𝑑𝑠𝑏
𝑏 125 = 16.89<9.4ε 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝛾𝑚𝑏
= (nnAnb+nsAsb)
𝑡𝑓 7.4 𝑉𝑛𝑠𝑏 =
√3

158
 IS 800 : 2007

Butt joint with double cover𝜋 nn=1 and ns=1

𝜋 2 2 2
∴ Eff area of weld = eff length x throat thickness
A 𝐿𝑤𝑡𝑓𝑢/√3
nb= 0.78 × 𝑑 4 =0.78 × 16
4 =156.82mm ∴ Design strength of weld =
A = 𝜋 𝑑2 = 𝜋 × 162 = 201.06mm2 𝛾𝑚𝑤
sb 200×16×410/√3
4 𝑓𝑢𝑏 4 = = 605987 N = 605.987kN
∴𝑉 = (nnAnb+nsAsb) 1.25
𝑛𝑠𝑏 √3 (ii) Single V butt weld:
=400(1x156.82+1x201.06) Since penetration is not complete,
√3
=82651N Eff throat thickness = 5 x thickness of thinner plate
8
∴ Vdsb=82651/1.25 = 66121 KN = 5 x 16 = 10mm
Tensile Strength: 8
For max efficiency, strength of plate per pitch ∴ Design strength of weld = 𝐿 𝑤𝑡𝑓𝑢/√3
𝛾𝑚𝑤
width should be equated to strength of bolt. 200×10×410/√3
To avoid failure of cover plate, the total thickness = = 378742 N = 378.742kN
1.25
of cover plate should be greater than thickness of 1.1.1. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steel
main plate. Structures
Given thickness of main plate = 8mm The advantages of steel over other materials for
Give cover plate of 6mm thickness so that total construction are:
thickness = 2x6=12mm>8mm 1. It has high strength per unit-mass. Hence even
∴ Design strength of plate per pitch width, for large structures, the size of steel structural;
0.9𝑓𝑢𝐴𝑛
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 𝛾 , An=(b-ndo)t element is small, saving space in construction and
𝑚𝑙
Since per pitch, b=p, n=1, do=18mm, t= 8mm improving aesthetic view.
An=(p-18)x8 2. It has assured quality and high durability.
0.9×410×(𝑝−18)×8
∴𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 1.25
= 2361.6(p-18) 3. Speed of construction is another important
Equate Tdn=Vdsb advantage of steel structure. Since Standard
2361.6(p-18) = 66121, p=46mm sections of steel are available which can be
Provide p=50mm prefabricated 1n the workshop/site, they may be
pmin= 2.5do=2.5x18 = 45mm kept ready by the time the site is ready and the
emin= 1.5do = 1.5x18 = 27 = 30mm structure erected as soon as the site is ready. Hence
𝑉𝑛𝑝𝑏
𝑉𝑑𝑝𝑏 = 𝛾 there is lot of saving in construction time.
𝑚𝑏 4. Steel structures can be strengthened it any later
Vnpb= 2.5Kb.t.d.fu , Kb is least of following(pg75) time, if necessary. It needs just welding additional
𝑒 30
= = 0.55
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥18 sections.
𝑝
- 0.25 = 50 – 0.25 = 0.675 5. By using bolted connection, steel structures can
3𝑑𝑜 3𝑥18
𝑓𝑢𝑏 be easily dismantled and transported to other sites
𝑓𝑢
= 400/410 = 0.9756 quickly.
1, so here Kb= 0.55 6. If Joints are taken care, it is the best water and
so Vnpb=2.5x0.55x16x8x410=72160 N per bolt gas resistant structure. Hence can be used for
Vdpb= 72160/1.25 = 57728 N per bolt making water tanks also.
∴ design strength of bolt in joint = min of two = 7. Material is reusable.
57728 N The disadvantages of steel structures are:
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Efficiency of joint= × 100 1. It is susceptible to corrosion
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
Strength of solid plate = × 𝐴 2. Maintenance cost is high, since it needs painting
𝛾𝑚𝑜 𝑔
to prevent corrosion.
Strength per pitch width, b=p 3. Steel members are costly.
= 250x(50x8) = 90909N
1.1 1.1.2. Types Of Steel
So, effi = 57728 × 100 = 63.5% Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Apart from
90909
5.1.2. An 18mm thick plate is joined to a 16mm carbon by adding small percentage of manganese,
plate by 200mm long(eff) butt weld. Determine the sulphur, phosphorus, chrome nickel and copper
length of joint if ; special properties can be imparted to iron and a
(i) A double V butt weld is used? variety of steels can be produced. The effects of
(ii) A single V butt weld is used? different chemical constituents on steel are
Sol. (i) Double V butt weld: generally as follows:
In this case complete penetration takes place. (i) Increased quantity of carbon and manganese
∴ throat thickness = thickness of inner plate imparts higher tensile strength and yields properties
∴ t = 16mm but lower ductility, which is more difficult to weld.
Effective length, Lw=200mm, fu=410N/mm2
Since shop weld, γmw= 1.25

