Chapter 13 PDF

© S.A. Klein and G.F.
Nellis
Cambridge University Press, 2011
13.A-1 The gas driven off when low-grade coal is burned with insufficient air for complete
combustion is known as producer gas. A particular producer gas has been analyzed and
has the volumetric (molar) composition summarized in Table 13.A-1.
Table 13.A-1: Molar analysis of a producer gas
Constituent Mole fraction
Methane, CH4 0.038
Ethane, C2H6 0.001
Carbon dioxide, CO2 0.048
Hydrogen, H2 0.117
Oxygen, O2 0.006
Carbon monoxide, CO 0.232
Nitrogen, N2 balance
a.) Determine the apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture
b.) Determine the mass fractions of each gas.
c.) Determine the air-fuel ratio if this gas mixture is combusted with 150% of
stoichiometric dry air.
d.) What is the dew point of the products of the reaction from (c) at 1 atm?
© S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis
13.A-2 A small air-cooled gasoline engine is tested and the output is found to be 1.34 hp. The
fuel is liquid octane (C8H18) and it is provided to the engine at a rate of 0.15 g/s. The
fuel and air both enter the engine at 25C. The relative humidity is 42%. The products
are analyzed with the results in Table 13.A-2, reported on a dry volumetric basis:
y
Table 13.C-4(a): Combustion gas analysis
CO2 11.4 %
O2 1.47 %
CO 2.90 %
N2 84.23 %
a.) Determine the air-fuel ratio.

b.) Determine the percent of theoretical air used in this combustion process.
c.) The combustion products cool as they pass through the exhaust system. At what
temperature will condensation initiate?
c.) If the exhaust products exit the exhaust pipe at 32°C, at what rate will liquid water
need to be removed?
13.A-3 An analysis of a hydrocarbon fuel indicates that it consists of 83% carbon and 17%
hydrogen on a mass basis. This fuel is completely combusted with 50% excess dry air at
25°C, 1 atm pressure. The combustion products are cooled to 35°C at 1 atm.
a.) What is the dew point temperature of the combustion products?
b.) What is the mass of condensate resulting from the combustion of 1 kg of the fuel?
c.) How are your answers to a.) and b.) affected if the air used for combustion has a
relative humidity of 100%?
13.A-4 A gas mixture obtained from a coal gasification process has the composition listed in
column 2 of the table below. This gas mixture at 25C and 5 atm is completely
combusted air at 1 atm, 25C, 40% relative humidity. The air to fuel ratio is 2.4 on a
mass basis.
Table 13.A-4 Composition of a Coal Gasification Gas
Substance Composition
[volume %]
CH4 3.0
H2 14.0
N2 50.9
O2 0.6
CO 27.0
CO2 4.5
a.) What is the equivalent molar mass of the gas mixture?
b.) What is the percent of excess air used in the combustion process?
c.) Determine the dew point temperature of the combustion products at 1 atm pressure.
13.A-5 An experimental automotive fuel consists of 50% (by mole) liquid ethanol (C2H5OH) and
50% (by mole) liquid octane (C8H18). This mixture is steadily combusted with 120%
theoretical dry air at 1 atm (101.3 kPa).
a.) Determine the balanced chemical reaction equation for complete combustion of 1
mole of fuel mixture with 120% theoretical air.
b.) Determine the air-fuel ratio for these conditions.
c.) What is the dew point of the combustion products at 1 atm (101.3 kPa) pressure?
d.) How does the dew point calculated in part c.) compare to the dew point that would
result if the fuel were pure liquid octane?
13.A-6 C8H18 (butane) is combusted with air that is a 18°C, 1 atm, and 44% relative humidity.
The combustion products are eventually cooled to 18°C. Calculate and plot the dew
point temperature and the mass of condensate per kg of n-butane as a function of the
percent excess air for values ranging from 0% to 500%. How would the plot changed if
perfectly dry air were used in the combustion process?
13.A-7 The life of an automobile’s exhaust system can be related to the amount of liquid water
that is condensed from the combustion products. A company interested in manufacturing
replacement exhaust systems would like you to develop estimates for exhaust system life
expectancy. The model engine operates with octane (C8H18) as the fuel with an average
air/fuel ratio of 20:1. The products are cooled to 30°C prior to exiting the exhaust
system. Empirical data suggest that the life expectancy (in months) of the exhaust is
Life  48  8mw
where mw is the mass of water condensed in units kg of water per kg of fuel
a.) Determine the percent excess air being used for this engine model.
b.) What is the dew point of the exhaust products?
c.) Assuming the empirical relation is correct, what is life expectancy of the exhaust
system?
13.A-8 A fuel gas mixture used in steel production is delivered at 700 K, 250 kPa. This gas
mixture is combusted with 200% theoretical dry air in a boiler. The composition of the
gas mixture is provided in Table 13.A-8 on a volumetric basis. Complete combustion
occurs and combustion products exit the boiler at 500 K, 100 kPa.
Table 13.A-8: Volume percentages of fuel gas mixture
Gas Volume %
H2 2.4
CH4 5.1
CO 23.3
CO2 9.4
N2 59.8
a.) What is the apparent molar mass of the fuel gas mixture?
b.) What is the air-fuel ratio for the combustion process?
c.) What is the dew point of the combustion products resulting from the combustion
process?
13.A-9 The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture indicates that it is 11% CO2, 3% O2, and 86%
N2. Water vapor is added to the mixture until it is saturated at 30°C, 101.3 kPa. The total
volume of the saturated gas mixture is 14 m3.
a.) Determine the volume percentage of CO2, O2, N2 and H2O after the mixture is
saturated.
b.) What is the apparent molar mass of this mixture after it has been saturated?
c.) The mixture is now cooled to 10°C. What is the mass of water that condenses?
13.A-10 Liquid methyl alcohol (CH3OH) is combusted with air. The air and methanol enter a
combustion chamber separately at 25°C and 100 kPa. The combustion products are
cooled to 44°C and exhausted to the surroundings at 100 kPa. A volumetric analysis of
the dried combustion products resulted in the following volumetric percentages: 1.2%
CO, 10.7% CO2, 4.8% O2, with the remainder being nitrogen.
a.) What is the air-fuel ratio assuming the air is complete dry?
b.) Calculate the ratio of the kg of water that condenses to the kg of liquid methanol.
c.) Repeat part b assuming that the air used for combustion is saturated with water.
13.B-1 Propylene (C3H6) is burned with 10% excess air in a combustor. The enthalpy of
formation of propylene at 25°C is 20,410 kJ/kmol. The flow rate of air entering the
combustor is Vair = 2.4 cfm (0.00113 m3/s). The air and fuel are drawn into the
combustor at Ti = 25ºC and P = 1 atm. The products leave at Te = 450ºC and 1 atm.
Model the gases as ideal gases with constant specific heat capacity: cP ,N2 = 29.18
kJ/kmol-K, cP ,O2 = 29.63 kJ/kmol-K, cP ,CO2 = 39.31 kJ/kmol-K, and cP ,H2O = 33.87
kJ/kmol-K.
a.) What is the air-fuel ratio for the reaction?
b.) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the combustor.
13.B-2 Figure 13.B-2 illustrates a simple, un-recuperated gas turbine engine.

