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I. ORDINEA CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITII AFIRMATIVE
Adverbs of manner are very flexible and can stay in various positions in the sentence:
- The minister addressed her congregation solemnly. (after the verb and the Direct Object)
What interesting a story she told! (Ce poveste interesanta a spus ea!)
How + Adjective + S+ P!
How wonderful the day has been! (Ce minunata a fost ziua!)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
A sentence is made of main and subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses can be:
Adverbial clauses:
Of time: e.g. I will see you when you arrive tomorrow. (O sa te vad cand sosesc maine.)
Of manner: She treats me as if she were my mother. (Ma trateaza de parca as fi mama ei.)
Of result: e.g. It is such a nice dress that I’d like to buy it. (Este o rochie atat de frumoasa
incat as vrea sa o cumpar.)
Of purpose: e.g. They are studying so that they may pass the exam. (Ei invata ca sa treaca
examenul.)
Of concession: e.g. She bought the car although it was expensive. (Ea a cumparat masina
desi era scumpa.)
Of condition: e.g. I will give you money if you help me. (see If Clauses) (Iti voi da bani daca
ma vei ajuta.)
WHO (used for people): e.g. The man who helped me is here. (Barbatul care m-a
ajutat este aici.)
WHOM (Objective): e.g. The man whom I love. (Barbatul pe care il iubesc.)
WHICH (used for objects, animals, etc but NOT people unless it’s a collective
noun, or used to replace a whole sentence):
e.g. The dog which was lost has been found. (Cainele care a fost pierdut a fost
gasit.)
The team, which played well, has returned. (Echipa, care a jucat bine, s-a
intors.)
He invited us for dinner, which was very nice of him. (El ne-a invitat la cina,
ceea ce a fost foarte dragut din partea lui.)
THAT (used for both persons and things, it can replacewho, whom or which
but it is never used after commas or prepositions):
e.g. The woman that/who helped you is here. (Femeia care te-a ajutat este aici.)
This is the dog that/which bit me. (Acesta este cainele care m-a muscat.)
WHOSE (used for possession): This is the woman whose dog bit me. (Aceasta
este femeia al carei caine m-a muscat.)
WHEN (used for time): e.g. 1990 is the year when she was born. (1990 este anul
cand ea s-a nascut.)
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WHERE (used for place): e.g. That’s the house where she lived for a while.
(Aceea este casa unde ea a locuit pentru o vreme.)
WHAT (used to mean the thing which): e.g. I haven’t forgotten what you told
me. (Nu am uitat ce mi-ai spus.)
WHY (used for reason): e.g. That’s the reason why I called you. (Acela este
motivul pentru care te-am sunat.)
- it gives necessary information (if left out of the sentence it does not make
complete sense)
e.g. The man [(that/ who) you spoke to] was my brother. (the information
seems incomplete if you stop at to: The man who you spoke to ...)
!!! that/ who can be omitted because it is an Indirect Object: The man [you
spoke to] was my brother.
The man [who/ that spoke with you] is special.(here who/that is the subject
for spoke so it cannot be omitted)
- the ideas could be omitted and the rest of the sentence would still make
sense
e.g. Shakespeare[, who that wrote many plays,] died in 1616. (the sentence
Our garden, which that catches the morning sun, is delightful to look at.
Some
Most
None
Neither
Either
Half
All
One
Several
Two
There are many people in the house, all of whom I dislike. (Se afla multi in oameni
in casa, dintre care toti imi displac.)
There were about twenty women, all of whom were gorgeous. (Erau in jur de 20 de
femei, dintre care toate erau superbe.)
The trees, several of which had apples, were a pleasant sight. (Copacii, dintre care
cativa aveau mere, erau placuti la vedere.)
The house in which she lives is downtown. (formal – not usual) (Casa in care ea locuieste
este in centru.)
The house which she lives in is downtown. (Casa in care ea locuieste este in centru.)
The house she lives in is downtown. (Casa in care ea locuieste este in centru.)
CLAUSES OF TIME
AFTER
I will call you AFTER I will finish/ have finished here.(Eu te voi suna dupa ce termin aici.)
AS (+Past C/ Present C)
I saw Mary AS I was crossing the street. (Am vazut-o pe Mary pe cand traversam strada.)
AS LONG AS
I will help you AS LONG AS you will help me. (Te voi ajuta atata timp cat ma ajuti si tu.)
She called me JUST AS I was getting in the house. (Ea m-a sunat tocmai cand intram in
casa.)
ONCE
Do the laundry ONCE you have done the dishes. (Spala rufele odata ce ai treminat cu spalatul
vaselor.)
I will give you the money WHEN you ask for it. (Iti voi da baniii cand ii vei cere.)