159
IS 800 : 2007
(ii) Increased sulphur and phosphorus beyond 0.06
percent imparts brittleness, affects weldability and
fatigue strength
(iii) Chrome and nickel impart corrosion resistance
property to steel. It improves resistance to high
temperature also.
(iv Addition of a small quantity of copper also
increases the resistance to corrosion.
By slightly varying chemical composition various
types of steels are manufactured to be used as
structural member, tubes, pipes, sheets, strips.
Reinforcements for R.C.C, rivets, bolts, nuts and
for welding.
Structural steel may be mainly classified as mild
steel and high tensile steel.
Structural steel is also known as standard quality
steel. Its requirements have been specified in IS
226 1975. This steel is also available In copper
bearing quality in which case it is designated as Fe
4I0-Cu-S. where 410 refers to ultimate tensile
strength of 410 Mpa(410 N/mm2).
This is also known as grade E250 steel in which
250 refers to 250 Mpa yield strength. E300 (Fe440)
and E-350 (Fe 490) steels are also manufactured.
In high tensile steel mechanical properties and
resistance to corrosion are enhanced by alloying
with smalI proportions of some other alloys or
increasing the carbon content. Standards of high
tensile steel are covered in IS 961-1975. Weldable
quality steels which we recommended by IS 2007
are designated as E410 (Fe 540). E450 (Fe 570)D
and E450 (Fe 590)E. As per IS 800-2007 the
structural steel used in general construction coming
under the purview shall conform to IS 2062, ie. to
weldable quality steel.
Structural steel other than those specified under
mild steel md high tensile steel conforming to
weldable quality may also be used provided that the
permissible stresses and other design provision nte
suitably modified and the steel is also suitable for
the type of fabrication adopted.
Steel (ordinary quality) that is not supported by
mill test result my be permitted to be used for
unimportant members, where their properties such
as ductility and weldability do not affect the
performance requirements of the structure as a
whole.
1.1.3. Properties Of Structural Steel
The properties of steel required for engineering
design may be classified as
(i) Physical Properties (ii) Mechanical Properties.
(i) Physical properties:
Irespective of its grade physical properties of steel
my be taken as given below (clause 2.2.4 of 15
800-2007):
(a) Unit mass of steel, p = 7850 kg/m3.
160
(b) Modulus of elasticity, E = 2 x 10^5 N/mm2.
(c) Poisson's ratio, mue = 0.3.
(d) Modulus of rigidity, G = 0.769 x 10^5 N/mm2
(e) Coefficient of thermal expansion, at = 12 x 10^-
6/°C
(ii) Mechanical Properties:
The following are the important mechanical
properties in the design:
(a) Yield stress fy. (b) The tensile or ultimate stress
fu.
(c) The max percentage elongation on a standard
gauge length
(d) Notch toughness
1.1.4. Introduction To Limit State Method
Aim of a design is to see that the structure built is
safe and it serves the purpose for which it is built.
A structure may become unfit for use not only
when it collapses but also when it violates the
serviceability requirements of deflections,
vibrations, cracks due to fatigue, corrosion and fire.
In this method of design various limiting conditions
are fixed to consider a structure as fit. At any stage
of its designed life (120 years for permanent
structures), the structure should not exceed these
limiting conditions. The de sign is based on
probable load and probable strength of materials.
These are to be selected on probabilistic approach.
The safety factor for each limiting condition may
vary depending upon the risk involved. It is not
necessary to design every structure to withstand
exceptional events like blast and earthquake. In
limit state design risk based evaluation criteria is
included. Thus the philosophy of limit state design
method is to see that the structure remains fit for
use throughout its designed life by remaining
within the acceptable limit of safety and
serviceability requirements based on the risks
involved.
1.1.5. Loads
Various loads expected to act on a structure may be
classified as given below:
(a) Dead Loads (DL)
(b) Imposed Loads (IL)
(c) Wind Loads (WL)
(d) Earthquake Loads (EL)
(e) Emotion Loads (ER)
(f) Accidental Loads (AL)
(g) Secondary Effects.
(b) Imposed Loads: 1S 800-2007 groups the
following loads as imposed loads:
(i) Live load
(ii) Crane load
(iii) Snow load
(iv)Dust load
(v) Hydrostatic and earth pressure
(vi) Impact load