Tf,i = 25°C
Tt,in
Ta,i = 120°C
turbine
compressor
air in combustion
products out
Figure 13.B-2: Un-recuperated gas turbine engine.
The air leaves the compressor at Ta,i = 120°C and enters the combustor where it is mixed
with jet fuel (assume that jet fuel has composition C8H18) that enters at Tf,i = 25°C. The
air flow rate is such that there is 50% excess air. The combustor is adiabatic. Model the
mixture components as ideal gas but do not assume constant specific heat capacities.
a.) Determine the temperature of the combustion products leaving the combustor and
entering the turbine.
b.) Plot the temperature of the gas entering the turbine as a function of the percent excess
air.
c.) Plot the temperature of the gas entering the turbine as a function of the air fuel ratio.
13.B-3 a.) Write the chemical reaction associated with burning pentane (C5H12) with 50% excess
air.
b.) What is the air-fuel ratio (on a mass basis) for the reaction in (a)? The molecular
weight of pentane is 72.151 kg/kmol.
c.) What is the dew-point of the products of the reaction in (a) at 1 atm?
d.) Determine the higher heating value (in kJ/kg) of pentane. The enthalpy of formation
of pentane is -146,440 kJ/kmol.
13.B-4 Ethane (C2H6) is burned with a stoichiometric amount of air in a combustor, as shown in
Figure 13.B-4.
air
Vair  10 m /s
3
Tin  25C
combustor combustion products
Tout = 350°C
ethane (C2H6)
Tin = 25°C
Q
Figure 13.B-4: Ethane burned in a combustor.
The fuel and air enter the combustor at Tin = 25°C and combustion products leave at Tout
= 350°C. The inlet and exit pressure is P = 1 atm. The volumetric flow rate of air
entering the combustor is Vair = 1 m3/s. Assume that the specific heat capacities of
carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, and oxygen are constant and equal to cP ,CO 2 = 37.0
kJ/kmol-K, cP ,H 2O = 33.7 kJ/kmol-K, cP ,N 2 = 29.2 kJ/kmol-K, and cP ,O 2 = 29.5 kJ/kmol-
K, respectively.
a.) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the combustor, Q .
13.B-5 Fuel oil is used in a modern condensing furnace. The fuel oil consists of a mixture of
hydrocarbons. An elemental analysis shows that the fuel oil consists of 84.28% carbon
(by weight), 15.22% hydrogen, and 0.5% sulfur. The lower heating value of this fuel oil
is 42.5 MJ/kg. The furnace, which provides residential space heat, uses 50% excess air at
25°C, 60% relative humidity. Fuel oil enters the furnace at 25°C. Combustion gases and
condensate exit at 43°C, 1 atm.
a.) Determine the dew point temperature of the combustion products
b.) Calculate the ratio of condensate to fuel oil on a mass basis
c.) Determine the higher heating value of the fuel oil
d.) Determine the efficiency of the furnace based on the lower and higher heating values
13.B-6 A sample of dried manure at 25°C is being tested for use as a fuel. The mass analysis of
the sample is 42.7% carbon (C), 5.5% elemental hydrogen (H), 21.3% elemental oxygen
(O), 12.4% elemental nitrogen (N), 0.3% elemental sulfur (S), 17.1% noncombustible
material (cnc=1.0 kJ/kg-K), and 0.6% water (H2O). Air at 25°C, and 60% relative
humidity is supplied to the combustor. The lower heating value of the sample is 12,500
kJ/kg. Prepare a plot of the combustion gas product temperature (assuming complete
combustion) as a function of air-fuel ratio for a range of air-fuel ratios between
stoichiometric conditions and 300% theoretical air. Also plot the dew point temperature
of the combustion product gas as a function of air-fuel ratio.
13.B-7 The combustion gas mixture in Table 13.A-4 is reacted with air at 25°C, 1 atm, and 40%
relative humidity to heat water. The air-fuel ratio is 2.4. The products exit the water
heater at 68°F. Determine:
a.) the lower and higher heating values of the gas mixture per kg of combustion gas
mixture
b.) the efficiencies of the water heating appliance relative to both the lower and the
higher heating values.
13.B-8 A solid oxide fuel cell operates on an equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and
hydrogen (H2) produced from a reformation process. The fuel gas mixture enters at 25°C
and reacts with dry air at 25°C within the fuel cell stack. The fuel cell produces 8 kJ of
electrical energy for each gram of fuel mixture that enters. The fuel cell operation is
nearly adiabatic and products exit at 800°C. The high temperatures and catalytic
processes within the fuel cell ensure complete combustion. Determine:
a.) the % of excess air that must be provided.
b.) the efficiency of the fuel cell at these conditions. (Indicate how you are defining
efficiency.)
13.B-9 Hydrogen has been proposed as a alternative to natural gas as a fuel for residential use.
Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis of water. In a particular process, water at
50F, 1 atm is supplied to an electrolysis cell. The electrical current supplied to the cell
decomposes the water to produce steady streams of hydrogen and oxygen at 100F. For
each pound of hydrogen produced, 45,000 Btu of heat are transferred from the cell to the
surroundings in a steady operating condition.
a.) Determine the efficiency of the electrolysis process.
b.) The collected hydrogen is then pumped through a pipeline where it is cooled to the
environmental temperature (77°F) and later used to heat water from 50F to 140F in
a water heater by combusting it with 80% excess air at 75°F. The combustion
products exit the water heater at 150°F. Determine the efficiency of the water heating
process
c.) A figure of merit for the overall process can be obtained by calculating the volume
(gallons) of water heated per kW-hr of electricity expended in the electrolysis
process. Calculate this figure of merit and compare it with the corresponding value
that would be expected from a common electrical water heater. Would you
recommend hydrogen as a substitute for natural gas if it were produced and used as
described? Why or why not?
13.B-10 Since hydrogen does not naturally occur, it is necessary to make it from other fuels.
Hydrogen can be produced by reacting methane and liquid vapor (both at 25°C).
CH 4  H 2O 
heat in from combustion
 3 H 2  CO
 
enter at 25 C exit at 300 C
The above reaction is endothermic and it requires an environment at 800°C or higher to

proceed. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide exit at 300°C as a result of heat exchange
with the reactants. The thermal energy input to this reaction is provided by combusting
methane with air in a separate process that has an efficiency of 90% based on the lower
heating value of methane. Determine the moles of hydrogen produced per mole of
methane including both the methane reacted and the methane used to provide the
energy needed for the reaction. Also determine the ratio of lower heating value of the
hydrogen produced to the lower heating value of the methane required to produce it.
13.B-11 A boiler for a power plant combusts methane with 125% excess air to heat water at 62
bar from 125°C to saturated vapor as shown in Figure 13.B-11. The mass flow rate of the
steam is 2.4 kg/s. The air used in the combustion process enters at 25°C, 1 atm and it is
preheated with the combustion products in a regenerator having an effectiveness of 0.78.
Combustion products enter the regenerator at 375°C. Methane enters the boiler at 25°C.
Losses from the jacket of the boiler are negligible.
Methane
Regenerator
Air 1 2
25°C, 1 atm
Boiler
4 3
Water 62 bar
62 bar, 125°C sat’d vapor
Figure 13.B-11: Boiler with regenerator

