46-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 1 of 15 NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS MAY 2017 146-MEC-83 ENERGY CONVERSION AND POWER GENERATION Three hours duration 10, "4 12, Notes to Candidates This is a Closed Book examination. Examination paper consists of two Sections. Section A is Calculative with four (4) questions and Section B is Descriptive with two (2) questions. Do three (3) questions (including all parts of each question) from Section A (Calculative) and one (1) question from Section B (Descriptive) Four questions constitute a complete paper. (Total 60 marks). All questions are of equal value. (Each 15 marks). If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question or in the event of missing data, the candidate is urged to submit, with the answer paper, a clear statement of any assumptions made. If any initial parts of a multi-part question cannot be solved the remaining parts may be worked by making appropriate assumptions for the first parts from the technical data given. Read the entire question before commencing the calculations and take note of any hints or recommendations given. Candidates may use one of the approved Casio or Sharp calculators. Reference data for particular questions are given on pages 8 to 11. All pages used are to be returned with the answer booklet showing where data has been obtained. Reference formulae and constants are given on pages 12 to 15. Steam Tables from "Thermodynamics and Heat Power" are provided.16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 2 of 15 SECTION A CALCULATIVE QUESTIONS Show all steps in the calculations and state the units for all intermediate and final answers. QUESTION 1 GAS TURBINE MODULAR HELIUM REACTOR Refer to the Examination Paper Attachments Page 6 Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor. Refer to General Constants on Page 13 for specific heats. The diagram shows a schematic of the gas circuit of a high temperature nuclear reactor of the Gas Turbine Modular type. The following terminal conditions apply: Helium pressure at compressor inlet 2MPa Helium pressure at intercooler 4MPa Helium pressure at compressor outlet 7MPa Helium temperature at compressor inlet 30°C Helium temperature after intercooler 30°C Helium temperature at turbine inlet 850°C ‘Terminal temperature differences in recuperating heat exchanger 20°C. Terminal temperature differences in heat rejection heat exchangers 15°C Compressor efficiency 90% Turbine efficiency 85% Electrical power output 250 MW The differences in the terminal temperatures are the same at each end of the respective heat exchangers. Assume negligible pressure loss in the gas circuit and no mechanical nor electrical losses. (2) Sketch a temperature-entropy diagram for the gas circuit in the space provided on Page 8. Identify key points by number to correspond with the flow diagram. Show terminal temperature differences. @) Retum this page with the examination answer booklet, (b) Calculate the temperatures at all key points in the circuit as identified in the diagram on Page 8. (a) (©) Calculate the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. @ (4) £alculate the required flow rate of helium to give the specified power output. a) (€) Calculate the required flow rate of cooling water to give the necessary rate of heat rejection. Q {15 marks ]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 3 of 15 QUESTION 2 STEAM PLANT DESIGN Consider the proposed construction of a new coal fired power plant where an estimate of the required resources (fuel and water) and costs are required. The basic parameters are as follows: Capacity of power plant 500 MW Capacity factor of plant* 0.80 Life expectancy of plant 40 years Heat rate of whole plant’* 10 550 kJkWh Efficiency of boiler 90% Capital cost of plant 2.500 SIKW Cost of capital repayments 10% of capital cost each year Cost of administration and maintenance 8% of capital cost each year Cost of coal 100 $/Mg Heating value of coal 24.000 kdikg Capacity of one train car 50 Mg Number of coal cars per train 60 Note: *Capacity factor = actual electrical output / maximum possible electrical output “*Heat rate is inversely proportional to thermal efficiency Determine the following for a cooling water temperature rise of 10°C: (a) Annual actual electrical production (kWh) and maximum possible electrical production (kWh) Q) (b) Annual amount of coal required (Mg) and number of trains required per day. (©) Annual cost of