(vii) Horizontal loads on parapets and balustrades.
1.1.6 Common Steel Structures
Steel has high strength per unit mass. Hence it is
used in constructing large column-free structures.
The following are the common steel structures in
use:
1. Roof trusses for factories, cinema halls, and
auditorium etc.
2. Trussed bents, crane girders, columns etc., in
industrial structures.
3. Roof trusses and columns to cover platforms in
railway stations and bus stands.
4. Single layer or doublc layer domes for
auditorium exhibition halls, indoor stadiums etc.
Plate girder and truss bridges for railways and
roads.
5.Transmission towers from microwave and
electric power.
6.Water tanks.
7.Chimneys etc.
The following three types of connections may be
made in steel structure:
(a) Riveted (b) Bolted (c) Welded.
1.2.1 Riveted Connection
Riveting is I method of joining together pieces of
metal by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets
into holes of pieces to be connected and forming a
head at the end of the rivet to prevent each metal
piece from coming out. Figure 3.1 shows
connecting two plates by riveting.
Rivet holes are made in the sanctum! members to
be connected by punching or by drilling. The size
of rivet hole is kept slightly more (1.5 to 2 mm)
than the size of rivet. After the rivet holes in the
members are matched, a red hot rivet is inserted
which has a Shape made head on one side and the
length of which is slightly more than the combined
thicknesses of the members to be connected. Then
holding red hot rivet at shop head end, hammering
is made. It results into expansion of the rivet to
completely till up the rivet hole and also into
formation at driven head. Desired shapes can be
given to the driven head.1he riveting may be in the
workshops or in the field.
Riveting has the following disadvantages: (a) It
is associated with high level of noise pollution. (b)
lt needs heating the rivet to red hot. (c) inspection
of connection is a skilled work. (d) Removing
poorly installed rivets is costly. (e) Labour cost is
high. (f)Production of weldable quality steel and
introduction of high strength fiction grip bolts
(HSFG) have replaced use of rivets. (g)Design
procedures for riveted connections is same as that
for bolted connection except that the effective
diameter of rivets may be taken as rivet hole
diameter instead of nominal diameter of rivet.
161
IS 800 : 2007
1.2. Bolted Connections
A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at one end
and shank treaded at the other in order to receive a
nut. Bolts are used for joining together pieces of
metal by inserting them through holes in the metal
and tightening the nut at the threaded ends.
Bolts are classified as:
(a) Unfinished (Black) Bolts (b) Finished (Turned)
Bolts (c) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG)
Bolts.
(a)Unfinished/Black Bolts
These bolts are made from mild steel rods with
square or hexagonal head. The shank is left
unfinished Le. tough as rolled. Though the black
bolts of nominal diameter (diameter of shank) of
sizes 12, 16, 20,22, 24, 27, 30 and 36 mm are
available, commonly used bolt diameters are 16,
20, 24, 30 and 36 mm. These bolts. are designated
as M16, M20, M24, etc. IS 1364 (part 1) give
specifications for such bolts. In structural elements
to be connected holes are made larger than
nomminal diameter of bolts. As shanks of black
bolts are unfinished, the bolt may not establish
contact with structural member at entire zone of
contact surface.
Joints remain quite loose resulting into large
deflections. The yield strength of commonly used
black bolts is 240 N/mm2 and ultimate strength 400
N/mm2. These bolts are used for light structures
under static loads such as trusses, bracings and also
for tcmpomy connections required during erections.
(b)Finished/Turned Bolts
These bolts are also made from mild steel, but they
are formed from hexagonal rods, which are finished
by turning to a circular shape.Actual dimension of
these bolts are kept 1.2 mm to 1.3 mm
latgerthanthe nominal diameter. As usual the bolt
hole is kept 1.5 mm larger than the nominal
diameter. Hence tolerance available for fitting is
quite small. It needs special methods to align bolt