a.) Determine the required flow rates of air and methane
b.) Determine the temperature of the combustion products that exit the regenerator.
13.B-12 The part-load operation of a gas turbine engine is controlled by adjusting the air-fuel ratio
in the combustion chamber, thereby controlling the temperature of the combustion
products at state 3 in the schematic shown in Figure 13.B-12. Air enters the compressor
at 60°F, 1 atm at state 1. The compressor pressure ratio is 7.5 and the isentropic
efficiency of the compressor is 0.72. Fuel enters the combustion chamber at 77°F, 1 atm.
The fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons consisting of 86% carbon and 14% hydrogen on a
mass basis. The lower heating value of this fuel has been measured to be 18,500 Btu/lbm.
combustor
fuel, m f
2 3
Wc Wt turbine
compressor
1 4
ambient air
 amb ,Pamb
m,T
Figure 13.B-12: Gas turbine system
a.) Determine the temperature of the air entering the combustion chamber at state 2 in °F.
b.) Determine the specific enthalpy of the fuel in Btu/lbm
c.) You have been asked to help develop an algorithm to control the power output of this
engine. To help with this task, prepare a plot of the temperature of the combustion
products at state 3 as a function of air-fuel ratio for air-fuel ratios between 20 and 120
(mass basis).
13.B-13 Combustion fuels are seldom pure chemicals, but rather a mixture of many chemicals. In
a particular case, the lower heating value of a fuel mixture is determined to be 21,300
kJ/kg and a chemical analysis indicates that it contains 12.5% H, 37.5% C, and 50% O on
a mass basis. Using this information, construct a plot of the adiabatic combustion
temperature versus the % theoretical air for values between 100% and 400%. Assume
complete combustion.
13.B-14 The purpose of this problem is to compare methane (CH4), propane (C3H8) and hydrogen
(H2) as possible fuels for a residential furnace. 100% excess air is used for all fuels. For
each fuel, calculate and plot the following quantities for flue gas temperatures between
30°C and 80°C. Assume that the fuel and air enter the furnace at 25°C.
a.) the furnace efficiencies based on the lower and higher heating values of the fuel
b.) the mass flow rate of fuel required to supply 10 kW of thermal energy
c.) the mass flow rate of condensate
13.B-15 A mixture of octane (C8H18) and 20% excess air at 25°C, 1 atm occupying 0.575 liters is
adiabatically compressed with a compression ratio of 8 in one cylinder of an engine.
Combustion then initiates at constant volume and proceeds to complete combustion in an
adiabatic process.
a.) What is the temperature and pressure of the mixture of octane and air after the
adiabatic compression process has concluded and before combustion is initiated?
b.) What is the work required to compress the mixture?
c.) The reaction of octane and air is initiated and occurs adiabatically at constant volume.
What is the temperature and pressure of the combustion products?
d.) The combustion products expand isentropically until the volume is again 0.575 liters.
Determine the work produced in this process.
e.) The engine operates at 3000 rpm with a 4-stroke process (i.e., one combustion
process for every 2 revolutions of the crank shaft. What is the power generated from
the one cylinder?
f.) The efficiency of the engine is the net work divided by the lower heating value of the
octane. What is the efficiency for this engine?
13.B-16 Hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative to natural gas because it could be
distributed through existing pipelines. Consider using hydrogen in place of natural gas in
a residential furnace. Hydrogen at 40°F, 1 atm is completely combusted with 120%
excess dry air at 20°F, 1 atm. Combustion products exit the furnace through a chimney at
300°F, 1 atm.
a.) Determine the air-fuel ratio for the combustion reaction of hydrogen with 120%
excess air.
b.) Determine the dew point and relative humidity of the combustion products that exit at
300°F, 1 atm.
c.) What is the First Law efficiency of the furnace, based on the higher heating value of
the fuel?
d.) The furnace must supply 80,000 Btu/hr to maintain the indoor temperature at 70°F
when it is 20°F outdoors. What is the necessary mass flow rate of hydrogen?
e.) The exergy of the hydrogen is approximately equal to its lower heating value. Using
this value, determine the Second-Law efficiency of the furnace.
13.B-17 A furnace combusts propane with air. The air enters at the outdoor temperature of 10°F
and may be considered to be dry. The propane is taken from an outdoor tank that also is
at 10°F. A volumetric analysis of the combustion products on a dry basis (i.e., after
removing the water) resulted in the composition shown in Table 13.B-17. The
volumetric flow rate of the propane is 10 scfm (i.e., ft3/min at 77°F, 1 atm). Combustion
products exit the furnace at 95°F.
Table 13.B-17: Volumetric analysis of combustion products
CO2 5.5
CO 1.1
O2 11.0
N2 remainder
a.) Determine the percent excess air used in this furnace.
b.) At what rate must condensate be removed in gallons/hr?
c.) Determine the rate at which heat is provided to the building.
d.) What is the furnace efficiency, based on the higher heating value of propane?
13.B-18 n-octane (C8H18) is reacted with dry air in a 1.5 m3 constant volume cylinder. The air and
fuel are initially at 25°C, 1 atm. An analysis of the combustion products indicates the
volume percentages shown in Table 13.B-18, which are reported on a dry basis:
Table 13.B-18: Combustion gas analysis
CO2 11.4%
O2 1.6%
CO 2.9%
N2 remainder
a.) Determine the percent of theoretical air used in this combustion process.
b.) Determine the mass of n-octane initially present in the cylinder.
c.) Determine the temperature and pressure of the combustion products if the reaction
occurs adiabatically.
d.) The combustion eventually cool to 25°C. What is the pressure at this point?
13.B-19 A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell involves electrochemical reactions
between hydrogen and oxygen that is in air. In a particular case, air and hydrogen are
provided at 25°C, 1 atm in separate streams, as shown in Figure 13.B-9. Two exit
streams exhaust from the PEM at 92°C and atmospheric pressure. The fuel cell generates
3.2 kW. The hydrogen and air flow rates are carefully measured to be 0.0564 g/s and 2.9
g/s, respectively. It is known that 5% of the hydrogen exits the fuel cell unreacted with
the water vapor.
3.2 kW
- +
H 2O vapor and
Hydrogen
unreacted H2
Air N2 and
unreacted O2
Heat
Figure 13.B-19: Schematic of a hydrogen fuel cell
a.) What is the percent excess air that is provided relative to that needed for complete
combustion?
b.) What is the heat transfer rate from the fuel?
c.) What is the efficiency of the fuel cell at this operating condition?
13.B-20 Propane (C3H8) is burned with a stoichiometric amount of air in a combustor. The
propane and air enter the combustor at Tin = 25°C and Pin = 1 atm. The products of
combustion leave the combustor at Tout = 25°C and Pout = 1 atm.
a.) Write the balanced chemical reaction that described the combustion reaction.
b.) What is the dew point of the combustion products?
c.) Determine the number of kmols of water vapor that are produced per kmol of propane
that is burned. Determine the number of kmols of liquid water that are produced per
kmol of propane.
d.) Assume that your calculation from (c) showed that 2 kmol of liquid water and 2 kmol
of water vapor are produced per kmol of propane that is burned (this may or may not
be the correct answer). Determine the heat transfer from the combustor per kmol of
propane.
13.B-21 Liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as the oxidizer with methane fuel in a rocket
engine. The methane and hydrogen peroxide steadily enter the engine in separate streams
at 25°C, 1 atm at low velocity. To ensure complete combustion 25% excess oxidizer is
supplied. Combustion products (which are all gaseous) exit the engine at 1200 K, 1 atm
through a nozzle at high velocity. Note: The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid H2O2 at
25°C is 1535 kJ/kg. Properties for gaseous H2O2 are available in EES.
a.) Estimate the velocity of the products
b.) Estimate the Mach number (defined as the ratio of the velocity of the products) to the
sound speed of the products.
13.B-22 A space heating application uses liquid ethanol (C2H5OH) as a fuel and it employs a
combustion air preheater, as shown in Figure 13.B-22. Liquid methanol enters the
combustion chamber at 15°C, 1 atm. At the design condition, air enters the preheater at
–10°C and it is heated to 34°C before entering the furnace. Building air at atmospheric
pressure and 15°C is circulated through a heat exchanger within the furnace at a rate of
0.88 kg/s; the air exits the furnace at 38°C. Combustion products exit the furnace at
185°C. Thermal losses from the jackets of the boiler and preheater are negligible. An
exhaust gas analysis of the combustion gases resulted in the following volumetric
percentages, expressed on a dry basis: 1.2% CO; 10.7% CO2; 4.8% O2; 83.3% N2. The
specific enthalpy of liquid methanol at 25°C is -277.69 MJ/kmol.
Figure 13.B-22: Furnace with preheater that uses ethanol as the fuel
a.) What is the % stoichiometric air?
b.) Determine the rate at which ethanol must be provided.
c.) Will condensation occur in the preheater? Why or why not?
d.) What is the effectiveness of the preheater?
e.) What is the 2nd Law efficiency of this process assuming the exergy of the ethanol is
equal to its lower heating value?
13.B-23 A gas-fired absorption cooling system utilizes the exergy of a combustible fuel to provide
chilled water. A schematic of a two-stage gas-fired absorption chiller is shown in Figure
13.B-23. The purpose of this problem is to analyze the overall performance of this
system from a First and Second-Law view point. It is not necessary to understand the
internal operation of the absorption process to do this analysis.
Chilled water enters the evaporator of the system (state 1) at 12C, 60 kg/s and exits at
6C (state 2). The absorption processes require cooling water which enters at 25C, 115
kg/s (state 3) and exits at 30C (state 4). The cooling water is discarded. Methane (CH4,
Mol Wt.=16) is provided at 0.034 kg/s with dry air, both at 25C, 1 atm. The two pumps
require a total of 2 kW of electrical power. Combustion gases exit the stack at 230C. A
combustion analysis of the stack gases produced the volume percentages shown in the
figure, reported on a dry basis:
Stack gas 230°C
6.6% CO2, 8.9% O2, 0.20% CO
Air 25°C, 1 bar

CH4 25°C, 0.034 kg/s
4
Cooling water out
30°C, 115 kg/s
3
Cooling water in
25°C, 115 kg/s 2
Chilled water out
6°C, 60 kg/s
1
Chilled water in
12°C, 60 kg/s
2 kW electric
Figure 13.B-23: Schematic of a 2-stage gas-fired absorption cooling system
a.) What is the % excess air used to combust the methane?

