:

: . . . .

1
:

:
:

1. (Structuralism)
. :. . . . .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Structuralism_%28psychology%29
http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/569652/
structuralism

2. ( Functionalism )
, . ., . , . ..

http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/222123/
functionalism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Functional_psychology

http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/ :

3. ( Gestaltism )
: 1912
,. . . -. .
.
 ,, ., .
. .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Gestalt_psychology

http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/232098/Gestalt-
psychology

4. ( Psycho analytic theory )

: , . , ,. . , . .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Psychoanalytic_theory

5. ( behaviourism)
. . . - . ., . .
1920 1960 : . , .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Behaviorism

6. ( cognitivism )
1959 . . . ..
.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cognitivism_%28psychology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cognitive_psychology

7. ( humanism )
. .. . . .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Humanistic_education
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Humanistic_psychology

1. (Educational
: psychology)
: , ,

2. (Clinical
: psychology)
: ,

3. (Criminal
: psychology)
, . ,

4. (Industrial
: psychology)
: . . , ..

5. (Developmental
: psychology)
, , ,. .
6. (Social
: psychology)
. , ,.

7. (Neuro-psychology)
:
.

8. (Environmental
: psychology)
.

9. (Sports
: psychology)

(: methods of psychological studies)

( introspection)
. .
.
. , , . .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Introspection
http://dictionary.reference.com/
browse/introspection
http://
www.preservearticles.com/20110128
3753/what-are-the-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-introspection-
method-of-psychology.html
( observation)
.
, / /. . , /
.
http://www.uwex.edu/ces/4h/
evaluation/documents/
Observation.ppt

( interview)
..
. / /
http://www.slideshare.net/holdners/
conducting-an-interview-part-1
http://alevelpsychology.co.uk/as-
psychology-aqa-a/research-methods/
methods/interviews-and-
questionnaires.html
( anecdotal method)
. .
. . .
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Anecdotal_evidence

( cumulative record)
. ., , ,. .

http://learningdisabilities.about.com/
od/ac/g/Cumulative_File.htm
( experimental method)
(independent
. variable)
(dependent variable) .
.. . .
http://www.holah.karoo.net/
experimental_method.htm
( case study)
. .. ..

http://www.simplypsychology.org/
case-study.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Case_study_in_psychology
(survey)
. . / .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Survey_methodology

http://psychology.about.com/od/
researchmethods/f/survey.htm
( action research)
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Action_research

(Tools
: of psychological studies)

1. (check list)
, , /. ..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist

2. (rating scale)
3,5,7
/ / . .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Rating_scale

3. ( questionnaire)
.. .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Questionnaire

4. ( :psychological tests)
, : , ,, . . .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Psychological_testing

http://web.sau.edu/
WaterStreetMaryA/NEW%20intro
%20to%20tests%20&%20measures
%20website_files/
what_is_a_psychological_test.htm

5. ( sociometry)
stars.. . cliques. .
isolates.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Sociometry
2

.
.
.
. . .
. .

.. .
( , )
( , , )
( ,)
( ) ,
( , ),
( )

,, ,, . , ,-- .
.

...
a) ,
50 . 3. , .

5
;
18
- 4 80%, 8 80%, 20 90%
b)
1/4
1/8
c) ,
,,
2
5
(17-25) wisdom teeth- 4
d)
-4 . .
- , , .
- .,
- .
- .

.
a) /

.
pleasant & unpleasant responses
only
b)

.
c)

d)

,
 (Eric Erikson) 8 . .

Vs ( Trust Vs Mistrust )
- (0-1)
, , ..
2. Vs ( Autonomy Vs Doubt or
Shame )
- (1-2)
.
3. Vs ( Initiative Vs Guilt )
- (3-5)

4. Vs ( Industry Vs Inferiority )
- (6-10)

5. Vs ( Identity Vs Identity
confusion )
- (10-20)
.
6. Vs ( Intimacy Vs Isolation )
- (20-30)
. /
7. Vs ( Creativity Vs Stagnation )
- (40-50)

8. Vs ( Integrity Vs Despair )
- (60 )
.
(- )
( nipissing
.- university)
( - )
2 12

2
2 .
.
-
.