holes before bolting. As connection is more tight, it
results into much better beaxing contact between
the bolts and holes. These bolts are used m special
jobs like connecting machine parts subjected to
dynamic loadings. IS 3640 covers specifications for
such bolts.
(c)High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts
The HSFG bolts made from high strength steel rod.
The surface of the shank is kept unfinished as in the
case of black bolts. These bolts are tightened to a
proof load using calibrated wrenches. Hence they
grip the members tightly. In addition nuts are
provided by using clamping devices. If the joint is
subjected to shearing load it is primarily resisted by
IS 800 : 2007
frictional force between the members and washers.
The shank of the bolt is not subjected to any
shearing. This results into no-slippage in the joint.
Hence such bolts can be used to connect members
subjected to dynamic loads also. The successful
introduction of HSFG bolt resulted into
replacement of rivets. IS 3747 specifies various
dimensions for such bolts and for their washers and
nuts. Commonly available nominal diameter of
HSFG bolts are 16, 20, 24, 30 and 36 mm.
1.2.2. Advantages And Disadvantages of Bolted
Connections.
The following are the advantages of bolted
connections over riveted or welded connections:
Making joints is noiseless.
1. Do not need skilled labour.
2. Needs less labour.
3. Connections can be made quickly.
4. Structure can be put to use immediately.
5. Accommodates minor discrepancies in
dimensions.
6. Alterations, if any, can be done easily.
7. Working area required in the field is less.
The disadvantages of unfinished (black) bolt
connections are listed here. However it may be
noted that most of these disadvantages are
overcome by using HSFG bolts.
1. Tensile strength is reduced considerably due to
stress concentrations and reduction of area at the
root of the threads.
2. Rigidity of joints is reduced due to loose fit,
resulting into excessive deflections.
3. Due to vibrations nuts are likely to loosen,
endangering the safety of the structures.
1.3. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Welded
Connections
The following are the advantages of welded
connections:
1. Due to the absence of gusset plates connecting
angles etc., welded structures are lighter.
2. The absence of making holes for fasteners makes
welding process quicker.
3. Welding is more adaptable than bolting or
riveting. For example, even circular tubes can be
easily connected by welding.
4. It is possible to achieve 100 percent efficiency in
the joint where as in bolted connection it can reach
a maximum of 70-80 percent only.
5. Noise produced in welding process is relatively
less.
6. Welded connections have good aesthetic
appearance.
7. Welded connection is airtight and water tight.
Hence there is less danger of corrosion of steel
162
structures and welded connection is preferred for
making water tanks.
8. Welded joints are rigid
9. There is no problem of mismatching of hole in
welded connections whereas in bolted connections
mismatching of bolt holes create considerable
problem.
10. Alteration in connections can be easily made in
the design of welded connections.
The following are the disadvantages of welded
connection:
1. Due to uneven heating and cooling, members are
likely to distort in the process of welding.
2. There is a greater possibility of brittle fracture in
welding.
3. A welded joint fails earlier than a bolted joint. if
the structure is under fatigue stress.
4. The inspection of welded joints is difficult and
expensive. It needs non-destructive testing.
5. Highly skilled person is required for welding.
6. Proper welding infield conditions is difficult.
7. Welded joints are over rigid.
1.4.1 Types Of Welded Joints
There are three types of welded joints:
1. Butt weld 2. Fillet weld 3. Slot weld and Plug
weld.
1.4.1.1. Butt Weld. Butt weld is also known as
groove weld. Depending on the shapes of groove
made for welding butt weld is classified as follows
1.4.2. Fillet Weld
Fillet weld is a weld of approximately triangular
cross-section joining two surfaces approximately at
right angles to each other in lap joint, tee joint or
corner joint. Figure shows typical fillet welds.

