Help:IPA/Norwegian

< Help:IPA
This is the pronunciation key
for IPA transcriptions of
Norwegian on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to
represent the pronunciation of
Norwegian in Wikipedia articles, and
example words that illustrate the
sounds that correspond to them.
Integrity must be maintained
between the key and the
transcriptions that link here. Changes
should reflect consensus; especially
if the conventions of this key are
already in wide use, any substantive
change to it should be discussed on
the talk page first so as not to create
discrepancies between the key and
transcriptions.
The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Norwegian
language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia
articles, see {{IPA-no}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

The accent that has been used here as a model is Urban East Norwegian, which is an unofficial
pronunciation standard of Bokmål that is spoken in the Oslo region and most commonly taught
to foreigners.

See also Norwegian phonology for more details about pronunciation of Norwegian.

Consonants Vowels
Nearest Nearest English
IPA Examples
IPA Examples English equivalent
equivalent
Monophthongs
b bil bee
ɑ fast art
ç kjip huge
ɑː mat bra, RP car
d dag day æ fersk[3] trap

ɖ retroflex /d/ æː ære[3] Australian mad

no English ɛ helle[3] set

sardin[1] equivalent;
ʁd French eː hel[3] Scottish save
corde
ɪ sill hill
f fot foot
iː i need
ɡ god good
ɔ åtte[4] off
h hatt hat
oː mål[4] goal
j jojo yoyo
roughly like bet, but with
k kafé coffee œ nøtt[4] rounded lips; German
Röcke
l lake lack
roughly like Scottish
little, but øː dø[4] save, but with rounded
without lips; German schön
l̩ Abel velarization;
German ʊ ond[4] put
Esel
uː bot[4] fool
ɭ retroflex /l/
Australian choose;
ʉ full[4][5]
no English German müssen
Karl[1] equivalent;
ʁl French Australian goose;
ʉː ful[4][5]
Arles German üben
roughly like hit, but with
m man man
ʏ nytt[4][5] rounded lips; Swedish
n natt night syll
roughly like leave, but
n̩ natten chosen
yː syl[4][5] with rounded lips;
Swedish syl
ɳ retroflex /n/
Diphthongs
no English
barn[1] equivalent;
ʁn ɑɪ kai[6] Australian price
French
Marne æɪ bein Australian day
no English æʉ hauk[4] Australian now
ɳ̍ baren
equivalent
ɛɪ tape[6] day
ŋ ting thing
ɔʏ boikott[4][6] boy
p pappa papa
Scottish house
 r år[1][2] GA latter œʏ røyk[4]

roughly like ʉɪ hui[4][7] to eternity

Scottish
ʁ loch; Reduced vowels
French
rester ə påle about

GA latter,
ɽ Vålerenga
but retroflex Stress and tone

s sabel sabre IPA Examples Explanation

shoe, but Tone 1 / acute accent:

sjø
ʂ retroflex
low-rising tone in
no English Oslo and Trondheim:
equivalent; [ˈbœ̀ nːə̌r]
torsdag[1] bønder
ʁs French falling-low tone in
Corse ˈ [ˈbœnːər] Bergen: [ˈbœ̂ nːə̀ʁ]
[ˈbœnːəʁ] rising-falling tone in
t tirsdag time
Stavanger: [ˈbœ̌ nːɔ̂ʁ]
ʈ retroflex /t/ simple primary stress
in certain accents:
no English [ˈbœnːər][8]
parti[1] equivalent;
ʁt French Tone 2 / grave accent:
carte
falling-rising tone in
v vaktel vat Oslo and Trondheim:
[ˈbœ̂ nːə̌r]
bønner rising-falling tone in
² [²bœnːər] Bergen: [ˈbœ̌ nːə̂ʁ]
[²bœnːəʁ] falling-falling tone in
Stavanger: [ˈbœ̂ nːɔ̂ʁ]
simple primary stress
in certain accents:
[ˈbœnːər][8]

Notes
1. In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive Sandhi process of
retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce
retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R [ʁ], such as
Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
2. /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar (tapped or trilled) in some dialects
and uvular in others.
3. Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /ɛ/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
4. [ɔ, oː, œ, øː, ʏ, yː, ɔʏ, œʏ] are protruded vowels, while [ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] (including the [ʉ] element
in [æʉ] and [ʉɪ]) are compressed.
5. The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for
non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen
[ˈmʏsn̩]).
Norwegian protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to
German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː]).
Similarly,
Norwegian compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben
[ˈyːbn̩]).
Norwegian protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than
to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl
[syːl]).
6. [ɑɪ, ɛɪ, ɔʏ] appear only in loanwords. [ɛɪ] is used only by some younger speakers, who
contrast it with [æɪ]; speakers who do not have [ɛɪ] in their diphthong inventory replace it with
[æɪ] (Kristoffersen (2000:19)).
7. [ʉɪ] appears only in the word hui (Kristoffersen (2000:19)).
8. Some accents have a simple primary stress rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In those
accents, bønder (meaning 'farmers') and bønner (meaning 'beans') are pronounced exactly
the same.

References
Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969), Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W
Nygaard)
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der
norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (in
Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-
990584-0-6
Vanvik, Arne (1985), Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo:
Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-8299058414
External links
"Lexin" (http://lexin.udir.no/?&ui-lang=eng). Uni Research Computing.
"Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter" (http://www.hf.ntnu.no/
nos/) (in Norwegian). Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges
teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.

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