b.) Determine the COP of this absorption cooling system based on the higher heating
value of the fuel.
c.) Estimate the 2nd Law efficiency of this absorption cooling system. (Approximate the
exergy of the methane to be equal to its lower heating value.)
13.B-24 A new type of residential furnace is fueled with a liquid fuel consisting of 90% ethanol
and 10% (liquid) water on a molar basis. The liquid fuel enters at 25°C and is combusted
with (dry) air at 25°C from the building. The gaseous combustion products and
condensate exit the furnace at 45°C, 1 atm. Analysis of the gaseous combustion products
on a dry basis produces the following volumetric percentages: 8.4% CO2 5.0% O2
0.6% CO 86.0% N2. The energy released in the combustion reaction is used to heat air
from 25°C to 40°C in order to maintain the building space at 25°C on a day in which it is
–5°C outdoors.
a.) Determine the percentage of excess air used in the combustion process.
b.) Determine the lower heating value per unit mass of the liquid fuel
c.) Determine the ratio of the mass of liquid water in the products (i.e., the condensate) to
the mass of liquid fuel that is combusted.
d.) What is the First law efficiency of the overall house heating process based on the
lower heating value of the liquid fuel?
13.B-25. You are probably aware of the global warming concerns. Carbon dioxide is one (of
many) ‘greenhouse’ gases that is mostly transparent to visible radiation but absorbent in
certain bands within the infra-red region. The current U.S. administration has stated a
goal of capping and later reducing carbon dioxide production. A logical question is how
best to do this, since all hydrocarbon fuels produce carbon dioxide as an end product.
Shown in the table below are the enthalpy of formation, absolute entropy, and molar
specific heat capacity at 25°C, 1 atm for four common fuels. Rank these fuels with
respect to their contribution to global warming. Use 1 for the best fuel and 4 for the
worst from a global warming perspective. Explain the methodology behind your ranking.
Rank Fuel Chemical hof, 25°C so25°C c p, 25°C

Formula kJ/kmol kJ/kmol-K kJ/kmol-K
___ Ethanol (liq) C2H5OH -277,402 38.0 115.4
___ Coal (solid) C 0 1.369 8.53
___ Natl. Gas CH4 -32,211 186.3 36.06
___ Octane (liq) C8H18 -250.302 360.8 254.3
CO2 –393,500 213.7 37.0
H2O(g) -241,810 188.7 33.6
O2 0 205.0 29.2
13.C-1 The purpose of this problem is to provide a thermodynamic analysis of the solid oxide
fuel cell (SOFC) system shown in Figure 13.C-1.
Figure 13.C-1: Schematic of solid oxide fuel cell system

Inside of the fuel cell, methane reacts with water that is recycled from the anode of the
fuel cell. Four moles of hydrogen are produced per mole of methane reacted according
to the reaction,
CH 4  2 H 2O 
 4 H 2  CO2
All of the methane is reacted. The hydrogen that is produced is subsequently reacted
with oxygen in the fuel cell according to
4 H 2  a  O2  3.76 N 2  
 4 U H 2O  4(1  U ) H 2  a3.76 N 2  bO2
According to Faraday’s Law, each mole of hydrogen that is reacted produces two moles
of hydrogen protons, which results in a charge transfer of 2 F where F is 9.64867E7
coulomb/kmol. Thus, the current is directly proportional to the rate at which hydrogen is
converted into water. Note that not all of the hydrogen is reacted. The fraction of the
available hydrogen (from reformed methane) that is reacted is U, the fuel utilization.
Having some unreacted hydrogen exit the stack is needed to maintain the voltage in the
fuel cell. Consequently, the current through each cell is
i  8 F U nCH 4 / N s
where nCH 4 is the molar flow rate of methane and N s is the number of cells in series
(48). Air and methane enter at 25°C, 101.3 kPa at points 1 and 6, respectively. The
methane flow rate is 0.06 g/sec. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and some unreacted
hydrogen at 800°C emerge from the stack at point 8. Some of this gas is recycled back
to the stack so that additional water is not required. Unreacted oxygen and nitrogen at
800°C exit the stack at point 4 and are used to preheat the incoming air. The temperature
at state 5 is measured found to be 108°C. A second heat exchanger uses the preheated
air to preheat the methane to 250°C. The air enters the fuel cell (state 3) at 700°C. The
fuel cell stack produces 1.6 kW of electrical power at 28.2 V. Since there 48 cells in
series, each cell operates at 0.5875 V. Heat losses from the jackets of the heat exchanger
are negligible, but there is heat loss from the SOFC stack. Calculate:
a.) the efficiency of the fuel cell system at these conditions (not considering parasitic
losses). Please be sure to indicate how you are defining efficiency.
b.) the fuel utilization, U
c.) the % stoichiometric air supplied

d.) the rate of heat loss from the SOFC stack
13.C-2 A Second-Law analysis of this fuel cell system described in problem 13.C-1 is requested.
Base your exergy calculations on the reference environment provided in Table 13.C-2.
Table 13.C-2 Reference Environment :
T=25C P=101.3 kPa
Substance Mole
fraction
N2 0.75670
O2 0.20350
H2O(g) 0.03035
CO2 0.00035
Other 0.00910
a.) Determine the exergy flow rate at each of the states in the system
b.) Determine the heat exchanger effectiveness of heat exchangers 1 and 2
c.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of heat exchangers 1 and 2
d.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of the fuel cell system assuming that both
streams 5 and 8 are discarded
e.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of the fuel cell system assuming that stream 5
is discarded but the exergy in stream 8 is recovered.
13.C-3 Incineration is one method used for the reduction of waste material that is normally sent
to landfills. Some types of waste may require supplemental energy to achieve complete
combustion at the required temperature of 1200 K. In a particular case, it is necessary to
incinerate a food waste. Prior analyses indicate that the food waste has the composition
(by mass on a wet basis) shown in Table 13.C-3 and a higher heating value of 5,510
kJ/kg of wet waste at 25°C.
Table 13.C-3: Elemental analysis of the food waste
Element Mass %
Carbon 45%
Hydrogen 6.5%
Oxygen 29%
Nitrogen 3%
Sulfur 0.5%
Non-combustibles 16%
The specific heat of the non-combustible material is 2.5 kJ/kg-K. The food waste enters the
incinerator at the ambient temperature (25C) and it is combusted with 25% excess air at a
rate of 0.32 kg/s. Heat transfer through the incinerator walls can be represented as:
Q  UA Tinc  Tamb 
where
(UA) is the heat transfer conductance of the incinerator, estimated to be 400 W/K.
Tinc and Tamb are the incineration and ambient temperatures, respectively.
a.) What is the temperature of the products resulting from incineration of the wet food
waste with stoichiometric ambient air, assuming that no supplemental energy is
provided?
b.) Natural gas at ambient temperature can be injected into the incinerator with the food
waste to at a rate that provides a combustion temperature of 1200 K with 25% excess
air. Assuming natural gas costs about $1.50/therm, estimate the cost per hour to
incinerate the food waste.
c.) What is the dew point temperature of the combustion products for case b?
d.) An engineer suggested that it may be less costly to inject oxygen into the food waste
rather than to purchase natural gas in order to maintain a 1200 K incineration
temperature. Can the injection of oxygen help to maintain the incineration
temperature at 1200 K? If so, calculate and compare the cost per hour of this option,
assuming that no free oxygen exists in the products. Oxygen at 95% purity is
available for $15 per 1000 standard cubic feet.
13.C-4 A small air-cooled gasoline engine is tested and the output is found to be 1.34 hp. The
temperature of the combustion products is measured and found to be 493C. The
products are analyzed with the results in Table 13.C-4(a), reported on a dry volumetric
basis:
Table 13.C-4(a): Combustion gas analysis Table 13.C-4(b): Reference Environment
25°C, 101.3 kPa
y Substance Mole
CO2 11.4 % fraction
O2 1.47 % N2 0.7567
CO 2.90 % O2 0.2035
N2 84.23 % H2O(g) 0.01314
CO2 0.00040
Other 0.02628
The fuel supplied to the engine is pure n-octane (C8H18) liquid. The fuel and air enter the
engine at 25C. The relative humidity is 42%. The fuel flow rate is 0.15 g/s.
a.) What is the First-Law efficiency of this engine? (Clearly indicate on how you define
efficiency.)
b.) What fraction of the energy in the fuel shows up in the exhaust?
c.) What is heat transfer rate from the engine to the air
d.) What is the Second-Law efficiency of this engine assuming that the combustion
products will be discarded to the atmosphere (defined in the Table 13.C-4(b))
e.) What is the rate at which exergy is discarded with the combustion products? Is this
rate of exergy discarded in this manner significant?
13.C-5 The purpose of this problem is to evaluate the feasibility of injecting liquid water into an
engine in order to increase power output. Consider a specific case for an Otto cycle in
which n-octane (C8H18 -vapor state) is combusted with 5% excess air at 25°C, 1 bar. The
temperature and pressure after the compression stroke is completed is 335°C and 17.2
bar. At this point, liquid water at 25°C is quickly injected to produce a saturated mixture
with no liquid droplets. The spark ignites the mixture and the combustion process
proceeds adiabatically at constant volume. The combustion products adiabatically expand
to 1 bar thereby producing mechanical power. You may assume complete combustion
and neglect friction and other irreversible processes in your analysis.
a.) What is the compression ratio for these conditions?
b.) What is the temperature and pressure of the fuel-air mixture directly after the water is
adiabatically injected and the corresponding mole fraction of water vapor assuming
complete mixing and no change in volume during the injection process.
c.) Calculate the work required to compress the fuel air mixture per mole of n-octane
assuming an adiabatic compression process.
d.) The combustion process occurs adiabatically at constant volume. Determine the
maximum temperature and pressure of the combustion products and compare the
results with those that would result if there were no water injection.
e.) A concern has been raised regarding the effect of the water on the exhaust system.
Compare the dew point temperatures of the exiting exhaust products with and
without water injection.
13.C-6 This problem is a continuation of problem 13.C.5, which analyzes an Otto cycle with
water injection. Please prepare an analysis to answer the following questions.
a. Determine the exhaust temperature with and without the water injection assuming
that the expansion process is adiabatic and internally reversible.
b. Calculate and compare the net work per mole of fuel with and without the water
injection.
c. Calculate the First Law efficiency of the engine with and without the water injection.
d. Calculate the mass of water required per mass of n-octane consumed. Is this water
injection process feasible in passenger vehicles? Indicate the advantages and
disadvantages of water injection and whether you think it is a useful idea.
13.C-7 The Rankine power plant shown in Figure 13.C-7 is required to produce a net mechanical
power output of 20 MW by combusting natural gas (methane) with excess air, both at
25°C, 1 atm. The turbine efficiency is 0.84 (for both stages) and pump efficiencies are
0.56. The condenser pressure is maintained at 8 kPa. The air used for combustion is
preheated with the exiting combustion gas in a heat recovery wheel. Heat exchange with
water in the boiler/superheater produces steam at 520°C, 75 bar. After leaving the boiler,
the combustion gas is used to preheat the pressurized water in the economizer, which is a
gas to water heat recuperator. The boiler, economizer and heat recovery wheels can each
be modeled as heat exchangers with an effectiveness relation. Pressure losses can be
neglected. The effectivenesses of the economizer and heat recovery wheel are both 0.50.
The effectiveness of the boiler is 0.90 when defined as follows.
T  T 
  max 3
Tmax  Tsat 
where Tmax is the adiabatic combustion temperature
Tsat is the saturation temperature of water at the boiler pressure (75 bar)
Turbine
Methane
Heat Recovery Boiler 7 8 9
Wheel Stage 1 Stage 2
520°C
Air at 25°C, 1 bar
Condenser
(75 bar)
(8 kPa)
1 2
Heater
6 3
Economiser 11
10
Pump 1
Combustion gases at
12
1 bar, Th,out 4
5
13
Pump 2
Figure 13.C-7: Rankine cycle with heat recovery wheel
a.) Assume the pressure at state 8 is 20 bar. Prepare a plot of the required methane flow
rate as a function of the percentage of excess air for percentages between 0 and
200%. What is the optimum percent excess air?
b.) Using the excess air determined in part a, investigate the effect of the pressure at
state 8. Is there an optimum pressure? If so what is it?
c.) Determine the dew point temperature for the exiting combustion gases (state 5). Is
condensation a concern in this system?
13.C-8 A small stationary gas turbine plant is used for provide 50 kW of electrical power during
times of peak demand with a generator that has an efficiency of 0.95. A schematic of the
plant is shown in Figure 13.C-8.
combustor
fuel, m f
2 3
Wc W gt gasifier
compressor turbine
1 4
ambient air power W pt

