Thermo-Chemo- Mechanical Cracking Assessment for Early-Age Mass Concrete Structures 6 and complex structures study demons‘rates that parallel processing allows modeling of by Fauarco MR. Fabam, Marcos M,Sivoso, Eddy A.B Koenders Femando 1.8 Reto, and Romido D. Toledo Fino ‘Soncree structures have Been simulated using tee ‘imensional (0) thermo mechanical modes, Mistare Assigns ad placement schedules have been succesflly ‘termine allowing minimization of esses and associated cracking during the hacen process. A the COPPE/Universdade Federal do Ride Jansivo in Breil 1D meshing softwar and paral architecture bas Finite element model (FEM computer code named, DAMTHECOPPE has been develosed o conduc thes masive simulations This ode bed on scenic thamo-ceio- mechanic Framework: hasbeen impeoved oer he ast 10 yee Because i's now capable of parallel processing on high density server hess can sole FEM mei comprising 2p t0 35 milion elements allornganalyi of massive ‘nett tutes upto high ed of detail The sytem allows analnes of concrete structures subject early age cracking due tothermal hydestion and tutogenovs shrinkage induce streves provdinginput ir engineering countermeasures thi include: + Choosing matore proportions provide lower rites of hydration andr limiting sutogetou shrinkage + Contelling placing thicknes orth and he tome intervals heowec placing oslo fest dsp | recent yer the consration pha of many masve 30 M2012 eomerat tternatiot + Roding the temperature ofcancete by pre-oaling oe postcooling using pipes and + Gontrolting rack widths with appopdatereiforcemene Allof these mesuees involve cont and its upto the engineer to dvi which combination opts comiering onseution cot and avoiding compromised sey and “rail. Tadionally his optimization problem has teen sled though the knowhow ofthe sacral design team using mor rls sophisticated numeri! models” However ase concetestuctures nviveexrersely lange quantities of concrete rd significa manpower or design engineering and placement Case Study To demonstrate the potential of thermomechanical modeling, he following is desrption af the modeling of ‘he eonsrcton ofthe Manuel Par Project a 2160 MW hydeopower plane in Venceucs (Fg, 1) Te plan ithe [atest developmen ofthe Lower Caron hydropoer system The powerhouse has 10 Kaplaype turbines [terhine with adele Bade) each cape of generating 216 MW of electric snd sine splays with adil gate Gonseuction sete 1330.00 (2.027300 yo 00 tonnes 103.100 of el informer ad 7 RMT NE » th » op 1 fy97,000 (4.273.900) of farmwork. The structure alo nluded an cath and sock dam with ely core The ject is in one of the move prod d-ainage basins in he work ae wl on wo exsting hydcpuwer planes vovide a otal capacity of 1800 MW. For thie masie job. to etal sections of he concrete teactre were selected or analysis the powerhouse aa he pila. Temperature ite and stress development mee mulated. The probability of racking wa evalusted sing re cracking inde, the eat ofthe calculi tense tee ral the rem stengh ofthe concrete hermo-Mechanical Mode! The complex geometry and complied construction sqence required usto we abet §ailion eral nite elements forthe models The FEM co alates he ‘olution of hydration and temperature according co tuple chemo-chemial mode" hat cowsiders the ermal activation of the hydestion recto. In his, proach the thermal input parameters ich a heel nluctvty and specific heat can be consleredexpiily 1g: Corsiucton photos che Manuel x cject (e)cowrvacr vw ol lvay end Powe: ©) otk view al powereenet foreach ype of mace and both ace dependent on the degre of hyaion. The constitutive equtions and “slibriam are enforced calculate the ineral tes elds in the hardening conerec elements, Vac castc behavior isbased ona reep model that ws developed within the consistent hermndyraic ass of she thermchema mechanical framework" The set of otinear