coal ($) and cost of coal per unit generated escer (4) Annual capital cost repayment ($) and cost per unit ps cee (e) Annual administration and maintenance cost ($) and cost pace generated (cent/kWh) 2) () Total power production cost per unit generated (centiKWh). (1) (@) Rate of heat rejection in cooling water from steam cycle at full load (kd/s) 3) (h) Quantity of cooling water required at full load (m*s) a) [15 marks ]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 4 of 16 QUESTION 3 POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY AND HEAT DISCHARGE PART | POWER PLANT EFFICIENCY Refer to the Examination Paper Attachments Page 9 Heat Balance Diagram for a Fossil Fired Power Plant. Using this diagram and steam tables provided, determine the following (a) Steam Cycle Efficiency (electrical output /thermal input) (3) (b) Power Output of High Pressure Turbine (calculated from steam properties) (3) (©) Power Input to Boiler Feedwater Pump (calculated from steam properties) 3) (9 marks) PART Il HEAT DISCHARGE Thermal power plants operating on a Rankine Cycle reject considerable quantities of heat to a cooling system via a condenser. If the cooling medium is water in an open loop with the environment, it can cause significant thermal pollution of a river or lake at the point of discharge, Consider () a CANDU Nuclear Plant, and (i) @ Coal Fired Fossil Plant each of 1000 MW electrical output. (a) Determine the total rate of heat discharge in the cooling water for each. (3) (b) Find the total rate of heat loss to the atmosphere foreach. (3) ‘Assume that the reactor is water cooled and the electrical equipment air cooled. Use the data given below for efficiencies: CANDU Nuclear Plant steam cycle efficiency 0.33 Coal Fired Fossil Plant steam cycle efficiency 0.41 CANDU Nuclear Plant reactor thermal efficiency 0.99 Coal Fired Fossil Plant boiler thermal efficiency 0.94 Electrical efficiency for both plants 0.96 Note: Boiler and reactor thermal efficiency is defined as heat output via steam or coolant over heat input from fuel. (6 marks) [15 marks ]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 5 of 18 QUESTION 4 STEAM TURBINE OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS Refer to the Examination Paper Attachments Page 10 Mollier Chart. ‘Steam is supplied to a turbine with an internal efficiency of 80% at 4 MPa (40 bar) and 400°C and exhausts at 0.005 MPa (0.05 bar). At full load the steam flow is 24 kgls. Note that the Mollier Chart is in bar (1 bar = 0.1 MPa), Solve by plotting the processes on the Mollier Diagram on Page 10 but use Steam Tables as provided to obtain improved accuracy in the calculations if necessary. Clarity of the plotting of the processes as required for solution. (1) Note that the steam flow under part load conditions is proportional to the inlet turbine pressure. Assume that for parts (a) to (c) the exhaust pressure remains constant. (a) Calculate the power developed by the turbine at full load. (3) (b) Calculate the power developed by the turbine when the inlet steam is throttled to 1 MPa. Assume that the internal efficiency is unchanged. (3) (c) Calculate the power developed by the turbine when the generator output is zero. Under these conditions the turbine power output is dissipated in friction in the bearings and windage in the generator. An inlet steam pressure of 0.1 MPa is required to maintain this condition. Assume that the internal efficiency has decreased to 70%. 3) Return this page (Mollier chart) with the examination answer booklet. Refer to the Examination Paper Attachments Page 11 Condenser Conditions. The dotted lines show the temperature profiles in the condenser at full load. Assume now that the exhaust steam temperature changes with load and that the inlet cooling water temperature and flow rate remain constant. (a) Using average temperature differences (not log mean) determine the temperature profiles for steam and water at part load conditions as defined in (b) above and plot these on the diagram. @ (e) _ Determine the condenser pressure under part load conditions at the exhaust temperature as determined in (d) above. (a) (f) _ Estirfiate (without further calculation) the condenser pressure for zero load conditions as defined in (c) above, a) Retum this page (Condenser conditions) with the examination answer booklet, {15 marks]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 6 of 15 SECTION B DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Descriptive questions