(EVER) SINCE
S + P (Present Perfect) + (EVER) SINCE + S + P (Past Simple – the action happened once
in the past)
I haven’t eaten SINCE I left home. (Nu am mancat de cand am plecat de acasa.)
SINCE I left home, I haven’t eaten. (De cand am plecat de acasa, nu am mancat.)
I have liked him SINCE I have known him. (Il plac pe el de cand il cunosc.)
SINCE he has had this car, he has liked it. (De cand are masina asta, ii place de ea.)
WILL/ WOULD They had already left BEFORE we arrived. (Ei deja plecasera inainte ca
noi sa sosim.)
He will have finished his work BY THE TIME we visit him. (El va fi terminat munca pana il
vom vizita noi.)
He was listening to music WHILE he was driving. (El asculta muzica in timp ce conducea.)
UNTIL/TILL
I won’t come to your placeUNTIL I have finished here. (Nu voi veni la tine pana nu termin
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aici.)
I will jump into action THE MOMENT you tell me. (Voi actiona in momentul in care imi vei
spune.)
WHENEVER
She is going to ask for money WHENEVER she sees you. (Ea o sa ceara bani oricand te va
vedea.)
EVERY TIME
I will give you money EVERY TIME you ask for it. (Iti voi da bani de fiecare data cand imi vei
cere.)
IMMEDIATELY
!!!!!!! (EVER) SINCE is always used with Present Perfect Simple or Continuous/ Past
Perfect Simple or Continuous in the Main Clause
They had known each other (ever) since they were kids.
She had been watching TV since her parents left for work.
!!!!!! BY THE TIME is always used with Future Perfect for future reference
e.g. I will have finished here by the time you call. (Eu voi fi terminat aici pana cand tu vei
suna.)
By the time you arrive, they will have left. (Pana cand tu vei sosi, ei vor fi plecat.)
She said /that he would have left /by the time they arrived./ (Ea a spus ca el va fi plecat
pana sosesc ei.)
OR Past Perfect Simple or Continuous for past reference in the Main Clause
They had left by the time we called. (Ei plecasera pana cand noi am sunat.)
They had been sleeping for three hours by the time the phone rang. (Ei dormeau de trei
ore cand a sunat telefonul.)
!!!!!! AS, JUST AS, WHILE are used with verbs with continuous aspect (Past Continuous/
Present Continuous, Future Continuous)
I saw a beautiful man as I was driving. (Am vazut un barbat frumos pe cand conduceam.)
The children were playing while their parents were having lunch. (Copiii se jucau in timp ce
parintii luau pranzul.)
Just as I was entering the house, the earthquake started. (Tocmai cand intram in casa a
inceput cutremurul.)
She is drinking while you are cleaning her room. (Ea bea in timp ce tu faci curatenie in
camera ei.)
I will be drinking beer on the beach this time next weekwhile you are working/ will be
working. (Eu voi bea bere pe plaja saptamana viitoare pe vremea asta in timp ce tu vei lucra.)
!!!!!! WHEN
e.g. I will be there when you will arrive. (Eu voi fi acolo cand vei sosi.)
They came when you had already left. (Ei au venit cand tu deja plecasesi.)
She was there when you were cleaning the house. (Ea era acolo cand tu curatai
casa.)
-can introduce a DO. Clause (CD)(WILL or WOULD can be used after it then)
e.g. I want to know when she will arrive here. (Vreau sa stiu cand ea va sosi aici.)
He wanted to be told when she would arrive. (Respect the Sequence of Tenses) (El a
vrut sa i se spuna cand va sosi ea.)
CLAUSES OF REASON
AS (deoarece)/ SINCE (din moment ce)/ BECAUSE (pentru ca/ deoarece)/ FOR (pentru
ca)/ THE REASON FOR (motivul pentru care)/ THE REASON (WHY) (motivul pentru care)/
ON THE GROUNDS THAT (pe motiv ca)
AS/ SINCE/ BECAUSE/ FOR/ ON THE GROUNDS THAT/ THE REASON WHY + S + P
e.g. He got a taxi as he was late for work. (El a luat un taxi deoarece era in intarziere la
lucru.)
I was there because I wanted to discuss with her. (Eram acolo deoarece voiam sa
discut cu ea.)
I didn’t tell him the truth, for I didn’t trust him. (FOR is always used after a comma)
(Nu i-am spus adevarul, pentru ca nu aveam incredere in el.)
Because he is rich, he can buy whatever he wishes. (Pentru ca este bogat, el poate
sa cumpere orice isi doreste.)
e.g. The reason for his behaviour was unknown. (Motivul pentru comportamentul lui era
necunoscut.)
He was punished for being late. (El a fost pedepsit pentru ca a intarziat.)
e.g. She was late because of heavy traffic. (Ea era in intarziere din cauza traficului
aglomerat.)