equations is soe numerically using FEM schematization anda Newton Raph incremenal iterate technique, The calculation process starts with the calculation of the temperature and ydation fick, providing thermal gradients that develop satng, andenng. These thermal gradients are che intel loads thar at oma concrete tuctte causing it deform thermal deformation), Whenever these deformations are fesrained, sess will develop The stresses ca alo be fected by the development of autogenous shrinkage imsahich depend on the mitre composition and 3 result ofthe eral capillary owes hat devel da imernal dying, In he model the thermal and mechanical, Paramecers. such s the Youngs modula concrete seen Concrete ternational 18/2012 3‘stogenous shrinkage and creep. ne tho dependent on te evolution af the hydration cection. A schematic of che ealeulaion procedure ped in Fig 2 Input Parameters Tio ferent ype of concrete were use inthe project and our models Magure C28 war we othe powethouse, wheres Mixture C2 and Parally C21 were ws inthe psy Table). The corespoaing sate temperature curves ae shown in Fig 3 Tre seruturs there wl bay be {clas fest tothe ensiranment, {he maximum temperate wot teach howe shown in Fig 3. However, ‘Thermo-cheme-mechanical mosel, DAMTHEICOPPE eee | SEE Calculation of temperature and ‘degree ofydration = Motel opbmy * Cont provers “Aba emperaie ave “Ambit condone Out theme ents * Degen fed SEEEEEPPTEEF | ESPPEEET Stress caleult ‘nput + Thermal gradients + Degee fhytraton + Rutogenous shrinkage + Visco-ascpropertes, + External restanis Output + Srosslsain elds + Strength els | + Cracking index ‘Stauton proce ee 32/2012 Comeratntrnationat the beat lots strongly dependent on the spe of formu, ad ies cen ‘ore dependent on te sie of the Concrete clement el The physica mechanical properties use in the Smulations ae proved a Table 2 The powerhouse sractue asa rom volume af about 6 x 60 60m Itgp e197 4197 Bh. lthas avery ‘ompes, nonsymmetricl geometry. hd the constaction scheme required large concrete placements Figure shows dhe setoning that ws flowed for concrete placement The genera icometry an a iew ofthe rte flement mesh are proned in Figs. The mesh comprised 444525 linear reed element an 816159 noes Table 1: "he thermo-mchanical anal represented $30 days of constuction is 50 daye ale the lst concrte Pacerent Fig), acing temperatures were 10, 2.and 15°C (30-54.and, 59°F) depending onthe location of the placement in the powerhouse, The ambient temperature ws considered thes constant 27 Figure shows the temperature and crachingindex held for the powers Se day ater heft concrere placement when the maim concrete temperature of 467°C TF} wat reached, Cleary the temperature ise the masine Concrete ements remained high fo 8 long period of ie. The trnperature Mixture proportions used in he construction of the Manuel Pior raropawer pst San OE | once 24079 ste oH waa 7020) Gems carenoa ioe | Tisaron | maw Son he 7a) ra) a 109 | aa Wamceneuiaaneivcas [a oe 6 0 2% -Asabate temperature,“ Tine, cays splay (28 angeTable 2: Overview ofthe input parameters fr the powerhouse and spillway models Comecive rect frsiercoemegnt. eK GRMN) 270(158) 2090188) Cencele et ease hg K BUS") 9027) naz) Aetwaten ener Kr) x00 (3.25) £00 (325) Tea eas 908x108 ‘98x10 ae wre eaxio9 6025109 Base rosa Mae) 2ere0 83% 107 Terai feng i. WP 29a) ‘utogero tensoge tc sox1oe 1a Powenouse geome ond conan sequencing Indeed by colon ond abe) profile changed everytime new batch fish concrete tas placed The maximum temperature was found to occu Inthe section inbetween the two turbines (Fi 6) igure 7 presents the geometrical model of the spillway As with she powerhouse, the ambien temperature was assumed t bea eonstane 27°C (81°F. The spilvay height length and width ate about 6,50 and 0m 197, Lana IR) especie The spillvay alsa has. ery comple nonsymmetcal geomeuy and a