should be answered in essay form, with sketches if appropriate, and taking approximately one full page for every 5 marks. A full page means approximately 250 words unless diagrams take the place of some words. QUESTION § ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Compare the environmental impact of large scale electric power generation from each of the following (all three) sources of energy ~ Coal (fossil fuel combustion) ~ Nuclear (nuclear fission) ~ Hydro (renewable energy) (a) For each explain the physical impact or disruption of the environment to build the plant and to supply the energy required. Suggest ways of alleviating the problems. (3 marks ) (6) For each explain what detrimental effluents are produced during operation and by what mechanism and to what degree they can be minimised, (5 marks ) (©) _ For each explain what solid waste products are produced and how these products may be disposed of in a way that will not be detrimental to the environment. (5 marks ) (d) Given the evidence presented in your answers to the above, rank the three sources of energy in order of importance (installed MW) currently and their likely order of importance (installed MW) in the future (say 50 years time), Give reasons for the ranking. (2 marks ) [15 marks]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 7 of 15 QUESTION 6 ENERGY GENERATION AND STORAGE In this question more emphasis may be put on either part and the mark allocation will be adjusted accordingly for a total of 15 marks (approximately 750 words) PART NUCLEAR ENERGY Write a review (300 to 450 words) of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants over fossil fuel power plants (coal, oil, gas) and renewable energy power plants (hydro, wind, solar). Consider as many aspects as possible (technical, economic, environmental, operational, etc.) in a concise manner. (6-9 marks ) PARTI ENERGY STORAGE Due to the variability of the operation of certain power plants, particularly those based on wind and solar energy, there is a need to provide large scale energy storage. Write a review (300 to 450 words) of one or more large scale energy storage plants explaining their configuration and method of operation in a concise manner. (6-9 marks ) [15 marks ]16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 8 of 18 NAME .. EXAMINATION PAPER ATTACHMENTS QUESTION 1. GAS TURBINE MODULAR HELIUM REACTOR 5 ry 3 5 £ Entropy Gas Circuit Recuperator Nuclear Reactor 5 7 Compressor 14 6 a <5 Electrical 8 Turbine Generator Precooler Intercooler Heat Rejection17-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 9 of 16 QUESTION 3 HEAT BALANCE DIAGRAM Tossa Torn 28a 1990 MPa abe arnt Hag TRAE 1g maa ow. noe R= eno. big = droos Clos Reheat regenerative cycle, 600-MW suberitical-pressure fossil power plant (St-metric units)16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 10 of 15 QUESTION 4 MOLLIER CHART a NAME .... 8 85 g Entropy - $ - [kK kg) engineetinglooibox. com16-Mec-B3 May 2017 Page 11 of 15 NAME QUESTION 4 CONDENSER CONDITIONS (e) Show temperature profiles (exhaust steam and cooling water) for part load conditions (when throttled to 4 MPa. ‘Assume that the cooling water inlet temperature remains constant et exhaust steam temperature 30 30 2 g 20 20 2 s a E & 10 10 0 0 Distance along condenser tubes (f) Determine the condenser pressure at part load conditions (4 MPa steam inlet) (g) Estimate the exhaust steam temperature and condenser pressure at zero load conditions (0.1 MPa steam inlet)eg>e Ves ZzzZzzzE3RR07o NTI MMS S£<< 9199 9ESE'F 18859 19% 95299 LYESY $9999 POOP 82069 SIL" %04'9 $408" 96649 0106 62889 0966") £6989 9360'S 6626°9 8061'S LLL6'9 LOBS'S 6920", se6E" SLLO'L 396¥'S 9680'L 0809S $68I"L 0014'S L86E'L BOB'S 8565". 8366S BL¥L 0°608 S10L% $6083 3gc9% Z'FORS 6609 O'F083 6695% "£083 BLISS 1208 % F008 Bbare TRELE OSL 0'96L% 608ES B'86LE 988s 0'06LT 6ses% ¥9RLE 6L8l'S FZBLT BBLS OELLE WA9LE Egle LIL EB I9L 14 ¥90'0 Oz 10070 9% 650°0 68z £6 $90°0 89 1400 6F 8200 we09s orF09% 14096, SLI 1000 160 100°0 $80 100°0 080 100"0 $10 1000 040 100'0 + 990 100'0 090 100°0 PSL 08409 esse ss dg ty yy nm Im ‘a sode, -deag pinbry aodea “deg pmbr aodea “deag pinbry_sodeq—pinbry aes nes eS nests “eg ks aes (46: Buna) Adon (Gur) Adieu (Syn) KBisug pewinuy (Gyu) suMIOA 2yDads (pauos) (Is) LW TT8VL, SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES 650augo'e SUIS DOL T'BILE SIGIS BLOBs g'EEG W'ELOs LvOss SELO FO. 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