When the cross-section of fillet weld is isosceles
triangle with face at 45", it is known as a standard
fillet weld. In special circumstances 60° and 30"
angles are also used.
A fillet weld is known as concave fillet weld,
convex fillet weld or as mitre fillet weld depending
upon the shape of weld face
1.4.3. Slot Weld and Plug Weld
Figure shows a typical slot weld m which a plate
with circular hole 18 kept with another plate to be
Joined and then fillet welding 18 made along the
periphery of the hole.
Figure shows typical plug welds m which small
holes are made In one plate and IS kept over
another plate to be connected and then the entire
hole IS filled with tiller material
2.1.1. Tension Member Splice
If a single piece of required length. is not available
tension members are spliced to transfer required
163
IS 800 : 2007
tension from one piece to another. The strength of
the splice plates and the bolts/weld connecting
them should have strength at least equal to the
design load. When tension members of different
thicknesses are to be connected, tiller plates may be
used to bring the members in level. The design
shear capacity of bolts carrying shear through a
packing plate in excess of 6 mm shall be decreased
by a factor (clause 10.3.3.3 in 18 800-2007)
Bpk= l - 0.0125 tpk where tpk = thickness of the
thicker packing plate.
2.1.2. Lug Angles
Length of the end connection of a heavily loaded
tension member may be reduced by using lug
angles as shown in Fig. 5.12. By using lug angles
there will be saving in gusset plate, but it is upset
by additional fasteners and angle required. Hence
nowadays it is not preferred. IS 800-2007
specifications for lug angles are (clause 10.12)
2.1.3 Laced And Battened Columns
To achieve maximum value for minimum radius of
gyration, without increasing the area of the section,
a number of elements are placed away from the
principal axis using suitable lateral systems. The
commonly used lateral systems are
(a) lacing or latticing (b) battening.
Perforated cover plates are also used for this
purpose. However IS 800 do not give any
specifications for the design of such plates.
Lacings: Rolled steel flats and angles are used for
lacing. One can use single lacing or double lacing
system.
The object of providing lateral system is to keep
the main members of the column away from
principal ones. In doing so, the lacings are
subjected to shear forces due to horizontal forces
on columns.
IS 800 : 2007

