PHYSICS

Aakash
STUDY PACKAGE – 02
For – JEE / NEET
 Magnetism
AIEEE Syllabus
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.
Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s
4
CHAPTER
magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic
substances. M agnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis,
Electromagnets and permanent magnets

THIS CHAPTER
BAR MAGNET
COVERS :
Properties
 Bar Magnet
1. Geometric length = 2l.
 Field lines
2. Magnetic length = 0.8 geometric length
 Torque on a Bar
3. M  m  2l where ‘m’ is pole strength. Magnet in
Magnetic field
 Oscillation of Bar
B Magnet in
 Magnetic field

0 for a short
 Earth’s Magnetic
Equatorial line or M 2
Broad side on
B=
4 3 3cos  + 1 dipole only field
position
r
0 M tan  = ½ tan   Para, Dia and
B=
4 (r2 + l2 )3/2 r Ferromagnetism
r Angle between M and B is  + 
0 M
Bshort = 4 3  Magnetic
r
Susceptibility

 P (axial line or
S M N end on position)  Diamagnetic
B=
0 2Mr substance
2l 4 2 2 2
r (r – l )
 0 2M  Curie Law
Bshort =
4 r3

4. B axial is parallel to M .

5. B equatorial is antiparallel to M .

6. B  M when  +  = 90° i.e.,  = 90° – 

1 1
as tan   tan   cot   tan  or tan   2 .
2 2

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FIELD LINES

Properties
1. They are used to represent magnetic field in a region.
2. They are closed continuous curves.
3. Tangent drawn at any point gives the direction of magnetic field.
4. They can not intersect.
5. Out side a magnet, they are directed from north to south pole and inside a magnet they are directed from
south to north.
B

S N

Magnetic Pole Strength

It is represented by m. Its unit is A-m. It is equivalent to charge in electrostatics. When a magnetic pole m

is kept in magnetic field B, it experiences a force mB .
 

Magnetic Flux :   B.d s . Total number of field lines crossing a surface in a direction normal to it.

 
Gauss Law :    s
B.d s  0 . Total flux linked with a closed body is zero. Reason as magnetic monopoles

do not exist, therefore total flux linked with a body is always zero.

TORQUE ON A BAR MAGNET IN MAGNETIC FIELD B

mB
 = mB × 2l sin N
= m × 2l × B sin 2l
  = MB sin S 
mB
Results :

1.   M B max = MB [when = 90°], min = 0 [when  = 0 or 180°]

2. Net force is zero.

3. U = –M.B Umin = –MB at  = 0°
Umax = MB at  = 180°
4. Work done in rotating bar magnet from angular position 1 to 2 is W = MB [cos 1 – cos 2]
5. A bar magnet kept in a non-uniform magnetic field may experience a net force and also a torque.

Oscillations of a Bar Magnet in Magnetic Field

For small displacements from equilibrium position, bar magnet oscillates simple harmonically such that
B

MB I 
Angular frequency   ; Time period T  2
I MB

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Some important cases are given below “

A bar magnet of length L is,

L/2 L/2

-1
se
ca T  = T/2 T  = T/2
1. Cut into two halves
ca
se L
-2
T=T

T=T
A/2

I
where T  2
MB

2. Two bar magnets having magnetic moments M1, M2 and moment of inertias I1, I2 are joined as shown.

I1
I1  I 2 M1
(a) T1  2
(M1  M 2 )B
M2
I2
I1  I 2
(b) T2  2
(M1  M 2 )B I1
M1
T22  T12 M
  1 M2
T22  T12 M2
I2
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
The basic components of earth’s magnetic field at a place are shown
1.  = Angle of declination
2.  = Angle of dip

Geographic meridian

 BH
BV
Magnetic
B meridian

3. BH = B cos 
4. BV = B sin 
5. BH2 + BV2 = B2

Note : The needle of a vertical compass in magnetic meridian points toward B.

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BV s 1
6. tan   BH
co Apparent angle
BH  BH of dip =  1

= True dip

BV
7. tan 1  (apparent dip)
BH cos 1 BV B

tan 
 tan 1 
cos 

PARA, DIA AND FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES

All the elements of the nature are studied under the action of magnetic field, and then classified into three
parts according to following properties.
B
1. Magnetic Intensity (Magnetising Force) : H  o
o
B0 is magnetic field in vacuum
SI units = A/m
2. Intensity of magnetisation : Magnetic moment developed/volume

M
I (Units A/m or oersted)
V

Pole strength  M  m  l 
 I  
area  V  A  l 
3. Magnetic Induction or Magnetic Flux Density (B) : Number of magnetic field lines crossing per unit
area normally through a magnetic substance.
B = B0 + 0I

B0  applied magnetic field 

B = 0H + 0I  
  0I  magnetic fielddue to magnetisat ion 
B = 0 (H + I)

I
4. Magnetic Susceptibility :  m  (no units)
H

B
5. Magnetic Permeability :    B = H
H
From above B = 0(H + I)
 H = 0 (H + I)
 I
1
0 H
 r  1  m where r = relative permeability..

Properties of Diamagnetic Substance

1. Diamagnetism is universal property of the substances.
2. m is small and negative
3. r < 1.
I
4. As  m   I is small and opposite to H.
H
 They are magnetised weakly and opposite to applied magnetic field.

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5. Magnetic field lines do not cross through diamagnetic materials.

N N S S
I

H 
6. When freely suspended, they align perpendicular to Bo .

Bo
N S

axis
7. They are repelled by magnetic field, so they move from stronger to weaker regions of magnetic field.

N S

Some examples of diamagnetic substances are Cu, Zn, Bi, Ag, Au, Glass, NaCl.

Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic Substances

1. For paramagnetic, m is small and positive, r > 1.
2. For ferromagnetic, m is large and positive, r >> 1.
3. Both get magnetised in the direction of applied field.
4. Magnetic field lines cross through them.

N S I N S

H
5. When freely suspended, they align along the applied field.

Bo

N S

axis

6. They are attracted by magnetic field, so they move towards stronger region of magnetic field.

N S

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Some examples are given below :

(a) Paramagnetic - Al, Na, Sb, Pt.
(b) Ferromagnetic - Fe, Ni, Co

Curie Law
Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.

1 C
m  or m 
T T

Note: (a) Diamagnetic material is independent of temperature.

(b) Magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnetic substance also decreases with increase in
temperature. At a particular temperature TC called ‘CURIE POINT’, a ferromagnetic substance
is converted into paramagnetic.

Variation of I with H
1. Diamagnetic 2. Paramagnetic
I
H
H
I
3. Ferromagnetic (Hysteresis)
OB = Retentivity (residual magnetism even after magnetising field is reduced to zero)
OC = Coercivity (reverse magnetic field required to reduce residual magnetism to zero)
Area ABCDEFA = Energy loss/cycle during magnetisation and demagnetisation.
I
A I
B

C
O H H
F

D E
Steel
(High coercivity, high retentivity) Soft iron
(Low coercivity, low retentivity)

Note : (a) Steel is used for making permanent magnets.

(b) Soft iron is used for temporary magnets (Electromagnet).

  

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