complicated constrtion scheme that ineled a numberof placements ane time, Parts ofthe concrete placement were conducted in aered sequence and other pars were continuously bile The general geometry anda view ofthe fit clement mesh are Provided in Fg. 7. The ees comprised 2414833 linear teed elements and 48,119 nodes The therm. mechanical analysis was performed over S50 days ofthe ‘onstruction phase, Pacing temperatures forthe les fomerete wer 10,12 and 15% [0,544 39°F depending “onthe locaton ofthe placement inthe sll. ‘Similar othe simulations conducted forthe power house the thermo mechanical model provides temperature and sts elds. The temperature Feld and autogenous Shrikage deform the concet during hardening From those internal effets, dhe eres eld an associating, stength Held ze called fr determination of te {racking index (Fig. 7())- From the therm mechanical Simulation. ie was found that he maximum cracking index associated withthe given mixture and the selected building Sequence was about DA Aer construction ofthe spills anonsite assessment eam fou no cracking. Although the lack af observed cracking des not provi direct Confirmation of he ali the maximum cracking index is internal and woul! not be vibe to an inspection tea, it des provide ome evidence thatthe cnstrcton atametes(matere proportions timing and placement Sins were aequately eared Discussion “The thermoschemo-mechanical model developed tthe CCOPPEAiveiade Federal do Rio de Janeiro isa ‘conratettermauons 36/2012 33pale achitecure based FEM computer code specially ‘evelopa conduct masive thro mechanical simultons The mode an caily handle mates bul pom 0 18 milion cements Parallel precesing of FEME makes it possible simulate massive eagineerng problems and help optimize the convertion age “Thecomipler geomeuies, contrition schedules, and material characteristics found in powerhouse ad splay Structures make them go andes for sch analyses, ‘Other constuction projet tata and have been analyzed withthe thrmo-mechanical model include the inner core and other compierstructores of nucleae power pun. The ‘model shows enormous potenti rnd ca be supportive to the desig and exccuton of masive infrastructure, nuclear, hydropower and offshore constuction with complex poomevis or building schedules Acknowindgments comping cbs npr. ler whch wpe feethecnseucson fhe Mana Pa Hyper Pant oc lo Caro! and wa cnt by Como tees ELC Designing reinforced concrete? Build to Last Concrete cracks Rust never sleeps Aslan” GFRP Rebar Never Corrodes Aslan FRP CAAA Learn more at wwwaslanfrp.com Hughes Brothers - 210 N. 13th St Seward NE 68434 Ph: 800-869-0359 ‘34. 072012 comerne mtaranat Fuhmarethe athn acknowl the franca sppe of the evan Agency fr la Power (ANEEL} ae Blan sea agenats CNR CAPES ad PAPER References air EMR Sis, MEM Rie FR and Td RD. "Ini pation ofthe Tener Chen Mean 5° MEPS 201. Spano hors and of rs {Tab ef ln Can, her yes 211 pp, 2. Jan Can. 0M Ts Chee Me ‘hone! Coping of Conc at Fy AJ f Engi Shes. MAL “Optimisation the Coramason Paseo Alte PRD hei, COPPEPUEN) PE Rd ri rs 4. Fein A-Pll Solon af Therm Chone Meshal Model for Eig Coc: PRD th, COPPEAUFRJAEC Re » % Fo. 6: Fanci opt rhe pow 68 days ter Ini placement a) empetohee Nod, Cond) racing inden ot +3)2.7: 40 ano fo me sty 370 dys ate il la fet geomelne moder ond 0) croctng man auardo ML. Flivainon Assocote Pouce of ch engnering ‘1 COPPER Fredo Sev 280 pect whine ysepower ond ol cues docoted rater of core suche, Moreen M vote on Acct Posen fF URI ond once 2.0. Sex Acimanbe Edgy AB. Kaendar ‘Yang Profan a cvt ongeerhg ot CoPPErUrwenciae Fesors do Protea of Det Uersty of Teenclogy Dell. he Nefrol Femande U8. Riba ton Accs efecto ergreethg ot COPE! \Uwvondode Fees do de srr ‘tno ie samen fection Grangrpereence coming He Acie Rome Toledo Fine engnseingt CoPPErerdoge Fedora do Be de Jrien, ro Concrete tmermntonat 107201238