Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter Two :
DC Circuits Analysis
Instructor :
Ali Abdulkareem Al-Hashimi
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Neglecting the last factor for the time being, we can say that :
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙
𝑅𝑅 𝛼𝛼 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅 = 𝜌𝜌
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
Where:
• 𝜌𝜌 : the specific resistance or resistivity. It is a constant depending on the nature of the
material of the conductor. It is measured in (Ω.m)
• 𝑙𝑙 : The length of the conductor. It is measured in (m).
• 𝐴𝐴 : The cross-sectional area. It is measured in (𝑚𝑚2 ).
Ex1: Determine the resistance of a (30 cm) copper wire with a diameter of (0.032 cm), given the
resistivity of copper is (1.72 ∗ 10−6 Ω. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐).
Solution:
𝑙𝑙 = 30 ∗ 10−2 = 0.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 = 0.032 ∗ 10−2 = 32 ∗ 10−5 𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
𝐴𝐴 = = 8.0424 ∗ 10−8 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝜌𝜌 = 1.72 ∗ 10−6 ∗ 10−2 = 1.72 ∗ 10−8 Ω. 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑅𝑅 = 0.064159 Ω
1
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Ex2: A coil consists of (2000 turns) of wire having a cross-sectional area of (0.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ). The mean
length per turn is (80 cm) and the resistivity is (0.02 μ Ω.m). Find the resistance of the coil and
power absorbed by the coil when connected across (110 V) DC supply.
Solution:
l = 0.8 × 2000 = 1600 m
𝐴𝐴 = 0.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 0.8 ∗ 10−6 𝑚𝑚2
1600
∴ 𝑅𝑅 = 0.02 ∗ 10−6 ∗ = 40 Ω
0.8 ∗ 10−6
𝑉𝑉 2 1102
𝑃𝑃 = = = 302.5 𝑊𝑊
𝑅𝑅 40
2
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Ex4: A copper conductor has a resistance temperature coefficient of (1/254.5) per °C at (20°C).
Find the resistance temperature-coefficient at (60°C).
Solution:
𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜
𝛼𝛼60 =
1 + 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 ∗ 60
𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 1 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜
𝛼𝛼20 = ⟹ =
1 + 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 ∗ 20 254.5 1 + 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 ∗ 20
1
∴ 𝛼𝛼0 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶
234.5
1
∴ 𝛼𝛼60 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶
294.5
Ex5: A platinum coil has a resistance of (3.146 Ω) at (40°C) and (3.767 Ω) at (100°C). Find the
resistance at (0°C) and the temperature-coefficient of resistance at (40°C).
3
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Solution:
R100 = R0 (1 + 100 * α0)
R40 = R0 (1 + 40 * α0)
3.767 R0 (1 + 100 ∗ α0)
= ⇒ α0 = 0.00379 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶
3.146 R0 (1 + 40 ∗ α0)
𝑅𝑅100 = 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 (1 + 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 ∗ 100)
3.767 = 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 (1 + 0.00379 ∗ 100) ⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 = 2.732 Ω
𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 0.00739 1
𝛼𝛼40 = = = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶
1 + 𝛼𝛼𝑜𝑜 ∗ 40 1 + 0.00739 ∗ 40 304
Note:
1) A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as a linear resistor. It has a constant resistance and
thus its current-voltage characteristic is as illustrated in figure below, its i-v graph is a straight
line passing through the origin.
2) A nonlinear resistor does not obey Ohm’s law. Its resistance varies with current and its i-v
characteristic is typically shown in figure below. Examples of devices with nonlinear
resistance are the lightbulb and the diode.
4
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
5
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Ex7: Determine the voltages (𝑉𝑉1 , 𝑉𝑉3 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 ) for the circuit shown
6
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
With its defined potential level of (zero volts), we can use it as a reference to calculate some
voltages in other elements of the circuit. Also, it might help us to redraw the same circuit in a more
understandable form. For example:
Ex8: Using the voltage divider rule, determine the voltages (𝑉𝑉1 & 𝑉𝑉2 ) for the circuit shown below.
(𝑅𝑅1 = 6Ω , 𝑅𝑅2 = 12Ω).
7
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Ex9: For the circuit shown, determine (𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 )
8
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
𝑅𝑅1 . 𝑅𝑅2
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 =
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅1 . 𝑅𝑅2
𝑉𝑉 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐼𝐼1 = = =
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1
𝑅𝑅2
⇒ 𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼 ∗
𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2
9
Basics of Electrical Engineering Lectures University of Missan / College of Engineering
Ex: For the circuit below, calculate 𝐼𝐼1 and 𝐼𝐼3 (𝐼𝐼 = 42 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑅𝑅1 = 6Ω, 𝑅𝑅2 = 24Ω, 𝑅𝑅3 = 8Ω)
Notes :
• Open circuit : an open circuit is simply two isolated terminals not connected by any element
of any kind.
Since the current equals zero, then :
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐸𝐸
• Short circuit : a short circuit is a direct connection of zero ohms across an element or a
combination of elements.
The current in the second resistor is zero.
Then :
𝐸𝐸
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇 =
𝑅𝑅1
and 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0
In general, a short circuit can carry current of any level, but the potential difference (voltage)
across its terminals is always zero.
10