CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar panels harness the sun energy in the form of light and convert the
energy into electricity. Although the average consumer might associate solar
panels with residential rooftop assemblies, solar panels are available for a wide
range of applications, including powering individual gadgets, electronic devices
and vehicle batteries.
The reserves of fossil fuels are rapidly decreasing at present due to the
increased use of thermal power plants and air pollution associated with the
combustion of fossil fuels is increasing. Hence, in the present scenario, there is
an urgent need to speed up the research and development of renewable energy
technology, especially solar energy, to meet the world energy demand.
The goal of this dissertation is to develop and apply an integrated
assessment framework, for one of the sustainable electricity options, solar
photovoltaic (PV) technology. In this dissertation different types of photovoltaic
modules are considered that are widely manufactured in the market at present,
and the future implications of using PV technology in the electricity sector is
evaluated.
The word ‘Sustainable’ in this context implies energy, environmental and
economic sustainability. Higher output energy generated by the PV panels during
their lifetime when compared to the input energy for manufacturing and end of life
management constitutes energy sustainability. Generating cleaner (lower criteria
pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions released) electricity when compared to
the grid electricity sources constitutes environmental sustainability.
PV electricity mitigates CO2 emissions from thermal power plants to the
grid. Inclusion of such monetary benefits from CO2 mitigation into the evaluation of
the economic performance, PV technology encourage economic sustainability.

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

In the past, the energy conversion efficiency of PV modules was 10%-14%
[1]. Recently, efficiency has been increased to 15%-22% in commercially
available PV modules and a research laboratory reported that the efficiency of
solar cells can further raised up to 44.7% [2].

1
 In many studies, researchers neglect either shunt resistance [3] or series
resistance [4] in the four-parameter PV model. Hence, the simulated four-
parameter model's I - V characteristics curve does not exactly match that of the
experimental I - V characteristics of the PV module [3]. The five parameter PV
model considers both series resistance and shunt resistance along with light
generated current, diode reverse saturation current, and ideality factor. Hence,
the accuracy of the five parameter model is found to be high and the
experimental I - V curve of the PV module matches the I - V curve obtained from
simulation results [5,6]. In the five parameter PV model, if the value (i.e.
estimated at STC) of any one of the parameters such as ideality factor, series
resistance, and shunt resistance is kept constant, it reduces the accuracy of the
model [7].
The series resistance equation has been considered to find the MPP [8].
The shunt resistance equation is used to calculate the value of shunt resistance
for a vertical parallel junction solar cell under constant multispectral light [9].
Here, in this work, the series resistance and shunt resistance equations are
utilized to obtain initial values of Rse and Rsh respectively in the Newton
Raphson (N-R) method. When these equations are used in the N-R method, the
convergence speed of the proposed PV model improves.
The series resistance has a direct relationship with the variation in light
generated current under varying operating conditions [10]. Kirchhoff’s current law,
the I − V relationship of the PV module [10,11]. five unknown parameters, namely
ILG , Isat , A, Rse , and Rsh . In general, the aforesaid parameters are
determined by numerical methods and analytical methods [12]. The light
generated current and short circuit current are directly proportional to irradiance
and also depend on temperature [10,14].
The short circuit current and open circuit voltage can be evaluated for
given operating temperature [15]. The short circuit current, open circuit voltage,
and light generated current can be estimated at any temperature and
irradiance[16–18] The thermal voltage Vt is directly proportional to PV panel cell
temperature [19]. The diode reverse saturation current, which is a function of
irradiance and temperature [18,20].
The proper initial value of Vmpp and Impp should be chosen to estimate
the accurate MPP by using well known values of Voc and Isc under given
2
operating conditions [21,22]. In general, the PV module parameters change
considerably due to various environmental conditions. As a consequence, for
accurate modelling of a PV module, the values of all five parameters are
evaluated at different environmental conditions [23].

1.2 SOLAR CELL

Solar cell, also called photovoltaic cell, any device that directly converts
the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. The
overwhelming majority of solar cells are fabricated from silicon with
increasing efficiency and lowering cost as the materials range
from amorphous (non crystalline) to polycrystalline to crystalline (single crystal)
silicon forms. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical
reactions or require fuel to produce electric power, and, unlike electric
generators, they do not have any moving parts.

Figure 1. Solar Cell

Solar cells shown in Figure 1. It can be arranged into large groupings
called arrays. These arrays, composed of many thousands of individual cells, can
function as central electric power stations, converting sunlight into electrical
energy for distribution to industrial, commercial, and residential users. Solar cells
in much smaller configurations, commonly referred to as solar cell panels or
simply solar panels, have been installed by homeowners on their rooftops to
replace or augment their conventional electric supply. Solar cell panels also are
used to provide electric power in many remote terrestrial locations where
conventional electric power sources are either unavailable or prohibitively
expensive to install. Because they have no moving parts that could need

3
maintenance or fuels that would require replenishment, solar cells provide power
for most space installations, from communications and
weather satellites to space stations. (Solar power is insufficient for space probes
sent to the outer planets of the solar system or into interstellar space, however,
because of the diffusion of radiant energy with distance from the Sun.) Solar cells
have also been used in consumer products, such as electronic toys,
handheld calculators, and portable radios. Solar cells used in devices of this kind
may utilize artificial light (e.g., from incandescent and fluorescent lamps) as well
as sunlight.
While total photovoltaic energy production is minuscule, it is likely to
increase as fossil fuel resources shrink. In fact, calculations based on the world’s
projected energy consumption by 2030 suggest that global energy demands
would be fulfilled by solar panels operating at 20 percent efficiency and covering
only about 496,805 square km (191,817 square miles) of Earth’s surface. The
material requirements would be enormous but feasible, as silicon is the second
most abundant element in Earth’s crust. These factors have led solar proponents
to envision a future “solar economy” in which practically all of humanity’s energy
requirements are satisfied by cheap, clean, renewable sun light.

1.3 SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE AND OPERATION

Solar cells, whether used in a central power station, a satellite, or a
calculator, have the same basic structure. Light enters the device through an
optical coating, or antireflection layer, which minimizes the loss of light by
reflection; it effectively traps the light falling on the solar cell by promoting its
transmission to the energy-conversion layers below. The antireflection layer is
typically an oxide of silicon, tantalum, or titanium that is formed on the cell
surface by spin-coating or a vacuum deposition technique.
The three energy-conversion layers below the antireflection layer are
the top junction layer, the absorber layer, which constitutes the core of the
device, and the back junction layer. Two additional electrical contact layers are
needed to carry the electric current out to an external load and back into the cell,
thus completing an electric circuit. The electrical contact layer on the face of the
cell where light enters is generally present in some grid pattern and is composed
of a good conductor such as a metal. Since metal blocks light, the grid lines are