generator
 amb ,Pamb
m,T turbine
5
to ambient
Figure 13.C-8: Stationary gas turbine system
Dry air enters at state 1 at 25°C and 1 atm. The maximum turbine inlet temperature at
state 3 is 1450 K. The turbine isentropic efficiencies are 0.84 and the compressor
isentropic efficiency is 0.82. Assume complete combustion and neglect the pressure loss
in the combustor and between components. Prepare plots of following quantities as a
function of the pressure ratio P2/P1 for a range between 1.5 and 15.
a.) the air fuel ratio
b.) the required flow rate of methane in kmole/s
c.) the efficiency of the cycle
d.) the temperature at state 5
13.C-9 Although fuel cells are receiving a great deal of developmental attention, a major
impediment to their widespread adoption is that they use hydrogen as a fuel and the low
density of hydrogen makes it difficult to store and transport. Consequently alternative
ways of providing storing or providing a hydrogen source are being investigated. One
alternative is to use liquid ammonia. Liquid anhydrous ammonia has a relatively high
fuel value, and products of consumption, in at least hydrogen transferring fuel cells, are
only water and elemental nitrogen. Ammonia of course has several major drawbacks, but
it is worth investigating. Data for ammonia at 25ºC, 1.013 bar in an ideal gas state are
provided below:
Molar Mass  17.03 h fo,298 K  45,937 kJ/kmol o
s298K  192.8 kJ/K-kmol
a) What are the lower and higher heating values of liquid ammonia in units of kJ/kg?
b) What pressure would the ammonia need to be maintained at in the fuel tank?
Provide a short description of how you arrive at this answer.
c) What is the volume ratio of the ammonia tank to a gasoline tank necessary to provide
the same theoretical driving distance?
13.C-10 A stationary gas-turbine plant used for generating electricity by combusting methane
during times of peak demand is configured as shown in Figure 13.C-10. At design
conditions, the turbine-generator produces 92 MW with air and fuel (CH4) entering at
25°C, 1 atm entering the compressor. (The generator efficiency is 0.94.) The compressor
pressure ratio at design conditions is 14.1 and the air-fuel ratio is 42.0. Independent
measurements have indicated that the compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies are
0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The pressure loss across the burner is small.
Figure 13.C-10: Gas turbine system operating at part load

When the electrical demand is less than 92 MW, the fuel flow rate is reduced.
Because the compressor and turbine must spin at constant speed, the volumetric flow
rate at both the compressor and turbine inlets is constant. As the fuel flow rate is
reduced, the temperature of the combustion gases entering the turbine decreases and
the pressure at the turbine inlet must adjust to maintain the fixed volumetric flow rate.
a.) Calculate the methane consumption and the overall plant efficiency at the full-load
operating point where the system produces 92 MW.
b.) Calculate and plot the relative efficiency versus the part-load factor. (The relative
efficiency is defined as the efficiency divided by the efficiency at full load; the
part-load factor is the ratio of the electrical power to the full-power electrical
power (92 MW).
13.C-11 One method to improve the performance of a stationary gas turbine system is to inject
steam into the combustion products before they enter the turbine, as shown in Figure
13.C-11. The steam is produced by a heat exchange process using the exhaust of the gas
turbine as the heat source.
Figure 13.C-11: Gas turbine system with steam injection
In a particular case, ambient air at 20C, 1 bar (state 1) enters the compressor and is
compressed to 12 bar (state 2). The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 0.62. The
air then enters the combustor which is fueled with methane which enters at 20C. To
ensure complete combustion, the fuel flow rate is adjusted to achieve 75% excess air.
The combustion products exit at state 3. Metallurgical considerations dictate that the gas
entering the turbine at state 4 must be no higher than 1200C. The turbine isentropic
efficiency is 0.74. Steam at 365C, 12 bar (state 9) is injected into the combustion
products at a rate sufficient to maintain this temperature. The steam is generated from
entering water at 20°, 1 bar (state 7) by heat exchange with the combustion products
exiting at state 5.
a.) What is the necessary mass ratio of steam to air entering the compressor to keep the
turbine inlet stream at state 4 from exceeding 1200C?
b.) What is the temperature and dew point of the exhaust stream at state 6?
c.) What is the First Law efficiency of the system with the steam injection and the
corresponding back-work ratio?
d.) If steam injection were not used, what would the % excess air have to be in order to
maintain a combustor outlet temperature of 1200C?
e.) What is the First Law efficiency of the system without steam injection and the
corresponding back-work ratio?
f.) Provide a short explanation for the results you found in parts e and f.
13.C-12 One means of gasifying coal (assumed here to be pure carbon) is based upon the carbon–
steam reaction.
C + H2O → CO + H2
The energy input for this endothermic reaction and for producing the steam is provided
by heat exchange with combustion gas obtained by combusting coal (carbon) with 75%
excess air. The schematic of the process, along with state point information is provided
in Figure 13.C-12. (Neglect any losses from the equipment.)
Combustion products at 50°C
exhausted to enviroment
3
Steam
320°C, 1 atm
Water
Steam Generator 25°C, 1 atm
Coal gas
Carbon Coal Gasifier 930°C, 1 atm
40% CO, 40% H2, 20% H2O
25°C
Carbon Furnace 75% excess Air