2.1.4.2. Gusseted Base

Battens: Instead of lacing one can use battens to
keep members of columns at required distances
For columns carrying heavy loads gussetted bases
are used In gusseted base, the column is connected
to base plate through gussets The load is transferred
to the base partly through bearing and partly
through gussets. Figure shows a typical gusseted
base connection.

2.1.5. Design Of Slab Base

The design of slab base consists in finding the size
and thickness of slab base. In the procedure given
below it is assumed that the pressure is distributed
uniformly under the slab base.
Size of Base plate:
(I) Find the bearing strength of concrete which is
given by = 0.45 fck
(2) Therefore, area of base plate required=
Pu/0.45fck,where P, is factored load.
2.1.4. Column Bases 3) Select the size of base plate. For economy, as far
Column bases transmit the column load to the as possible keep the projections a and b equal.
concrete or masonry foundation blocks. The Thickness of base plate:
column has spreads the load on wider area so that Find the intensity of pressure, w= 𝑃𝑢
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
the intensity of beating pressure on the foundation
Min thickness req is given
0.5
by,
block is withi the bearing strength. There are two 2.5𝑤(𝑎2−0.362)𝛾𝑚𝑜
types of column bases commonly used in practice: 𝑡𝑠 = [ ] > tf
1. Slab Base 2. Gusseted Base. 𝑓𝑦
2.1.4.1 Slab Base ts: thickness of base plate
These are used in columns carrying small loads. In tf: thickness of flange
this type, the column is directly connected to the Connections:
base plate through cleat angles as shown in Fig. (a) Connect base plate to foundation concrete using
The load is transferred to the base plate through four 20mm dia and 300mm long anchor bolts.
bearing (b) If bolted connection is to be used for connecting
column to base plate, use 2 ISA6565, 6mm thick
angles with 20mm bolts.

164

© If weld is to be used for connecting column to
base check the weld lwngth of fillet welds.
2.1.6. Design Of Gusseted Base
IS 800-2007 specifies that the gusset plates, angle
cleats, stiffeners and fastenings etc., in combination
with the bearing area, shall be sufficient to take the
loads, bending moment: and reactions to the base
plate without exceeding specified strength. All the
bearing surfaces shall be machined to ensure
perfect contact
The following design procedure may be followed:
1. Area of base plate = factored load / 045fck
2. Assume various members of gusset base.
(a) Thickness of gusset plate is assumed as 16 mm.
(b) Size of the gusset angle is assumed such that its
vertical leg can accommodate two bolts one venical
line. Corresponding to this leg the other leg is
assumed in which one bolt can be provided.
(c) Thickness of angle is kept approximately equal
to the thickness of gusset plate.
3. Width of gusset base is kept such that it will just
prpject outside the gusset angle and hence length
=Area of plate /width
4. When the end of the column is machined for
complete bearing on the base plate, 50 percent of
the load is assumed to be transferred by the bearing
and 50 percent by the fastenings. When the ends of
the column shaft and gusset plates are not faced for
complete bearing, the fastenings connecting them
to the base plate shall be designed to transmit all
the forces to which the base is subjected.
5. The thickness of the base plate is computed by
flexural strength at the critical sections.
2.1.6. Design Of Compression Members
The following are the usual steps in the design of
compression members:
1. Design stress in compression is to be assumed:
For rolled steel beam sections the slenderness ratio
varies from 70 to 90. Hence design stress may be
assumed as 135 N/mm2. For angle struts, the
slenderness ratio varies from 110 to 130. Hence
design stress for such members may be assumed as
90 N/mm2. For compression members carrying
large loads, the slenderness ratio is comparatively
small For such members design stress may be
assumed as 200 N/mm2.
2. Effective sectional area required is A = Pd/fcd
3. Select a section to give effective area required
and calculate r min. .
4.Knowing the end conditions and deciding the
type of connection determine effective length.
5. Find the slenderness ratio and hence design
stress fcd and load carrying capacity Pd.
6. Revise the section if calculated Pd differs
considerably from the design load. Thus the design
of compression member is by a trial and error
process.
165
IS 800 : 2007
2.1.8. Design Of Laced Columns
IS 800-2007 specifies the following rules for the
design of latticed columns:
1. As far as possible, the latticing system shall be
uniform throughout
2. In single laced system the direction of lattices on
opposite faces should be shadow of the other. It
should not be mutually opposite.
3. In bolted/riveted construction, the minimum
width of lacing bars shall be three times the
nominal diameter of the bolt/rivet. .
4, The thickness of the lacing bars shall not be less
than 1/40 th of its effective length for single lacing
and 1/16 th of the effective length for double
lacings.
5. lacing bars shall be inclined at 40° to 70° to the
axis of built up member.
6. The distance between the two main members
should be kept so as to get ryy > rzz where, ryy is
the radius of gyration about weaker axis and rzz is
the radius of gyration of stronger axis of individual
member.
7. Maximum spacing of lacing bars shall be such
that the maximum slenderness of the main member
between consecutive lacing connection is not
greater than 50 or 0.7 times the most unfavourable
slenderness ratio of the member as a whole.
8. The lacing shall be designed to resist transverse
shear Vt = 2.5% of axial force in columns. If there
are two transverse parallel systems then each
system has to resist Vt/2 shear force.
9. If the column is subjected to bending also, Vt=
bending shear + 2.5% column force.
10. effective length of single laced system is equal
to the length between the inner end fastener. For
welded joints and double laced, effectively
connected at intersection effective length may
be taken as 0.7 times the actual length.
11. The slenderness ratio KL/r for lacing bars
should not exceed 145.
12. Laced compression members shall be provided
with end tie plates.
13. The effective slenderness ratio of laced
columns shall be taken as 1.05 times the actual
maximum slenderness ratio, in order to account for
shear deformation effects.
2.1.8. Design Of Battened Columns
IS 800-2007 specifies the following rules for the
design of battened columns:
1. Batten plates should be provided symmetrically.
2. At both ends batten plates should be provided.
They should be provided at points where the
member is stayed in its length.
3. The number of battens should be such that the
member is divided into not less than three bays.
IS 800 : 2007