(Lawrence Kohlberg)
6 3 .
 11 . . . . . .
. . . . .
. .

( Pre-conventional
- stage)
. .
a) (Punishment & Obedience)

b) (Instrumental relativism)
.
. ..

(Conventional stage)
.
c) (Interpersonal concordance)

d) (Social maintanance / Law and

order)
 (Post-Conventional stage)

e) (Social contract orientation)

.
f) (Universal ethical principle)
, ,:

-
- Usefull charts
- W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of
Development. Prentice-Hall. pp.
118-136
-
3

: . .
1.

. , .. 1920
. 1960
, .
. .

classical / respondent conditioning

1906 . .

-( )

. . .
. .
. 11
. . . .
.

-( )
operant / instrumental conditioning

1938 . . .. ..
. .

-( )

(operates).
, .
( instrumental) (reward)
.
(positive reinforcement).
.
. .

- ( )

2.
' , , ' .
( .insight.) .
(proximity )
( similarity )
( closure )
( simplicity )
. .

3. ( Cognitive behaviourism)

. .,., . . .

( observational learning )
( Social learning theory ) . .
.
' ' . .
.

-( )
 .

1956 . (cognitive domain),

.
( affective domain),
( psycho-motor domain) .

(knowledge), (understanding),
(application), (analysis), (synthesis),
(evaluation) . . .

. . .

. . .

. .

(purposive). . . . ,
-
 ( purposive
. behaviourism)

4. (Humanism)

. . . .
. .

.
 : .
(hierarchy of needs) .

- ,,, , , .

- , ,,,

- , ,

- ,

- , , ,

5. (Cognitivism)
 (adaptation).
. .

(disequilibrium)
. .
(assimilation)
. .
(accommodation) .

(schemes)
. . . .
(organisation).

.
.

.
.

6. (Social constructivism)
. , .
 .
.
(enactive stage)
-
(iconic stage)
- ,
.
(symbolic stage)
- .
, , .

. .

( . .).

:- .
.
.
 .
. . .
.
.
- .
ZPD .

7. (neuropsychology)
:

: . .

. . . . .
. .. .. :
. .
(motivation)
(memory)
(attention)
(maturity)
(interest)
(attitude)
(aptitude)
(level of aspiration)
(anxiety)
(stress)
 (social-familial
- aspects)

4
(INTELLIGENCE)
' . ' .

: .
.
.
.
.

.
1.
1905 ..
(intelligence quotient) .

IQ = MA( x 100 )
CA( )

. .

..

> = 130
120-129
110-119
90-109
80-89
70-79
60-69 (mentally retarded)

IQ .

.
.
- ..
 IQ , IQ . . IQ .
.
2.
. ,.

, ,
, ,

, .
- , .
.

-
inductive reasoning deductive
reasoning

3.
180 .
3 .
.

( operations)
(content)
(products)
5
(cognition)
(memory recording)
(memory retention)
(convergent production)
(evaluation)
4
(visual)
(auditory)
(semantics)
(behavioral)
(symbolic)
6
(units)
(classes)
(relations)
(systems)
(transformations)
(implications)
4.
, . , .

. .
(verbal/linguistic intelligence)
(logical & mathematical intelligence)
(visual
- & spacial intelligence)
(bodily- - kinesthetic intelligence)
(musical intelligence)
(inter personal intelligence)
(intra personal intelligence)
(natural intelligence)
(existential intelligence)
1993 'Frames of mind' .
1999 'Intelligence re-framed :
multiple intelligence for the 21st
century' . .

.
,, ,, ,

. .
,,, ,, , , , , . , ,
-

, , , ,

, , .
- ,, , ,.
-
, . .
, , , ,, , .

. , .
, , -, , , , ., ,
 .
.

.
, ,, , ,

(emotional intelligence)

. . (personal
. intelligence) ,
1990 . .
. .

(emotional quotient - EQ)

(Emotional Quotient - EQ) .

1995 'Emotional Intelligence'
, , , , , , , , , ., , .

(Spiritual Quotient - SQ)

. .