25°C 25°C, atm
Environment: T=298 K, P=101.3 kPa

75.67% N2 20.35% O2 3.12% H2O 0.038% CO2 0.822 % inert
a.) Determine the temperature of the gas at state 1.
b.) Determine the temperature of the gas at state 2 and the ratio of the mass of carbon
that goes to the furnace relative to the carbon that is fed to the gasifier.
c.) Determine the exergy per mole of carbon
d.) Determine the exergy per mole of the product gas
e.) Calculate the Second-Law efficiency of this process and comment on the advantages
and disadvantages of coal gasification. Assume the 50°C combustion products are
discarded. Refer your calculations to the environment described in the table.
13.C-13 Hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative to natural gas as a fuel for residential use.
Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis of water. In a particular process, water at
10°C, 1 atm is supplied to an electrolysis cell. The electrical current supplied to the cell
decomposes the water to produce steady streams of hydrogen and oxygen at 35°C, 1 atm.
For each kmol of hydrogen produced, 110 MJ of heat are transferred from the cell to the
surroundings in order to maintain steady operating conditions.
Environment: T=298 K, P=101.3 kPa
75.67% N220.35% O2 3.12% H2O 0.038% CO2 0.822 % inert
a.) Determine the required electrical energy per kmol of water in the electrolysis process.
b.) Determine the exergy per mole of the hydrogen that is produced in this process
relative to the environment defined in the table.
c.) Determine the exergy per mole of oxygen that is produced in this process relative to
the environment defined in the table.
c.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of the electrolysis process.
d.) The collected hydrogen is then pumped through a pipeline, combusted with air, and
used in a residence to heat water from 10°C to 50°C in a water heater that has an 80%
efficiency based on the higher heating value of the fuel. What is the Second-Law
efficiency of the water heating process?
e.) What is the Second-Law efficiency of the combined electrolysis and water heating
processes?
f.) Would you recommend hydrogen as a substitute for natural gas if it were produced
and used as described? Explain your answer.
13.C-14 Gas-fired heat pumps utilize the high availability of a combustible fuel to supply space
heat at a thermal efficiency greater than 1.0. One proposed type of heat pump is the
Stirling/Rankine System, shown in a space heating configuration in Figure 13.C-14. The
purpose of this problem is to analyze the test results of this system. Test results are given
in Table 13.C-14 for methane consumption of 3 lbm/hr. The following assumptions may
be applied.
i) The methane is completely combusted with 100% excess air.
ii) Heat losses occur only from the combustion chamber and the Stirling engine. These
losses occur outdoors and do not contribute to heating the house. The heat loss from
the engine is 2750 Btu/hr.
iii) The constant pressure specific heat for the water-glycol solution is 0.78 Btu/lbm-F.
iv) The compressor has an adiabatic efficiency of 0.80.
Table 13.C-14: Test results for a gas-fired heat pump

Fluid Temp. Pressure
°F psia
1 Methane 45 14.7
2 Air 0 14.7
3 Gas 2060 14.7
4 Gas 1160 14.7
5 Gas 260 14.7
6 Helium 1150 1600
7 Helium 1300 1520
8 R134a -- 250
9 R134a Sat'd Liq. 250
10 R134a -- 12
11 R134a Sat'd vap 12
12 Glycol 90 20
13 Glycol 117 20
14 Glycol 197 20
15 Air 60 14.7
16 Air 120 14.7
17. Air 0 14.7
Combustion
Products (260°F)
5
Heat
Exchanger
#2
13
4 14
6 2750 Btu/hr
Heat Stirling
Exchanger Engine Heated
#1 Air to House
7 16
12 Heat
Exchanger #3
3
• R134a 8
Q cs Com- Condenser
pressor 9
Com-  =0.8 15
bustion Cool House
Chamber Outside Throttle
11 Air Valve
Air
1 2 17
Evaporator
Methane 100% Excess
10
45°F Air - 0°F
(3.0 lbm/hr)
Figure 13.C-14: Schematic of a gas-fired heat pump
a.) Calculate the heat loss from the combustion chamber in Btu/hr.
b.) How many horsepower does the Stirling cycle engine develop?
c.) Determine the total rate of heat addition to the house.
d.) Determine the volumetric flow rate of air at state 16 in ft3/min.
e.) What is the efficiency of this system for house heating?
f.) What is the dew point of the combustion products at point 5?
g.) What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system?
13.C-15 A simplified analysis of the processes occurring in a spark-ignition internal combustion

engine is provided by the air-standard Otto cycle as presented in Chapter 8. The purpose
of this problem is to develop a more realistic model which considers combustion and heat
transfer processes.
a.) Calculate and plot the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure for an air
standard Otto cycle for compression ratios between 6 and 12 with a maximum cycle
temperature of 3,000 K. Assume that the state of the air before compression is 25°C,
1 atm.
b.) The working fluid entering the engine is not air, but rather a mixture of propane
(C3H8) and stoichiometric air. The maximum cycle temperature is the temperature
that results during the adiabatic constant volume combustion process. Compute the
maximum cycle temperature and plot the engine thermal efficiency (based on the
lower heating value of the fuel) and the mean effective pressure versus compression
ratio for compression ratios between 6 and 12 using the same assumptions as used in
the air-standard Otto cycle, i.e., isentropic compression and expansion, and
combustion occurring at constant volume.
c) Some of the energy released in the combustion process is transferred to the ‘cold’
engine walls which are maintained at 105°C. Assume that the rate of heat transfer to
the engine walls is:
qwall  K T  Twall 
where K=628 kJ/K-kmol propane and T is the average temperature occurring during
the combustion process, e.g, (T2+T3)/2. Calculate and plot the thermal efficiency and
mean effective pressure versus the compression ratio including this heat transfer
consideration.
13.C-16 Steady-state operating data for a turbojet engine shown in Figure 13.C-16 are provided in
Table 13.C-16. This engine runs on methane gas. The fuel is completely combusted with
air. The composition of air is 21.0% oxygen, 0.965% water, and 0.035% carbon dioxide,
with the remainder being nitrogen.
Methane
0 1 2 3 4 5
Diffuser Combustor Nozzle

Compressor Turbine
Figure 13.C-16: Schematic of a turbojet engine
Table 13.C-16: Operating data for the engine shown in Figure 13.C-16
Position Fluid Temperature Pressure Velocity Flow Rate
[°C] [kPa] [m/s] [kg/s]
0 Air 25 100 250 0.450
1 air 42 118 ~0 0.450
2 Air 276 655 ~0 0.450
3 Mixture 1450 647 ~0 0.464
4 Mixture 1288 374 ~0 0.464
5 Mixture 1060 100 750 0.464
Methane 45 1000 ~0 0.014
a.) What is the compressor isentropic efficiency?