BECAUSE OF/ DUE TO + THE FACT THAT + S + P (din cauza faptului ca):
All roads were closed because of the fact that it had been snowing all day. (Toate
drumurile erau inchise din cauza faptului ca ninsese toata ziua.)
CLAUSES OF RESULT
They are introduced by:
Structures:
e.g. She had such a beautiful dress that I envied her. (Ea avea o rochie atat de frumoasa
incat am invidiat-o.)
e.g. It was such a horrible weather that we postponed the trip. (Era o vreme asa de urata
incat noi am amanat excursia.)
SO + adjective/adverb:
e.g. She runs so fast that no one can catch her. (Ea alearga asa de repede incat nimeni
nu o poate prinde.)
e.g. She has so much money that she doesn’t know what to do with it. (Ea are atat de
multi bani incat nu stie ce sa faca cu ei.)
e.g. It was so beautiful a dress that I had to buy it. (Eara o rochie asa de/ atat de
frumoasa incat a trebuit sa o cumpar.)
As a result (ca rezultat)/ therefore (prin urmare)/ consequently (in consecinta)/ so (astfel)
+ clause:
e.g. I didn’t have any money and as a result I couldn’t buy anything. (Nu aveam nici un
ban si ca rezultat nu am putut sa cumpar nimic.)
They did not study enough therefore they failed the test. (Ei nu au invatat destul,
prin urmare ei au picat testul.)
She killed him, and consequently she went to prison. (Ea l-a ucis si in consecinta s-
a dus la inchisoare.)
She is studying in order to pass the exam. (Ea invata ca sa treaca examenul.)
She is studying in order not to fail the exam. (Ea invata ca sa nu pice examenul.)
She is studying not to fail the exam. (Ea invata ca sa nu pice examenul.)
She is studying for passing the exam. (Ea invata ca sa treaca examenul.)
For + noun
She is studying with a view to passing the exam. (Ea invata ca sa treaca examenul.)
She is studying with the aim of passing the exam. (Ea invata ca sa treaca examenul.)
Avoid + vb.-ing
She took a cab to avoid being late. (Ea a luat un taxi ca sa evite sa fie in intarziere.)
Lest + should/ vb. Short Inf./ might (no negative after lest)
I am helping him lest he should get upset with me. (Eu il ajut pe el ca nu cumva sa se supere
pe mine.)
I am whispering for fear I might wake her. (Eu soptesc de teama sa nu o trezesc.)
She gave him all the money for fear of being beaten. (Ea i-a dat lui toti banii de teama sa nu
fie batuta.)
So that
She is studying so that she may pass the exam. (Ea invata ca
sa treaca examenul.)
She left early so that she might catch the bus. (A plecat devreme
ca sa prinda autobuzul.)
CLAUSES OF CONCESSION
They are expressed with:
e.g. Although it was expensive, she bought the car. (Desi era scumpa, ea acumparat
masina.)
Though + adjective
e.g. Though tired, they continued their journey. (Desi obositi, ei au continuat calatoria.)
While (in timp ce)/ whereas (pe cand)/ but (dar)/ on the other hand (pe de alta parte)/ yet
(totusi) + Clause:
e.g. She was tired, yet she kept working. (Ea era obosita, totusi ea a continuat sa
munceasca.)
However (totusi/ oricat de)/ no matter how (oricat) + adjective/ adverb + S + (may) + vb.:
e.g. However clever you are/ may be, you won’t trick me. (Oricat de destept esti, nu o sa
ma pacalesti.)
e.g. Whatever she may say, don’t believe her. (Orice ar spune ea, nu o crede.)
e.g. Beautiful though she is, I won’t talk with her. (Desi este frumoasa, nu o sa vorbesc
cu ea.)
e.g. Tired as I was, I couldn’t disappoint her, so I went to the party. (Desi eram obosit,
nu am putut sa o dezamagesc asa ca m-am dus la petrecere.)
e.g. Despite her fear, she entered the dark room. (In ciuda fricii ei, ea a intrat in camera
intunecata.)
In spite of her fear, she entered the dark room. (In ciuda fricii ei, ea a intrat in camera
intunecata.)
Despite being tired, I went to the party. (Desi eram obosit, m-am dus la petrecere.)
In spite of being tired, I went to the party. (Desi eram obosit, m-am dus la
petrecere.)
Despite the fact that/ In spite of the fact that (in ciuda faptului ca) + S + P:
e.g. In spite of the fact that he has money, he has no friends. (In ciuda faptului ca el are
bani, el nu are prieteni.)
Despite the fact that he has money, he has no friends. (In ciuda faptului ca el are
bani, el nu are prieteni.)
Whatever she says, he won’t believe her. (Orice ar spune ea, el nu o sa o creada.)
He won’t believe her, whatever she says. (El nu o sa o creada, orice ar spune ea.)