4
as thin and widely spaced as is possible without impairing collection of the
current produced by the cell. The back electrical contact layer has no such
diametrically opposed restrictions. It need simply function as an electrical contact
and thus covers the entire back surface of the cell structure. Because the back
layer also must be a very good electrical conductor, it is always made of metal.
Since most of the energy in sunlight and artificial light is in the visible
range of electromagnetic radiation, a solar cell absorber should be efficient in
absorbing radiation at those wavelengths. Materials that strongly absorb visible
radiation belong to a class of substances known as semiconductors.
Semiconductors in thicknesses of about one-hundredth of a centimetre or less
can absorb all incident visible light; since the junction-forming and contact layers
are much thinner, the thickness of a solar cell is essentially that of the absorber.
Examples of semiconductor materials employed in solar cells include silicon,
gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, and copper indium selenide.
When light falls on a solar cell, electrons in the absorber layer are excited
from a lower-energy “ground state,” in which they are bound to specific atoms in
the solid, to a higher “excited state,” in which they can move through the solid. In
the absence of the junction-forming layers, these “free” electrons are in random
motion, and so there can be no oriented direct current. The addition of junction-
forming layers, however, induces a built-in electric field that produces
the photovoltaic effect. In effect, the electric field gives a collective motion to the
electrons that flow past the electrical contact layers into an external circuit where
they can do useful work.
The materials used for the two junction-forming layers must be dissimilar
to the absorber in order to produce the built-in electric field and to carry the
electric current. Hence, these may be different semiconductors (or the same
semiconductor with different types of conduction), or they may be a metal and a
semiconductor. The materials used to construct the various layers of solar cells
are essentially the same as those used to produce the diodes and transistors of
solid-state electronics and microelectronics (see also electronics:
Optoelectronics). Solar cells and microelectronic devices share the same
basic technology. In solar cell fabrication, however, one seeks to construct a
large-area device because the power produced is proportional to
the illuminated area. In microelectronics the goal is, of course, to construct
5
electronic components of ever smaller dimensions in order to increase their
density and operating speed within semiconductor chips, or integrated circuits.
The photovoltaic process bears certain similarities to photosynthesis, the
process by which the energy in light is converted into chemical energy in plants.
Since solar cells obviously cannot produce electric power in the dark, part of the
energy they develop under light is stored, in many applications, for use when light
is not available. One common means of storing this electrical energy is by
charging electrochemical storage batteries. This sequence of converting the
energy in light into the energy of excited electrons and then into stored chemical
energy is strikingly similar to the process of photosynthesis.

1.4 SOLAR PANEL DESIGN

Most solar cells are a few square centimetres in area and protected from
the environment by a thin coating of glass or transparent plastic. Because a
typical 10 cm × 10 cm (4 inch × 4 inch) solar cell generates only about two watts
of electrical power (15 to 20 percent of the energy of light incident on their
surface), cells are usually combined in series to boost the voltage or in parallel to
increase the current. A solar, or photovoltaic (PV), module generally consists of
36 interconnected cells laminated to glass within an aluminium frame. In turn, one
or more of these modules may be wired and framed together to form a solar
panel. Solar panels are slightly less efficient at energy conversion per surface
area than individual cells, because of inevitable inactive areas in the assembly
and cell-to-cell variations in performance. The back of each solar panel is
equipped with standardized sockets so that its output can be combined with other
solar panels to form a solar array. A complete photovoltaic system may consist of
many solar panels, a power system for accommodating different electrical loads,
an external circuit, and storage batteries.

6
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
CHAPTER: 1. In this chapter discuss INTRODUCTION of solar energy.

CHAPTER: 2. In this chapter describe ANALYSIS OF SINGLE DIODE SOLAR

PV MODULE for finding output current their terminals.

CHAPTER: 3. In this chapter about ESTIMATION OF PV MODULE

PARAMETERS are light generated current (Ilg), saturation current (Isat), Ideality
factor (A), shunt resistor (Rsh) and series resistor (Rse) under Standard Test
Condition (STCs), Varies temperature & Irradiance using Gauss-Seidel method
and Newton-Raphson method.

CHAPTER: 4. In this chapter discuss CONCLUSION and FUTURE SCOPE

about parameters estimation of PV module with results of Gauss-Seidel and
Newton-Raphson method.

7
 CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS OF SINGLE DIODE SOLAR PV MODULE
A single diode model of the solar PV module is have the unknown
parameters from figure 2.1, namely Ilg, Isat, A, Rse, and Rsh. By taking the
datasheet information provided by the manufacturer of the PV module at
standard test conditions (STCs), the PV module's parameters are estimated.

2.1 SINGLE DIODE SOLAR PV MODULE

A single diode model of the PV module is shown in Figure 1. Using
Kirchhoff’s current law, the I − V relationship of the PV module can be written as
follows [10,11]. By using the PV module parameters obtained at STCs, the values
of the five parameters and the MPP of the PV module can be estimated at any
temperature and irradiance condition.

Figure 2.1 Equivalent Circuit of PV Module

IR se V + IR se
I = Ilg − Isat [e (V + ) − 1] − (1)
Ns Vt R sh
where,
Ilg - Light generated current in amps
NS - Number of solar cells connected in series
Isat - Diode reverse saturation current in amps
Rse - Series resistance of solar module in ohms
Rsh - Shunt resistance of solar module in ohms
The thermal voltage of diode, Vt, is expressed as,

8
 Vt = AkTc /q (2)
where,
A- Diode ideality factor
k - Boltzmann constant (1.3806 * 10^-23 J/K)
Tc - PV module temperature (STC) in K
q - Electronic charge (1.602 * 10^-19 C)

The important parameters to be noted from the manufacturer's datasheet

are short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and maximum power point
are (Vmpp & Impp). The values at STCs, for which the irradiance (Gstc) is 1000
W/m2 and the cell temperature (Tstc) is 25 ◦ C. The data sheet also provides
temperature coefficients for short circuit current (ki), open circuit voltage (kv), and
maximum power (kp).

2.2 EXTRACTION OF PV MODULE PARAMETERS

The five unknown parameters are to be estimate of the PV module from
the nonlinear equation (1), five independent equations are required. The first
three equations, (4), (7), and (9), are derived from Eq. (1) by applying short
circuit, open circuit, and MPP conditions. The remaining two equations, (12) and
(14), are derived by differentiating the values of power and current with respect to
voltage.

2.3 SHORT CIRCUIT CONDITION (SCC)

Under the short circuit condition,
𝐼 𝑅 𝐼 𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑙𝑔 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 [𝑒 ( 𝑠𝑐 𝑠ℎ
) − 1] − ( 𝑠𝑒𝑅 ) (3)
𝑁𝑉 𝑠 𝑡 𝑠ℎ

After some approximation, the light generated current (Ilg) can be written as
Isc (Rse +Rsh )
Ilg = (4)
Rsh

2.4 OPEN CIRCUIT CONDITION (OCC)

Under the open circuit condition,
Voc Voc
0 = Ilg − Isat e ( )− (5)
Ns Vt Rsh

This equation is rearranged and the reverse saturation current is expressed as

9
 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 = (𝐼𝑙𝑔 − ) 𝑒 (− ) (6)
𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡
Substituting Ilg from short circuit, the saturation current can be derived as,
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 +𝑅𝑠ℎ )−𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑉
𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ( 𝑅𝑠ℎ
) 𝑒 (− 𝑁𝑜𝑐𝑉 ) (7)
𝑠 𝑡