b.) What is the percentage of excess air at this operating condition?
c.) Determine the rate of heat loss from the combustor
d.) Compare the powers of the turbine and compressor
e.) Estimate the isentropic efficiency of the turbine
f.) Estimate the rate of heat loss in the nozzle
g.) Estimate the nozzle efficiency
13.C-17 Steady-state operating data for a turbojet engine fueled by methane are provided in
problem 13.C-16. The fuel is completely combusted with air. The composition of air is
21.0% oxygen, 0.965% water, and 0.035% carbon dioxide, with the remainder being
nitrogen.
a.) Determine the rate of exergy destruction in the combustor of this engine.
b.) A Second-Law efficiency for this engine can be defined as the increase in kinetic
energy of the fluids divided by the exergy supplied to the engine. Determine the
value of the Second-Law efficiency defined in this manner.
13.C-18 The physical plant of a large building complex produces both electricity and steam at 250
psia. A sketch of the plant appears in Figure 13.C-8 and a table with property
information is provided in Table 13.C-18. The boiler is fueled with methane (CH4)
which enters separately from the air. Both the methane and air enter at 77°F, 1 atm. A
combustion analysis of the stack gases produced the following volumetric percentages,
reported on a dry basis:
3.6% CO2 14.5% O2 0.04% CO 81.86% N2
Figure 13.C-18: Schematic of physical plant that produces electricity and steam
Table 13.C-18: Property Information for the physical plant at selected states
State T P v h s m
[F] [psia] [ft3/lbm] [Btu/lbm] [Btu/R-lbm] [lbm/hr]
1 900 1200 0.6250 1440.9 1.5883 100,000
2 550 250 2.2909 1291.8 1.6239 30,000
3 102 1 303.6 1012.6 1.8120 70,000
4 102 1 0.0161 69.7 0.1326 70,000
5 102 200 0.0161 70.0 0.1331 70,000
6 320 200 0.0184 290.4 0.5438 100,000
7 388 1250 0.0185 362.2 0.5516 100,000
8 390 220 0.0185 364.2 0.5540 30,000
Dead 70 14.7 0.0160 38.0 0.0745 --------
a.) Assuming energy losses from the boiler jacket to be negligible, what is the rate at
which methane is combusted?
b.) The generator has en efficiency of 0.92. What is the electrical power produced by the
generator in kW?
c.) What is the 2nd Law efficiency of this plant relative to a dead state at 77°F, 1 atm and
50% relative humidity? (Assume that atmospheric air is at at 77°F, 1 atm with the
partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water being 0.769 atm,
0.206 atm, 0.0004 atm and 0.016 atm, respectively.)
d.) If the electricity is valued at 13 cents/kW-hr, what is the value of the process steam
supplied by this plant in cents/1000 lbm?
13.C-19 A commercial laundry facility requires 4500 kg/hr of water at 60°C. Supply water is
available at 10°C. The simple steam turbine system shown in Figure 13.C-19 has been
proposed to supply the energy needed to heat the water and a portion of the electrical
needs as well. The boiler produces saturated steam at 700 kPa by combusting methane
that is provided at 25°C, 1 atm with 125% excess air at 25°C, 1 atm. Combustion gases
exit the boiler at 180°C, 1 atm. The combined efficiency of the turbine and generator is
0.72. The pump efficiency is 0.40. The condenser pressure is 50 kPa.
Figure 13.C-19: System to provide hot water and electricity

a.) What is the required rate of methane consumption assuming that the hot water needs
are supplied?
b.) How much power is produced by the system in kW?
c.) Determine the heat exchanger effectiveness of the condenser.
d.) Calculate the 2nd Law efficiency of this system assuming that the specific exergy of
methane is equal to its lower heating value.
e.) The pump, turbine, and generator efficiencies can not be changed. What other
suggestions can you provide that would increase the 2nd Law efficiency of this
system.
13.C-20 0.025 lbm of liquid methyl alcohol (CH3OH) are placed in a 1.5 ft3 constant volume
container with a stoichiometric amount of air. The container is well-insulated and
equipped with a spark plug to initiate the reaction. The methanol and air are initially at
77°F. The enthalpy of formation of liquid methanol at 77°F is –102,605 Btu/lbmol.
a.) What is the pressure in the container before ignition?
b.) Assuming complete combustion has occurred, estimate the temperature and pressure
of the combustion products directly after the reaction occurs. (Assume ideal gas
behavior.)
c.) As the combustion gas is cooled, at what temperature will condensation begin?
13.C-21 The exergy of sulfur and compounds containing sulfur presents a question concerning the
dead state to which the availability of these compounds should be referenced. One
proposal is to take CaSO4•2H2O as the dead state molecule involving sulfur.
CaSO4•2H2O is formed from chemical reactions of sulfur and sulfur dioxide with
CaCO3, O2, and H2O, which are found in the reference environment.
S + CaCO3 + 1.5 O2 + 2H2O → CaSO4•2H2O + CO2
SO2 + CaCO3 + 0.5 O2 + 2H2O → CaSO4•2H2O + CO2
Property data at 25°C, 1 atm for the species involved in these reactions are presented in
Table 13.C-21. Also in last column of the table are the partial pressures of the gaseous
species as they exist in the reference environment. Using these data, what is your
estimate for the specific exergy of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 25°C, 1 atm?
Table 13.C-21: Property data and partial pressures for selected chemicals
Species hf,25°C so Pi,o
[kJ/kmol] [kJ/kmol-K] [atm]
S 0 32.068 solid
SO2 -296,792 248.098 0
O2 0 205.028 0.204
H2O(v) -241,811 188.709 0.0088
CaCO3 -1,206,526 91.704 solid
CaSO4•2H2O -2,021,123 193.970 solid
CO2 -393,486 213.665 0.000394
N2 0 191.489 0.76746
13.C-22 Diesel engines are used in many communities for generating electricity. A particular case
is shown schematically in Figure 13.C-22. The engine produces 385 kW of electrical
power. Cooling water enters at 25° C and exits as saturated steam at 100°C at a rate of
0.60 kg/sec. Fuel at a rate of 0.055 kg/sec with 10% excess air enters the engine at 25°C.
Exhaust products exit at 425°C. (Assume complete combustion.) Depending on the cost
of fuel relative to the cost of capital equipment, opportunities exist for recovering
availability from the cooling water, from the exhaust products, or from both. The Diesel
fuel has a composition of 85% carbon and 15% hydrogen on a mass basis. The lower
heating value of the fuel is 42,600 kJ/kg. The reference environment consists of a
mixture of the following gases (volumetric basis) at 25°C and a total pressure of 1.0 atm:
20.4% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 78.68% nitrogen, and 0.88% water vapor.
Figure 13.C-22: Schematic of the Diesel generator system

a.) What is the efficiency of the engine (assuming that the cooling water and exhaust
products are discarded)?
b.) Estimate the enthalpy of formation of the Diesel fuel at 25°C in J per kg.
c.) What is the rate at which cooling water must be provided?
d). What is the rate of flow of the exergy with the exhaust products exiting the engine?
e.) What is the rate of flow of the exergy with the exiting cooling water stream?
f.) Estimate the rate of exergy destruction in the engine, assuming that the specific
exergy of the fuel is equal to its lower heating value.
3.C-23 A modern pulse-combustion residential furnace is fueled with natural gas. Analysis of
the natural gas shows it to be 94% methane (CH4) and 6% nitrogen (N2) on a volumetric
basis. The gas enters the furnace at 10°C from a pipeline and is combusted with air at
25°C from the building. The gaseous combustion products and condensate exit the
furnace at 40°C, 1 atm. Analysis of the gaseous combustion products on a dry basis
produces the following volumetric percentages: 8.4% CO2 5.0% O2 0.6% CO 86.0%
N2. The energy released in the combustion reaction is used to heat air from 25°C to 40°C
in order to maintain the building space at 25°C on a day in which it is –5°C outdoors.
a) The percentage of excess air used in the combustion is ________%.
b) The lower heating value per unit mass of natural gas is ________ kJ/kg
c) The first law efficiency of the overall house heating process based on the lower
heating value of the natural gas is __________.
d) The 2nd Law efficiency of the overall house heating process is __________.
(Approximate the exergy of the natural gas with its lower heating value.)
f) Carbon monoxide is released to the environment, along with the other combustion
gases. The specific exergy of this carbon monoxide is _________ kJ/kmol.
Base your calculations on the following composition of outdoor air.
78.3% N2, 20.35% O2 , 0.4% H2O, 0.04% CO2, 0.93% other.
13.C-24 A large meat packing company uses electricity (to operate machinery and lights) and 5
bar steam generated in a natural gas-fueled boiler to provide the thermal energy needed
for cooking and water heating. The company currently buys all of the electricity and gas
from a utility. Engineers working for this company are considering the installation of the
gas turbine system shown in figure 13.C-24, which can supply 27 MW of electricity and
some of the steam needs of the plant as well. The generator has an efficiency of 0.90.
The gas turbine is fueled with natural gas (CH4). A combustion analysis of the exhaust
products yields the following volume percentages reported on a dry basis: 3.9% CO2,
14.0% O2, 87.1% N2. The exhaust from the turbine is heat exchanged to generate 5.0 bar
saturated steam, which is used to supplement the steam needs in the plant. Estimated
operating data for this gas turbine system are provided in Table 13.C-24.
Figure 13.C-24: Gas turbine cogeneration system
Table 13.C-24: State point information