As far as possible they should be spaced and of bending. A strut having a cross section as shown
proportioned uniformly throughout. in Fig. 9.46(d). for example, must be considered as
4.Battens shall be of plates, angles, channels, or l- a simple strut if it bends about the :-axis and
sections and at their ends shall be riveted, bolted or considered as a built-up strut if it bends about the y-
welded. axis (Ballio & Mazzolani 1983). Struts having cross
5. By providing battens distance between the sections of the type shown in Fig. 9.46(e) behave as
members of columns is so maintained that radius built-up struts both in z and y directions. The
of gyration about the axis perpendicular to the effects of shear in built-up columns sets apart the
plane of battens is not less than the radius of design of these members from that of other
gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of the columns. The importance of designing the elements
batten (ryy > rxx, in Fig. 6.6). connecting the main longitudinal members for
6. The effective slenderness ratio of battened shear was tragically demonstrated by the failure of
columns shall be taken as 1.1 times the maximum the first Quebec Bridge in Canada during
actual slenderness ratio of the column, to account construction in 1907 (Galambos [998). It has been
for shear deformation. found that about three fourths of the early failure of
7. The vertical spacing of battens, measured as laced columns resulted from local rather than
centre to centre of its end fastening, shall be such general column failure. Moreover, the critical
that the slenderness ratio of any component of
column over that distance shall be neither greater
than 50 nor greater than 0.7 times the slenderness
ratio of the member as a whole about its z-z axis.
8. Battens shall be designed to carry the bending
moments and shear forces arising from transverse
shear force V, equal to 2.5% of the total axial force.
9. In case columns are subjected to moments also,
the resulting shear force should be found and ‘then
the design shear is sum of this shear and 2.5% of
axial load.
10. The design shear and moments for batten plates
is given by
Vb = VtC/NS and M = VtC/2N
at each connection. Where,
Vt= transverse shear force as defined in 8 and 9.
C = distance between centre to centre of battens
longitudinally.
N = number of parallel planes.
4.1.1. Built-Up Compression Members
For large loads and for efficient use of material,
built-up columns (also called as combined columns
or open-web columns) are often used. They are
generally made up of two or more individual
sections such as angles, channels. or l-sections and
properly connected along their length by lacing or
battening so that they act together as a single unit
(see Fig. [.33 of chapter I and Fig. 9.46). Such
laced combined compression members are often 4.1.2. Types Of Roof Trussfs
used in bridge trusses. According to the type of Fig 16.1 shows various types of roof trusses. The
connection between the chords. built-up members choice of a particular type of truss largely depends
may be classified as follows: upon the span. Another factor that is also important
I. Laced members [Fig 9.46(a)] and which affects the choice of a truss is its slope
2. Struts with batten plates [Fig. 9.46(b)] or pitch. Pitch, which is defined as the ratio of the
3. Battened struts [Fig 9.4()(c)| span length to the depth of truss. is governed by
4. Members with perforated cover plates [Fig. roofing material and other requirements such as
9.460)] ventilation and light. Based on pitch, the trusses
In general, such struts can be considered either as may be divided into three categories
simple or a built-up struts depending on the plane