2.5 MAXIMUM POWER POINT (MPP) CONDITION

The maximum power point calculation are as follows:
𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 +𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 +𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼𝑙𝑔 − 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 [𝑒 ( ) − 1] − (8)
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Inserting 𝐼𝑙𝑔 and 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 into this equation,we get the equation as
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − (𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 = ( )
𝑅𝑠ℎ
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝑉𝑜𝑐
−( )𝑒( ) (9)
𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡

2.6 CALCULATION OF INITIAL VALUES

To select the initial value for 𝑅𝑠𝑒 and 𝑅𝑠ℎ , the following equations are
considered. Because of high sensitivity, the numerical methods may fail to
converge due to improper selection of the initial value of the PV module
parameters.
𝑉 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = ( 𝐼𝑜𝑐) − ( 𝐼 ) (10)
𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑝𝑝

𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 /(𝐼𝑠𝑐 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 ) (11)

The 𝑉𝑡 , 𝑅𝑠𝑒 and 𝑅𝑠ℎ are given by the equations,

𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝑉𝑜𝑐

𝑉𝑡 = (12)
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − 𝑉𝑜𝑐
(𝑁𝑠 ln ( )
(𝐼𝑠𝑐 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 )(𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝

𝑉𝑜𝑐 −𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 +𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 𝑆

𝑅𝑠𝑒 = (13)
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝

where,

10
 (𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 (𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 )
𝑆 = ln ( )
𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒 (𝑉𝑜𝑐 − 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑠𝑒 − 𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑠ℎ ) − 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑜𝑐

𝑒((𝐼𝑠𝑐 𝑅𝑠𝑒 −𝑉𝑜𝑐 )

((𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 +𝑅𝑠ℎ )+𝑅𝑠𝑒 (𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑐 +𝑅𝑠ℎ )−𝑉𝑜𝑐 ))( ))
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡
𝑅𝑠ℎ = (14)
𝐼 𝑅 −𝑉
((𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 +(𝐼𝑠𝑐 (𝑅𝑠𝑒 +𝑅𝑠ℎ )−𝑣𝑜𝑐 ))𝑒( 𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑐 ))
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡

The PV module parameters 𝐼𝑙𝑔 , 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝐴, 𝑅𝑠𝑒 and 𝑅𝑠ℎ can be obtained by open
and short circuit test. First, these three equations are solved by newton Raphson
method and the values of Vt,𝑅𝑠𝑒 , 𝑅𝑠ℎ are obtained
The remaining parameters are obtained from short and open circuit test
using the values of Vt, 𝑅𝑠𝑒 , 𝑅𝑠ℎ .

2.7 EFFECT OF VARYING IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE

The light generated current and short circuit current are directly
proportional to irradiance and depends on temperature.
G
Ilg(G) = Ilg(stc) × G (15)
stc

G
Isc(G) = Isc(stc) × (16)
Gstc
where,
𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑐 – Irradiance at STC (w/𝑚2 )
G - Irradiance under given operating condition
The open circuit voltage equation can be described as the function of
irradiance as given by and this equation is solved by Newton Raphson.

𝐼 𝑅𝑠ℎ −𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺)
𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺) = 𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡 ln ( 𝑙𝑔(𝐺)𝐼 ) (17)
𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑠ℎ

The short circuit current and open circuit voltage can be evaluated for the
given operating temperature as given by
𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑇) = 𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑐) + 𝑘𝑖 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 ) (18)

𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝑇) = 𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑐) + 𝐾𝑣 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 ) (19)

11
where,
𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 − cell temperature at STC, K.
The light generated current can be determined as a function of
temperature and is given by,
𝐼lg(𝑇) = 𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑇) (𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅𝑠ℎ )/(𝑅𝑠ℎ ) (20)
The short circuit current, open circuit voltage and light generated current
can be estimated at any temperature and irradiance using the following three
equations.
𝐺
𝐼lg(𝐺𝑇) = (𝐼lg(𝑠𝑡𝑐) + 𝑘𝑖 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 )) ( ) (21)
𝐺𝑠𝑡𝑐

𝐺
𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝐺𝑇) = (𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑐) + 𝑘𝑖 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 )) (𝐺 ) (22)
𝑠𝑡𝑐

𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇) = 𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺) + 𝐾𝑣 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑐 ) (23)

The thermal voltage 𝑉𝑡 is directly proportional to PV panel cell temperature
and is given by,
𝑇
𝑉𝑡(𝑇) = 𝑉𝑡(𝑠𝑡𝑐) (𝑇 ) (24)
𝑠𝑡𝑐

The diode reverse saturation current, which is a function of irradiance and

temperature can be calculated from the equation,
𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝐺) (𝑅𝑠𝑒 +𝑅𝑠ℎ )−𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇) 𝑉
𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝐺𝑇) = 𝑒 (− 𝑁𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇) ) (25)
𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑉 𝑠 𝑡(𝑇)

2.8 ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM POWER POINT

The proper initial values of 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 should be chosen to estimate the
accurate MPP by using the well known values of 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑎𝑚𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑐 under given
operating conditions. Under varying irradiance and temperature,
𝑉𝑡(𝐺𝑇) , 𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) are obtained by using the estimated parameters of the
PV module such as 𝐼𝑙𝑔 , 𝐼𝑠𝑎𝑡 , 𝐴, 𝑅𝑠𝑒 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑠ℎ at STC’s.
In general, the PV module parameters change considerably due to various
environmental conditions.
As a consequence, for accurate modelling of a PV module, the values of
all five parameters are evaluated at different environmental conditions. The open
circuit voltage of the PV panel is decreased when the panel temperature is

12
increased and vice versa. The thermal voltage is indirectly proportional to open
circuit voltage and this concept is used to form the new equation.
𝑉
𝑉𝑡(𝐺𝑇) = 𝑉𝑡(𝑠𝑡𝑐) (𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑐) ) (26)
𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇)

The series resistance has a direct relationship with the variation of in light
generated current under varying operating conditions and is expressed in the
form as,
𝐼
𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) = 𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝑠𝑡𝑐) (𝐼 lg(𝐺𝑇) ) (27)
lg(𝑠𝑡𝑐)

The value of shunt resistance is considered a constant in [10] but the

value of shunt resistance of the PV module is indirectly proportional to the short
circuit current under varying operating conditions In this paper, anew equation is
introduced for the shunt resistance variation with respect to temperature and
irradiance and is expressed as
𝐼
𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) = 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝑠𝑡𝑐) (𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝑠𝑡𝑐) ) (28)
𝑠𝑐(𝐺𝑇)

In order to find MPP, The maximum voltage is found as a function of

temperature and irradiance and is given by,
𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇) − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) + 𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑡(𝐺𝑇) 𝑈 (29)
where,

((𝐼𝑠𝑐(𝐺𝑇) − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 )(𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) + 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) ) − 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 )

𝑈 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝐼𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) (𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) + 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) − 𝑉𝑜𝑐(𝐺𝑇) )

The maximum current serves as a function of temperature and irradiance

and is given by,
𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑄 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
+( )
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡(𝐺𝑇) 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇)
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇) 𝑅𝑠𝑒(𝐺𝑇)
(30)
1+( )+( )
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑡(𝐺𝑇) 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇) 𝑅𝑠ℎ(𝐺𝑇)

where,
Vmpp + Impp R se(GT) − Voc(GT)
Q = (Isc(GT) (R sc(GT) + R sh(GT) ) − Voc(GT) ) e( )
Ns Vt(GT)
These three equations can be solved using the Newton Raphson method
and Generalised Hopfield Neural Network method.In these two method the error
value is taken as the 1×10e-10. These are all the mathematical modeling of the
80W PV module that can be used for extracting the five parameters and finding
the maximum power point of the prescribed PV module.
13
 CHAPTER 3
ESTIMATION OF PV MODULE PARAMETERS
The parameters of PV module are namely Ilg, Isat, A, Rse, and Rsh. By
taking the datasheet information Table 1, provided by the manufacturer of the PV
module at standard test conditions (STCs), the PV module's parameters are
estimated. By using the PV module parameters obtained at STCs, the values of
the five parameters and the MPP of the PV module can be estimated at any
temperature and irradiance condition.