State fluid T P Flowrate
°C kPa kg/s
1 air 25 101 146.3
2 air 396 1013 146.3
3 gas 1212 1010
4 gas 750 110
5 gas 402 101
6 gas 25.0 101
7 water 25.1 510 23.0
8 water 155.5 500 23.0
a.) What is the air/fuel ratio and the rate at which methane is combusted?
b.) What is the 2nd Law efficiency of this physical plant? (Approximate the exergy of the
fuel with its lower heating value.)
c.) If the methane cost is $0.20 per kg, what should the production costs of the electricity
and process steam each be in $/kW and $/kg, respectively, in order to recover the cost
of the methane?
13.C-25 Figure 13.C-25 shows a schematic of a residential heating system that uses an engine-
driven heat pump. The fuel to the engine is propane (C3H8). During normal operation,
the engine drives the compressor of the heat pump, which uses R134a as the refrigerant.
The condenser of the heat pump is located in one of two coils in the furnace ductwork
and provides heat to the building. In addition, a glycol coolant is circulated through the
engine and then through a heat exchanger that recovers some of the energy in the engine
exhaust gas. The heated glycol solution then proceeds through a second coil in the
furnace providing additional heat to the building.
Figure 13.C-25: Schematic of a gas-fired heat pump system
Test data for the engine driven heat pump are as follows. The engine provided 3.59 kW
of power to the compressor. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is known to be
0.72 under these operating conditions. The saturation temperatures in the evaporator and
condenser were -12°C and 36°C, respectively. (Assume states 2 and 4 to be saturated
vapor and liquid, respectively and neglect pressure losses in the piping and heat
exchangers.) The glycol solution, which has a specific heat capacity of 3.43 kJ/kg-K,
was circulated at a rate of 0.062 kg/s. The measured temperatures of the glycol solution
at states 5, 6, and 7 were 76°C, 91°C, and 58°C. The exhaust gas exited at state 9 at
124°C. A combustion gas analysis of the indicated the following volume percentages of
the exhaust gases, expressed on a dry basis: 8.3% CO2, 1.5% O2, 0.6% CO, remainder
N2.
a.) What is the mass flow rate of the R134a?
b.) What is the percent theoretical air and the corresponding air-fuel ratio for the engine?
c.) What is the efficiency of the engine based on the lower heating value of the fuel?
d.) The exhaust gas recovery heat exchanger uses a cross-flow design with both fluids
unmixed. Estimate the heat transfer rate and the effectiveness of this heat exchanger.
e.) Determine the total rate heat transfer of heat transfer to the building. Also, indicate
the fractional contributions of this heat transfer for the heat pump, the recovery of
energy from the engine coolant, and the recovery of energy from the exhaust gas.
f.) Determine the efficiency of this heating system based on the lower heating value of
the fuel defined in the same manner as for a conventional furnace.
13.C-26 Problem 13.C-25 requires an analysis of a gas-fired heat pump heating system fueled
with propane. In this problem, you are to complete a Second Law analysis of the same
system. Base your exergy calculations on the reference environment provided below.
Reference Environment:
T=0°C P=101.3 kPa
Substance Mole
fraction
N2 & inerts 0.7820
O2 0.2035
H2O(g) 0.0050
CO2 0.0004
Other 0.0091
a.) Determine the exergy flow rate of the propane that is supplied to the engine.
b.) Determine the exergy flow rate of the exhaust gas at state 9 before it enters the
environment.
c.) Determine the COP of the heat pump for the maintaining the building at 21°C.
d.) Determine the Second Law efficiency of the heat pump by itself.
e.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of the engine, not including the space heating
contributions.
f.) Determine the Second-Law efficiency of the overall heating process.
13.C-27 Most fuel cells cannot directly operate using natural gas (methane) as a fuel so it is
necessary to convert the methane into hydrogen using a process called reforming. One
step in this process is shown in Figure 13.C-27. Methane at 25C, 1 atm enters an
adiabatic reformer at a rate of 0.00025 kmol/s along with water vapor at 800C, 1.5 atm.
The reaction between methane and water is endothermic. In this case, energy is provided
from an electrical source. Products exit the reformer at 800C, 1 atm with the mole
fractions indicated in the figure. The surroundings are at 25°C, 1 atm, with the following
composition of a volumetric basis: 20.4% O2, 0.04% CO2, 0.88% H2O, remainder is N2
and inert gases.
Figure 13.C-27: Schematic of a methane-steam reformer

a.) What is the molar flow rate of H2O at the reformer inlet?
b.) Calculate the required electrical power.
c.) Determine the rate at which exergy is supplied to the reformer with the methane.
d.) Determine the rate at which exergy is supplied to the reformer with the entering
steam.
e.) What is the exergy flow rate of the products leaving the reformer?
f.). Determine the Second Law efficiency for this reformation process.
13.C-28 The advent of fuel cell technology has increased interest in hydrogen. One way that
hydrogen can be produced is by electrolysis of water. In a particular process, water at
25C, 1 atm and electrical energy are supplied to an electrolysis cell. The final products
from this process are hydrogen and oxygen in separate tanks, each at 100C, 5 atm. The
necessary electrical energy is 500,000 kJ per kmol of hydrogen.
Atmospheric conditions: 25C, 1 atm, 40% relative humidity, 21 volume % oxygen
a.) What is the specific molar exergy of the hydrogen produced in this process?
b.) What is the specific molar exergy of the oxygen produced in this process?
c.) Determine the required heat transfer per kmol of hydrogen.
d.) What is the 2nd Law efficiency of the overall process?
13.C-29 A system for steadily producing hydrogen from methane and water is shown in Figure
13.C-29. The entire process operates at atmospheric pressure (1 bar).
Liquid water
25°C, 1 bar
7 6 5 (800°C)
Boiler
2 (225°C)
Heat Exch Reactor
CH4
1 (25°C) 3 (120°C) 4 (535°C)
Thermal Reservoir
1900°C
Figure 13.C-29: System for producing hydrogen
The liquid water (state 0) and methane (state 1) both enter the system at 25°C. The exhaust
gases at state 6 are used to boil the water and heat it to 225°C, 1 bar (state 2). The water vapor
is mixed with an equal molar amount of methane. The mixture then enters the heat exchanger
(state 3) and is heated to 535°C (state 4). The water vapor and methane mixture then enter the
reactor where the following reaction proceeds to completion using heat from the 1900°C
thermal reservoir as needed.
CH 4  H 2O  3 H 2  CO
The products, H2 and CO2, exit the reactor at 800°C (state 5) at a total pressure of 1 bar where
they enter the heat exchanger that preheats the methane-steam mixture. Finally these products
(state 6) enter the boiler where water is heated at 1 bar and exit the system at 108°C. The
surroundings are at 25°C, 1 bar and consist of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor and carbon
dioxide with the following respective partial pressures: 0.2032 [bar], 0.78 [bar], 0.0165 bar,
and 0.00035 bar.
a.) Determine the temperature at state 6.
b.) Determine the temperature at state 7.
c.) The Second Law efficiency of the heat exchanger is ___________
d.) The amount of thermal energy that must be provided to the reactor from the thermal reservoir
at 1900°C per mole of hydrogen produced by the system is ____________ kJ/kmol H2.
e.) The specific exergy of the hydrogen exiting at state 7 is __________ kJ/kmol. Note that the
hydrogen is mixed with CO with a total pressure of 1 bar.
f.) The Second law efficiency of this entire process is ________.

Chapter 13 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 13 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

© S.A. Klein and G.F.

a.) Determine the air-fuel ratio.

13.B-2 Figure 13.B-2 illustrates a simple, un-recuperated gas turbine engine.

The above reaction is endothermic and it requires an environment at 800°C or higher to

Figure 13.B-11: Boiler with regenerator

Air 25°C, 1 bar

a.) What is the % excess air used to combust the methane?

Rank Fuel Chemical hof, 25°C so25°C c p, 25°C

Figure 13.C-1: Schematic of solid oxide fuel cell system

c.) the % stoichiometric air supplied

ambient air power W pt

Figure 13.C-10: Gas turbine system operating at part load

Figure 13.C-11: Gas turbine system with steam injection

Carbon Furnace 75% excess Air

Environment: T=298 K, P=101.3 kPa

Table 13.C-14: Test results for a gas-fired heat pump

13.C-15 A simplified analysis of the processes occurring in a spark-ignition internal combustion

Diffuser Combustor Nozzle

a.) What is the compressor isentropic efficiency?

Figure 13.C-19: System to provide hot water and electricity

Figure 13.C-22: Schematic of the Diesel generator system

Figure 13.C-24: Gas turbine cogeneration system

Table 13.C-24: State point information

Figure 13.C-25: Schematic of a gas-fired heat pump system

Figure 13.C-27: Schematic of a methane-steam reformer

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen