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SCALAR VECTOR

• magnitude and
• magnitude only direction

• ex: mass, density, • ex: force,


temperature, time displacement,
velocity, acceleration
symbol used to symbol used to represent the
𝑨 represent vector
A or 𝐴 magnitude of a vector

The direction where the arrow is


pointed represents the direction of
the vector.
The length of the arrow represents
the magnitude of the vector
𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩

𝑨=𝑩 𝑨 = −𝑩
parallel vectors antiparallel vectors
Suppose an object undergoes a displacement 𝑨 followed by a second
displacement 𝑩.

𝑩
The resulting displacement is the same as if the
object started at the same initial point and has
𝑨
undergone a displacement 𝑪.
𝑪
𝑨+𝑩=𝑪
Suppose an object undergoes a displacement 𝑨 followed by a second
displacement 𝑩.

Tail-to-Tip Method Parallelogram Method


𝑩 𝑩

𝑨 𝑨 𝑪
𝑪
When we subtract two vectors, 𝑨 − 𝑩, we define it to be the vector sum
of 𝑨 and −𝑩. Thus,
𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 + −𝑩
𝑨 𝑩
𝑨
(a) (b)
𝑩
𝑪 𝑪
Sum of antiparallel vectors (a) in comparison to sum of parallel vectors (b)
When a vector 𝑨 is multiplied to a scalar c, the result c𝑨 has a magnitude
𝑐 𝐴,

𝑨 𝑨
2𝑨 −2𝑨
Sample Problem
A cross-country skier skis north
1.00 km north and then 2.00 km
east on a horizontal snow field.
How far and in what direction is
he from the starting point?
Sample Problem
(a) What are the x- and y-
components of vector 𝑫? The
magnitude of vector is D = 3.00
m and the angle α = 450. (b)
What are the x- and y-
components of vector 𝑬? The
magnitude of vector is E = 4.50
m and the angle β= 37.00.
Sample Problem
Three players on a reality TV show are brought to the center of a large, flat field.
Each is given a meter stick, a compass, a calculator, a shovel, and the following
three displacements:
72.4 m, 32.00 east of north
57.3 m, 36.00 south of west
17.8 m, straight south
The three displacements lead to the point where the keys to a new Porsche are
buried. Two players start measuring immediately but the winner first calculates
where to go. What does she calculate?
Sample Problem
Three horizontal ropes pull on a
large stone truck in the ground,
producing the vector forces 𝑨,
𝑩, and 𝑪 shown in the figure.
Find the vector sum of the
forces.
A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1, with no units. Its only
purpose is to POINT, to describe a direction in space.

𝑨𝒙 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖
𝑨𝒚 = 𝐴𝑦 𝑗

𝑨 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗
When two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 are represented in terms of their component,
we can express the vector sum using unit vectors as:

𝑹=𝑨+𝑩
𝑹 = (𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗) + (𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗)
𝑹 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 )𝑗

𝑹 = 𝑹𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑹𝒚 𝒋
Sample Problem
Find the sum of two vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩 given by

𝑨 = (2.0𝑖 + 2.0𝑗) and 𝑩 = (2.0𝑖 − 4.0𝑗)


Sample Problem
A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements: 𝒓𝟏 = (15.0𝑖 +
30.0𝑗 + 12.0𝑘) km; 𝒓𝟐 = (23.0𝑖 − 14.0𝑗 − 5.00𝑘) km; and
𝒓𝟑 = (−13.0𝑖 + 15.0𝑗) km. Find the resultant displacement.
The scalar product is denoted by 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩. In equation, it is expressed as

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
For unit vectors,

𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑘 = 1 1 cos 00 = 1
𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘 = 1 1 cos 900 = 0

Thus,
𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
Sample Problem
Find the scalar product 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 of the two
vectors in the figure whose magnitudes
are A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.
Sample Problem
(a) Calculate the product of the two vectors and (b) determine the angle
between them

𝑨 = (2.0𝑖 + 3.0𝑗 + 𝑘) and 𝑩 = (−4.0𝑖 + 4.0𝑗 − 𝑘)


Sample Problem
Vector 𝑨 has a magnitude of 6.00 units, vector 𝑩 has a magnitude of 7.00
units and 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 has a value of 14.0. What is the angle between 𝑨 and 𝑩?

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