3.1 PV MODULE PARAMETERS ESTIMATION UNDER STCs USING GAUSS-

SEIDEL METHOD
The new method is based on the idea of Gauss-Seidel method, which is a
known method for solving systems of linear equations, and considering any
equation, in such a system of nonlinear equations, as an equation of one
variable.
Solving systems of nonlinear equations is of great importance, because
these systems frequently arise in many branches of computational mathematics.
Consider the following systems of nonlinear equations:

𝑓1 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0,
𝑓2 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0,
.
.
.
𝑓𝑛 (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = 0,

This system can be referred by F(X) = 0 , where F = (𝑓1 , 𝑓2 … . 𝑓𝑛 ) t and

X = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … . 𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑡 from the n-dimensional space n into .We assume that
the system (1) admits a unique solution.

3.1.1 GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

J.H. He reached some iteration formulae via general Lagrange multiplier,
for solving nonlinear equations f(x) = 0 , with initial approximation x0 for r , the

14
simple root of equation, i.e.f(r) = 0 and f (r) = 0. One of these formulae is as the
following, which we have used in this paper
𝑓〈𝑥𝑛 〉 𝑓 ′′ 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 ∗ 𝑓 2 〈𝑥𝑛 〉
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − −
𝑓 ′ 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 2𝑓 ′3 〈𝑥𝑛 〉
Solving the transcendental equations by the G-S method for estimate five
parameters of PV module with help of equations (12),(13) & (14) in STCs. The
flowchart for evaluation of the five parameters of the PV module is shown in
Figure 3.1 In Figure 3.1, e1, e2, and e3 represent the errors in A, Rse , and Rsh
in the two consecutive iterations, respectively, and their value is taken as 1 ×
10−6 [13].

(12),(13)&(14)

Figure 3.1. Flowchart for the G-S method

15
 These values are given at STCs, for which the irradiance (Gstc) is 1000
W/ m2 and the cell temperature (Tstc) is 25 ◦ C.

Table 1. Datasheet of PV modules

Datasheet values
PV Module
Isc (A) Impp (A) Voc (V) Vmpp (V) Ns

KD245GX 8.91 8.23 36.9 29.80 60

U5-80 5.21 4.58 21.34 17.46 36
Shell SP70 4.7 4.25 21.4 16.5 36

Table 2. Estimated parameters for various PV modules at STCs

Estimated parameters
PV Module A Rse (Ω) Rsh (Ω) Ilg(A) Isat (A)
KD245GX 1.430 0.156 623.23 8.91 4.71e–7
U5-80 1.606 0.009 68.10 5.21 2.79e–6
Shell SP70 1.553 0.324 321.22 4.70 1.56e–6

The parameters are estimated shown in Table 2, tabulated different PV

modules of 250W solar panel KD245GX, and 80W solar panels of U5-80,Shell
SP70 are taken for estimate five parameters are A, Rse, Rsh, ILG,Isat with help
of manufacturer’s datasheet values shown in Table 1.

3.2 PV MODULE PARAMETERS ESTIMATION UNDER VARYING

IRRADIANCE AND TEMPERATURE USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
The light generated current and short circuit current are directly
proportional to irradiance and also depend on temperature. The unknown
parameters of PV module namely Ilg, Isat, A, Rse, and Rsh., can be estimated at
any temperature and irradiance condition as shown in Table 3.

16
 The flowchart for finding the MPP in different irradiance and temperature
conditions is illustrated in Figure 3.2 In Figure 3.2, e1, e2, and e3 represent the
errors in Vt(GT) , Rse(GT) , and Rsh(GT) in the two consecutive iterations,
respectively.

Calculate Voc(G) from equation (17) and error value e1, ter1=iter1+1

Evaluate ILG(G), Isc(T), ILG(GT), Isc(GT) and Voc(GT) from equations (15), (18),
(21), (22) and (23) respectively

Evaluate Vt(T), Isat(GT), Vt(GT), Rse(GT) and Rsh(GT) from

equations (24), (25), (26), (27) and (28) respectively

Evaluate Vmpp and Impp from reformed equation of (29) and (30)

Figure 3.2 Flowchart to evaluate the MPP using the SUR method

17
 Table 3. Estimated PV module parameters under varying irradiance
PV Module and temperature
Parameters

G Tc A Rse Rsh ILG Isat Vmpp Impp Pmpp

(W/m2) (°C) (Ω) (Ω) (A) (A) (V) (A) (W)

1000 30 1.432 0.157 621.37 8.94 8.39e–7 29.11 8.23 239.61

KD245GX

1000 50 1.450 0.159 614.02 9.05 7.04e–06 26.38 8.21 216.64

1000 70 1.483 0.160 606.84 9.15 4.62e–05 23.68 8.16 193.14
1100 25 1.422 0.172 566.58 9.80 4.28e–07 29.78 9.05 269.55
800 25 1.449 0.125 779.04 7.13 5.89e–07 29.69 6.58 195.47
600 25 1.475 0.094 1038.7 5.35 7.89e–07 29.34 4.93 144.72
1000 25 1.553 0.324 321.22 4.70 1.56e–6 16.51 4.25 70.16
Shell SP70

800 25 1.577 0.259 401.53 3.76 1.57e–6 16.59 3.41 56.52

600 25 1.609 0.195 535.37 2.82 1.58e–6 16.49 2.55 42.11
400 25 1.657 0.130 803.06 1.88 1.60e–6 16.12 1.70 27.35
200 25 1.748 0.065 1606.1 0.94 1.65e–6 15.18 0.84 12.77

3.3 PV MODULE PARAMETERS ESTIMATION UNDER STCs USING

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
In this section about the solution of a set of nonlinear equations through
Newton-Raphson method. Let us consider that a set of n nonlinear equations of
a total number of n variables x1 , x2 , ... , xn. Let these equations be given by

(3.1)

where f1, ... , fn are functions of the variables x1 , x2 , ... , xn. then another set of

functions g1 , ... , gn as given below

(3.2)

18
Let us assume that the initial estimates of the n variables are x1(0) , x2(0) , ... , xn(0).
Let us add corrections Δx1(0) , Δx2(0) , ... , Δxn(0) to these variables such that the
correct solution of these variables defined by

(3.3)

The functions in (3.1) then can be written in terms of the variables given in (3.3)
as
… (3.4)

Expand the above equation in Taylor's series around the nominal values
of x1(0) , x2(0) , ... , xn(0) . Neglecting the second and higher order terms of the
series, the expansion of gk , k = 1, ... , n is given as

(3.5)

where is the partial derivative of gk evaluated at x2(1) , ... , xn(1).