166
 IS 800 : 2007

(i)Small pitch : Span. depth ratio more than 12 , (ii)

Medium pitch : span depth ratio between 5 to 12
(iii) Large pitch : span depth ratio 5 or less.
The King post truss and Queen post truss arc
basically timber trusses, though they can also be
made of combination of steel and timber. Howe
trusses are made by the combination of timber and
steel, where in the vertical members (tension
members) are made of steel while other members
are made of timber. Other trusses shown in Figs
16.1 and 16.2 are made of steel. Based on the pitch,
Warren truss is used for small pitch, Pratt truss is
used for medium pitch while Fink roof truss is used
for large pitch. The lower chord of a roof truss may
be left either straight or may be cambered to
improve the appearance and to increase the head
room. Cambered trusses workout slightly costlier
than straight chord trusses. A sag tte ts someumes
used to reduce the moment due to self weight in the
long mtddlc tte member and also to reduce its
resulting deflection.

4.1.3.. Components Of A Roof Truss

The following are various components of a roof
truss, shown in Fig. 16.3 :

(i) Principal rafter or Top chord

(ii) Bottom chord or main tie
(iii) Ties
(iv) Struts
(v) Sag tie
(vi) Purlins
(vii) Rafters

167
IS 800 : 2007

(viii) Ridge line

(ix) Eaves
(x). Panel points
(xii) Roof covering
(xii) shoe angle
(xiii) Base Plate, anchor plate and anchor bolts.
Chord :TheTop inclined member of the truss
extending from fhe eaves level to the ridge, is
known as principal rafter or top chord. They
support the roof covering (sheeting) through
purlins. They are mainly compression members.
However, if the purlins are not supported at the
panel points, they may also be subjected to bending
moment and shear. 2. Principal (or main) lie or
bottom chord : This is the bottom moSt member of
the truss, which is kept horizontal in most of the
cases. It supports other members of the truss. It is
usually in tension. However, if reversal of loads
occur due to wind, it may take compression also.
3. Ties : These are the tension members of the
truss.
4. Strut: : These are the compression members of
the truss.
5. Sag tie : A sag tie is the central vertical member
of the truss (shown dotted) used to reduce the
moment due to self weight in the long middle tie
member and also to reduce its resulting deflection.
It is provided only in long span trusses.
6. Purlins : Purlins are structural members which
are supported on the principal rafter, and which run
transverse to the trusses. The Span of the purlins is
equal to the centre to centre spacing of the trusses.
The purlins support the roof covering (sheeting)
either directly or through common rafters. They are
usually made of either an angle section or a channel
section, and are therefore subjected to
unsymmetrical bending.
7. Rafters (or common mfters) : If the spacing of
the purlins are larger than the available length of
sheeting, rafters may be provided to support the
sheeting. Thus. the rafters are inclined beams,
supported on the purlins. They are also known as
common rafters to distinguish them from the
principal rafter.
8. Roof covering : Roof coverings are mostly in the
form of corrugated sheets of galvanised iron or
asbestos cement. However, roof coverings of glass,
fibre glass or slates are also used. If the roof
covering has smaller planer dimensions, sub-
purlins, supported on common rafters. are required.

168
 IS 800 : 2007

169