Equation (3.5) can be written in vector-matrix form as

(3.6)

The square matrix of partial derivatives is called the Jacobian

matrix J with J (1) indicating that the matrix is evaluated for the initial values
of x2(0) , ... , xn(0) . Then write the solution of (3.6) as

(3.7)

19
 Since the Taylor's series is truncated by neglecting the 2nd and higher
order terms, It cannot expect to find the correct solution at the end of first
iteration. So that go for further iterations.

(3.8)

These are then used to find J (1) and Δgk (1) , k = 1, ... , n . Then find Δx2(1),
... , Δxn(1) from an equation like (3.7) and subsequently calculate x2(1), ... , xn(1).
The process continues till Δgk , k = 1, ... , n becomes less than a small quantity.

ALGORITHM
Step 1: Assign the input values for ISC,VOC ,VMPP ,IMPP & NS.
Step 2: Initialize iter = 1,Vt(old)=0 &Calculate Rsh(old),Rse(old) For initialization.
Step 3: The condition Iter = maxiter satisfies go fot next step if not stop.
Step 4: Evaluate values Vt(new),Rsh(new),Rse(new) & A.
Step 5: Calculate error values 1*e-10.
Step 6: The old values are updated Vt(old) = Vt(new), Rsh(old) = Rsh(new),
Rse(old) = Rse(new).
Step 7: It cannot expect to find the correct solution at the end of first iteration. So
that go for further iterations Iter = Iter+1.
Step 8: The end of iterations final values are updated as follows
Vt(final)=Vt(new), Rsh(final)=Rsh(new) & Rse(final)=Rse(new).
Step 9: Evaluate Ilg,Isat & A and stop the program.

20
 The N -R method for estimate five parameters of PV module with help of
equations (12),(13) & (14) in STCs. The flowchart for evaluation of the five
parameters of the PV module is shown in Figure 3.3.

Start

Assign the input values of

ISC,VOC ,VMPP ,IMPP & NS

Initialize iter = 1, Vt(old)=0 &

Calculate Rsh(old),Rse(old)
For initialization

While
Divergence
occurred Iter = maxiter

No
Yes

Evaluate
Vt(new),Rsh(new),Rse(new) & A
NR Method

Calculate error values

e1,e2,e3
Vt(old) = Vt(new),
Rsh(old) = Rsh(new),
Rse(old) = Rse(new)

Iter = Iter+1

If e1,e2&e3 ≤
tolerance
No
Yes
Vt(final)=Vt(new), Rsh(final)=Rsh(new), Rse(final)=Rse(new)

Evaluate Ilg,Isat & A

Stop

Figure 3.3 Flowchart for the N-R method.

21
 These values are given at STCs, for which the irradiance (Gstc) is 1000
W/ m2 and the cell temperature (Tstc) is 25 ◦ C.

Table 4. Datasheet of PV modules

Datasheet values
PV Module
Isc (A) Impp (A) Voc (V) Vmpp (V) Ns

KD245GX 8.91 8.23 36.9 29.80 60

U5-80 5.21 4.58 21.34 17.46 36
Shell SP70 4.7 4.25 21.4 16.5 36
HST60FXXXM 8.82 8.39 37.9 31.03 60
HST36FXXXP 4.65 4.30 21.5 17.5 36
HST60FXXXP 8.80 8.27 37.6 30.23 60

Table 5. Estimated parameters for various PV modules at STCs

Estimated parameters
PV Module A Rse (Ω) Rsh(Ω) Ilg (A) Isat (A)

KD245GX 1.4290 0.1562 623.2350 8.9122 4.6709e-07

U5-80 1.6043 0.0086 66.6312 5.2107 2.7593e-06
Shell SP70 1.5536 0.3242 321.2234 4.2543 1.4181e-06
HST60FXXXM 0.9485 0.2920 38772.16 8.8201 4.8301e-11
HST36FXXXP 1.3862 0.1385 671.3679 4.6510 2.3925e-07
HST60FXXXP 1.1452 0.2893 4956.62 8.8005 4.9002e-09

The parameters are estimated in standard test conditions (STCs) and

tabulated different PV modules of 250W solar panel KD245GX, HST60FXXXM,
HST60FXXXP and 80W solar panels of U5-80,Shell SP70, HST36FXXXP.

The N -R method for estimated five parameters of PV modules with help

of equations (12),(13) & (13) in STCs are shown in Table 5.

22
Table 6. Estimated parameters for various PV modules at varying irradiance
and temperature
PV Module
Parameters

G Tc A Rse Rsh ILG Isat Vmpp Impp Pmpp

(W/m2) (°C) (Ω) (Ω) (A) (A) (V) (A) (W)

1000 30 1.48346 0.1562 623.2831 8.9122 6.16E-07 29.8017 8.2304 245.3275

1000 50 1.39161 0.1562 623.2756 8.9123 1.71E-06 29.799 8.2304 245.2597
1000 70 1.31046 0.1562 623.2682 8.9124 4.22E-06 29.7962 8.2304 245.2404
KD245GX

1100 25 1.50013 0.1718 566.6227 9.8034 4.24E-07 29.7861 9.0506 269.5705

800 25 1.52890 0.125 779.1062 7.1298 5.85E-07 29.6937 6.5839 195.4961
600 25 1.4485 0.0937 1039 5.3465 5.833e-07 29.3463 4.9321 145.2552
1000 25 1.63987 0.3242 321.2234 4.7047 1.57E-06 16.4999 4.2499 70.1221
800 25 1.66453 0.2594 401.5293 3.7638 1.97E-06 16.5844 3.4061 56.4933
Shell SP70

600 25 1.69741 0.1945 535.3723 2.8228 2.64E-06 16.4795 2.5542 42.1024

400 25 1.75084 0.1297 803.0585 1.8819 4.01E-06 16.0991 1.698 27.3323
200 25 1.84537 0.0648 1.61E+03 0.9409 8.27E-06 15.1711 0.8416 12.7678

351 35.7 1.67421 0.003 189.3658 1.8335 1.41E-05 15.7182 1.5949 25.0731
U5-80

426 42 1.62451 0.0037 155.8012 2.2284 1.48E-05 16.0523 1.9431 31.1902

568 44 1.57765 0.0049 116.7973 2.9726 1.18E-05 16.5378 2.6 42.9893
841 49 1.4775 0.2802 6.87E+04 8.2418 4.77E-05 22.1535 7.3418 162.6971
868 49 1.4775 0.2892 6.66E+04 8.5064 4.84E-05 22.0907 7.5706 167.2258
HST60FXXXP

872 49 1.4775 0.2905 6.63E+04 8.5456 4.85E-05 22.081 7.6044 167.8917

881 49 1.4775 0.2935 6.56E+04 8.6338 4.87E-05 22.0589 7.6804 169.3776
882 49 1.4775 0.2938 6.55E+04 8.6436 4.87E-05 22.0564 7.6889 169.5447
887 49 1.4739 0.2955 6.51E+04 8.6926 4.74E-05 22.0439 7.731 170.4773
908 47.7 1.4559 0.3005 6.41E+04 8.8394 3.49E-05 22.3972 7.8853 176.5793
832 43.8 1.3809 0.1763 3.67E+03 7.9543 8.63E-06 24.3232 7.2374 176.0508
HST60FXXXM

835 43.8 1.3809 0.1769 3.66E+03 7.983 8.63E-06 24.3224 7.2633 176.6694
840 43.8 1.3809 0.178 3.63E+03 8.0308 8.64E-06 24.3209 7.3066 177.6929
845 43.8 1.3809 0.1791 3.61E+03 8.0786 8.65E-06 24.3192 7.3498 178.7144
849 43.8 1.3809 0.1799 3.59E+03 8.1168 8.66E-06 24.3177 7.3844 179.5342

The light generated current and short circuit current are directly
proportional to irradiance and also depend on temperature. The unknown
parameters of PV module namely Ilg, Isat, A, Rse, and Rsh., can be estimated at
any temperature and irradiance condition.
PV modules of 250W solar panel KD245GX, HST60FXXXM,
HST60FXXXP and 80W solar panels of U5-80, Shell SP70 are taken estimated
parameters at any temperature and irradiance conditions are shown in Table 6.

23
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
In this work, the following PV modules are taken for estimate the five
unknown parameters of KD245GX, U5-80, Shell SP70, HST60FXXXM,
HST36FXXXP and HST60FXXXP. The N-R method is used to estimate the five
unknown parameters of the PV modules at STCs. Here, good convergence is
achieved in the N-R method during MATLAB coding, due to the selection of
appropriate initial values from the series and shunt resistance equations. The
SUR method is used to extract the MPP at different environmental conditions by
considering the varying nature of shunt resistance, series resistance, and ideality
factor. In particular, through the proposed equations of shunt resistance and
ideality factor of the PV model, accurate MPP value is obtained. For a wide range
of operating conditions, the MPP and the five unknown parameters of various PV
modules are estimated.

4.1 FUTURE SCOPE

The proposed methodology estimate the five unknown parameters of the
PV module at STCs and variable temperature and irradiance conditions. Five
unknown parameters of the PV module can be obtained with the GHNN based
optimization technique
Solar power from the PV module the converter will help to get maximum
power by taking PV module references of voltage and current. Instead of taking
reference from the PV module, for different environment conditions five
parameters are determined and can be used for generating pulse signal for
driving converter for deliver maximum power from PV module.

4.2 SOCIETAL IMPACT

The sun provides a tremendous resource for generating clean and
sustainable electricity without toxic pollution or global warming. The potential
environmental impacts associated with the setting up of a solar power farm are
land use, habitat loss, water use and the use of hazardous material during the
manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell.

24
 APPENDIX A
MATLAB CODING FOR PARAMETERS ESTIMATION AT STCs OF
KD245GX PV MODULE

PROGRAM
function [x,iter] = newtonm(x0,f,J)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% % KD245GX %%
Voc=36.9;
Vmpp=29.80;
Isc=8.91;
Impp=8.23;
Ns=60;
Rsei=(Voc/Isc)-(Vmpp/Impp)
Rshi=Vmpp/(Isc-Impp)
syms x1 x2 x3 ;
x(1)=sym('x(1)');
x(2)=sym('x(2)');
x(3)=sym('x(3)');

%equation number (12)

f1=Vmpp+(Impp*x1)-Voc;
f2=Isc*(x1+x2)-Voc;
f3=(Isc-Impp)*(x1+x2)-Vmpp;
f4=f3/f2;
f5=Ns*log(f4);
F11=x3-(f1/f5);

%equation number (13)

f6=Ns*x3*((Impp*(x1+x2))-Vmpp);
f7=(Isc*Vmpp*(x1+x2))+(Impp*x1*(Voc-Isc*x1-Isc*x2))-(Vmpp*Voc);
S=log(f6/f7);
F22=x1-(Voc-Vmpp+(Ns*x3*S))/Impp;

%equation number (14)

f8=exp((Isc*x1-Voc)/(Ns*x3));
f9=x1*(Isc*(x1+x2)-Voc)*f8;
f10=Ns*x3*(x1+x2);
f11=f9+f10;
f12=exp((Isc*x1-Voc)/(Ns*x3));
f13=(Isc*(x1+x2)-Voc)*f12;

f14=Ns*x3+f13;
f15=f11/f14;
F33=x2-f15;

25
F1=subs(F11,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
F2=subs(F22,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
F3=subs(F33,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J11=diff(F11,x1);
J12=diff(F11,x2);
J13=diff(F11,x3);
J21=diff(F22,x1);
J22=diff(F22,x2);
J23=diff(F22,x3);
J31=diff(F33,x1);
J32=diff(F33,x2);
J33=diff(F33,x3);
J1=subs(J11,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J2=subs(J12,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J3=subs(J13,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J4=subs(J21,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J5=subs(J22,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J6=subs(J23,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J7=subs(J31,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J8=subs(J32,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})
J9=subs(J33,{x1,x2,x3},{x(1),x(2),x(3)})

function [f] = f331(x)

% f2(x) = 0, with x = [x(1);x(2);x(3)]
% represents a system of 3 non-linear equations
% x=[0.370 79 0.0257];
% x=[0.1480 3901 0.01927];
% Panel -3 % % % % KD245GX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
F1 = x(3) - ((823*x(1))/100 - 71/10)/(60*log(((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 -
149/5)/((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)))

F2 = x(1) - (6000*x(3)*log((60*x(3)*((823*x(1))/100 + (823*x(2))/100 -

149/5))/((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50)))/823 - 710/823

F3 = x(2) - (60*x(3)*(x(1) + x(2)) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -

369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/(60*x(3) +
exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))

f=[F1;F2;F3];

end

function [J] = stc2(x)

%x=[0.5451 72.8148 0.0257];
% Evaluates the Jacobian of a 2x2
% system of non-linear equations

26
J1 = ((17/(25*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)) - (891*((17*x(1))/25 +
(17*x(2))/25 - 149/5))/(100*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10)^2))*((823*x(1))/100 - 71/10)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))/(60*log(((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 - 149/5)/((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))^2*((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 - 149/5)) -
823/(6000*log(((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 - 149/5)/((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)))

J2 = ((17/(25*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)) - (891*((17*x(1))/25 +

(17*x(2))/25 - 149/5))/(100*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10)^2))*((823*x(1))/100 - 71/10)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))/(60*log(((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 - 149/5)/((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))^2*((17*x(1))/25 + (17*x(2))/25 - 149/5))

J3 = 1

J4 = 1 - (100*((2469*x(3))/(5*((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50)) + (60*x(3)*((823*x(1))/100 +
(823*x(2))/100 - 149/5)*((733293*x(1))/5000 + (733293*x(2))/10000 -
19557734877757441/34359738368000))/((72985032095957*x(1))/27487790694
4 + (72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 -
54981/50)^2)*((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50))/(823*((823*x(1))/100 + (823*x(2))/100
- 149/5))

J5 = -(100*((2469*x(3))/(5*((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50)) + (60*x(3)*((733293*x(1))/10000 -
72985032095957/274877906944)*((823*x(1))/100 + (823*x(2))/100 -
149/5))/((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 -
54981/50)^2)*((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50))/(823*((823*x(1))/100 + (823*x(2))/100
- 149/5))

J6 = - (6000*log((60*x(3)*((823*x(1))/100 + (823*x(2))/100 -
149/5))/((72985032095957*x(1))/274877906944 +
(72985032095957*x(2))/274877906944 - (823*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/100 - 54981/50)))/823 - 6000/823

J7 = ((60*x(3)*(x(1) + x(2)) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -

369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))*((891*exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3))))/100 +
(297*exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))/(2000*x(3))))/(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -

27
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))^2 - (60*x(3) +
exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10) + (891*exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1))/100 +
(297*exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))/(2000*x(3)))/(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))

J8 = (891*exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*(60*x(3)*(x(1) + x(2)) +

exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10)))/(100*(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100
+ (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))^2) - (60*x(3) + (891*exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1))/100)/(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)) + 1

J9 = - (60*x(1) + 60*x(2) - (exp(((891*x(1))/100 -

369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100
- 369/10))/(60*x(3)^2))/(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10)) - ((60*x(3)*(x(1) +
x(2)) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)/(60*x(3)))*x(1)*((891*x(1))/100 +
(891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))*((exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 - 369/10)*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 -
369/10))/(60*x(3)^2) - 60))/(60*x(3) + exp(((891*x(1))/100 -
369/10)/(60*x(3)))*((891*x(1))/100 + (891*x(2))/100 - 369/10))^2

J=[J1 J2 J3;J4 J5 J6;J7 J8 J9];

end

function [x,iter] = newtonm(x0,f,J)

% Newton-Raphson method applied to a
% system of linear equations f(x) = 0,
% given the jacobian function J, with
% J = del(f1,f2,...,fn)/del(x1,x2,...,xn)
% x = [x1;x2;...;xn], f = [f1;f2;...;fn]
% x0 is an initial guess of the solution
N = 100; % define max. number of iterations
epsilon = 1e-10; % define tolerance
maxval = 10000.0; % define value for divergence
x0=[0.5205;43.8235;0.025];
xx = x0; % load initial guess
while (N>0)
JJ = stc2(x0);
if abs(det(JJ))<epsilon
error('newtonm - Jacobian is singular - try new x0');
abort;
end;
xn = xx - inv(stc2(xx))*f331(xx);
if abs(f331(xx))<epsilon
x=xn;
iter = 100-N;

28
 return;
end;
if abs(f331(xx))>maxval
iter = 100-N;
disp(['iterations = ',num2str(iter)]);
error('Solution diverges');
abort;
end;
N = N - 1;
xx = xn;
end;
% error('No convergence after 100 iterations.');
% abort;
% end

OUTPUT

Rse = 0.1562
Rsh = 623.2350
Vt = 0.0367
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
clc; clear all; close all;
% Panel - 2% % % % % % % % KD245GX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
Voc=36.9;
Vmpp=29.8;
Isc=8.91;
Impp=8.23;
Ns=60;
T=273+25;
k=1.3806e-23;
q=1.602e-19;
Rse=0.1562; % %%%% KD245GX
Rsh=623.235; % %%%% KD245GX
Vt=0.0367; % %%%% KD245GX
a=(Vt*q)/(k*T)
Iph=(Isc*(Rse+Rsh))/Rsh
I0=((Isc*(Rse+Rsh))-Voc)/Rsh *(exp(-Voc/(Ns*Vt)))
f1=exp((q/(k*T))*(Vmpp+Rse*Impp)/(a*Ns));
f2=Vmpp*(Iph-I0*(f1-1));
f3=Vmpp*(-(Vmpp+Rse*Impp)/Rsh);
Pmax=f2+f3

OUTPUT

a = 1.4290
Iph = 8.9122
I0 = 4.6709e-07
Pmax= 245.2819

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

29
 APPENDIX B
MATLAB CODING FOR PARAMETERS ESTIMATION AT
VARIOUS TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE OF KD245GX PV
MODULE

PROGRAM
clc;
close all;
clear all;
syms x1;
N=0;
x(1)=sym('x(1)');

G=600;
Ns=60;
Ilg=8.9122;
Rsh=623.285;
Vt=0.0367;
Isat=4.67e-7;

Gstc=1000;
Ilgg=Ilg*(G/Gstc);
f1=((Ilgg*Rsh)-x1);
f2=(Isat*Rsh);
f3=log(f1/f2);
f4=Ns*Vt*f3;
F=x1-f4;
F1=subs(F,{x1},{x(1)});
F1
J=diff(F,x1);
J1=subs(J,{x1},{x(1)});
J1

function [ F ] = irraf2( x )
%%% G=600 irradtn
F = x(1) - (1101*log(61481233496505657065472/5369369336951621 -
(18446744073709551616*x(1))/5369369336951621))/500

end

function [ J ] = iraj2(x)

%%%%%%% 600 irradiatn

J = 1-
5077466306288554082304/(671171167118952625*((18446744073709551616*x
(1))/5369369336951621 - 61481233496505657065472/5369369336951621))
end

30
function [x,iter] = newtonm(x0,F,J)
% Newton-Raphson method applied to a
% system of linear equations f(x) = 0,
% given the jacobian function J, with
% J = del(f1,f2,...,fn)/del(x1,x2,...,xn)
% x = [x1;x2;...;xn], f = [f1;f2;...;fn]
% x0 is an initial guess of the solution
N = 100; % define max. number of iterations
epsilon = 1e-10; % define tolerance
maxval = 10000.0; % define value for divergence
x0=[36.9];
xx = x0; % load initial guess
while (N>0)
J = iraj2(x0);
if abs(det(J))<epsilon
error('newtonm - Jacobian is singular - try new x0');
abort;
end
xn = xx - inv(iraj2(xx))*irraf2(xx);
if abs(irraf2(xx))<epsilon
x=xn;
iter = 100-N;
return;
end
if abs(irraf2(xx))>maxval
iter = 100-N;
disp(['iterations = ',num2str(iter)]);
error('Solution diverges');
abort;
end
N = N - 1;
xx = xn;
end
% %error('No convergence after 100 iterations.');
% %abort;
end
% while(1)
% xn = xx - inv(irrj(xx))*irrf(xx);
% if (xn-xx)<epsilon
% xn-xx
% break;
% end
% xx=xn;
% end
% xn

OUTPUT
VOC(G) = 35.7665
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31
clc;
clear all;
close all;

%%%% KD245GX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Isc=8.91;
Tstc=298;
Voc=36.9;
Rse=0.1562;
Rsh=623.285;
G=600;
Gstc=1000;
Ns=60;
Vt=0.0367;
Vocg=35.7665;
Ilg=8.9122;
Tc=273+25;
Kv=-1.33e-4;
Ki=5.35e-6;
%%%%%%%% End of data %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Isct=Isc+(Ki*(Tc-Tstc))
Voct=Voc+(Kv*(Tc-Tstc))
Ilgt=(Isct*(Rse+Rsh))/Rsh;
Ilggt=(Ilg+(Ki*(Tc-Tstc)))*(G/Gstc)
Iscgt=(Isc+(Ki*(Tc-Tstc)))*(G/Gstc)
Vocgt=Vocg+(Kv*(Tc-Tstc))
Vtt=Vt*(Tc/Tstc);
f1=exp(-Vocgt/(Ns*Vtt));
f2=Isct*(Rse+Rsh)-Vocgt;
f3=f2/Rsh;
Isatgt=f3*f1
Vtgt=Vt*(Voc/Vocgt)
Rsegt=Rse*(Ilggt/Ilg)
Rshgt=Rsh*(Isc/Iscgt)
syms x1 x2;
x(1)=sym('x(1)');
x(2)=sym('x(2)');
f4=(Iscgt-x2)*(Rsegt+Rshgt)-x1;
f5=(Iscgt*(Rsegt+Rshgt)-Vocgt);
U=log(f4/f5);
F11=x1-(Vocgt-(x2*Rsegt)+Ns*Vtgt*U);
f6=exp((x1+(x2*Rsegt)-Vocgt)/(Ns*Vtgt));
f7=(Iscgt*(Rsegt+Rshgt)-Vocgt);
Q=f6*f7;
num=((x1*Q)/(Ns*Vtgt*Rshgt))+(x1/Rshgt);
den=1+((Q*Rsegt)/(Ns*Vtgt*Rshgt))+(Rsegt/Rshgt);
f8=(num/den);
F22=x2-f8;

32
F1=subs(F11,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
F2=subs(F22,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
F1
F2
J11=diff(F11,x1);
J12=diff(F11,x2);
J21=diff(F22,x1);
J22=diff(F22,x2);
J1=subs(J11,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
J2=subs(J12,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
J3=subs(J21,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
J4=subs(J22,{x1,x2},{x(1),x(2)});
J1
J2
J3
J4

function [ F ] = irraf( x )

%%%%%%%%%%%%% KD245GX
% % 600 irradiance and 25 deg temp
F1 = x(1) -
(5115605152900575*log(12213310019933793177/12134658654664094000 -
(4569139551041449*x(2))/24269317309328188 -
(1099511627776*x(1))/6067329327332047))/2251799813685248 +
(2343*x(2))/25000 - 71533/2000

F2 = x(2) - ((1099511627776*x(1))/1142181841530607 +
(12134658654664094*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*x(1))/5189583264527401)/((14
215752613938986121*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/64869790806592512500 +
18448408316091050987/18446744073709551616)

F=[F1;F2];
end

function [ J ] = iraj(x)

%%%%%%%%%%%%% KD245GX
% % 600 irradiance and 25 deg temp

J1 = 1 -
5115605152900575/(12425890462376032256*((1099511627776*x(1))/60673293
27332047 + (4569139551041449*x(2))/24269317309328188 -
12213310019933793177/12134658654664094000))

33
J2 = 2343/25000 -
23373913831629456321124400933175/(5464964419541337804161136617062
4*((1099511627776*x(1))/6067329327332047 +
(4569139551041449*x(2))/24269317309328188 -
12213310019933793177/12134658654664094000))

J3 =
(2667585757288615515656154811203584*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115
605152900575 + (219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*((1099511627776*x(1))/114218
1841530607 +
(12134658654664094*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*x(1))/5189583264527401))/(27
654019676482250363772620995390625*((14215752613938986121*exp((22517
99813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/64869790806592512500 +
18448408316091050987/18446744073709551616)^2) -
((12134658654664094*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/5189583264527401 +
(27324822097706689020805683085312*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/511560
5152900575 + (219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*x(1))/26547858889422960349
221716155575 +
1099511627776/1142181841530607)/((14215752613938986121*exp((22517998
13685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/64869790806592512500 +
18448408316091050987/18446744073709551616)

J4 =
(781269178665903269147796340331249664*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/51
15605152900575 + (219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*((1099511627776*x(1))/114218
1841530607 +
(12134658654664094*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*x(1))/5189583264527401))/(86
418811489007032386789440610595703125*((14215752613938986121*exp((22
51799813685248*x(1))/5115605152900575 +
(219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/64869790806592512500 +
18448408316091050987/18446744073709551616)^2) -
(2667585757288615515656154811203584*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/5115
605152900575 + (219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875)*x(1))/(27654019676482250363
772620995390625*((14215752613938986121*exp((2251799813685248*x(1))/51

34
15605152900575 + (219831956811022336*x(2))/5328755367604765625 -
10067374754521677824/639450644112571875))/64869790806592512500 +
18448408316091050987/18446744073709551616)) + 1

J=[J1 J2; J3 J4];

end

function [x,iter] = newtonm(x0,F,J)

% Newton-Raphson method applied to a
% system of linear equations f(x) = 0,
% given the jacobian function J, with
% J = del(f1,f2,...,fn)/del(x1,x2,...,xn)
% x = [x1;x2;...;xn], f = [f1;f2;...;fn]
% x0 is an initial guess of the solution
N = 100; % define max. number of iterations
epsilon = 1e-10; % define tolerance
maxval = 10000.0; % define value for divergence
x0=[26;2];
xx = x0; % load initial guess
while (N>0)
JJ = irraj(x0);
if abs(det(JJ))<epsilon
error('newtonm - Jacobian is singular - try new x0');
abort;
end
xn = xx - inv(irraj(xx))*irraf(xx);
if abs(irraf(xx))<epsilon
x=xn;
iter = 100-N;
return;
end
if abs(irraf(xx))>maxval
iter = 100-N;
disp(['iterations = ',num2str(iter)]);
error('Solution diverges');
abort;
end
N = N - 1;
xx = xn;
end
% %error('No convergence after 100 iterations.');
% %abort;
end

OUTPUT
Vmp = 29.3463
Imp = 4.9321
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

35
clc; clear all; close all;

% Panel - 2% % % % % % % % KD245GX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5

Voc=35.7665;
Vmpp=29.3463;
Isc=5.346;
Impp=4.9321; % 25
Ns=60;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%............
T=273+25;
k=1.3806e-23;
q=1.602e-19;
Rse=0.0937;
Rsh=1039;
Vt=0.0372; % 25

a=(Vt*q)/(k*T)
Iph=(Isc*(Rse+Rsh))/Rsh
I0=((Isc*(Rse+Rsh))-Voc)/Rsh *(exp(-Voc/(Ns*Vt)))
f1=exp((q/(k*T))*(Vmpp+Rse*Impp)/(a*Ns));
f2=Vmpp*(Iph-I0*(f1-1));
f3=Vmpp*(-(Vmpp+Rse*Impp)/Rsh);
Pmax=f2+f3

OUTPUT
a = 1.4485
Iph = 5.3465
I0 = 5.8337e-07
Pmax = 145.2552
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36
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