05 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Part 2 PDF

Chapter 5
Molecular View of Reactions

in Aqueous Solutions
Reactions in Solution
 For reaction to occur
 Reactants needs to come into physical contact
 Happens best in gas or liquid phase
 Movement occurs
Solution
 Homogeneous mixture
 2 or more components mix freely
 Molecules or ions completely intermingled
 Contains at least 2 substances
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Definitions:
Solvent
 Medium that dissolves solutes
 Component present in largest amount
 Can be gas, liquid, or solid
 Liquids most common
 Aqueous solution—water is solvent
Solute
 Substance dissolved in solvent
 Solution is named by solute
 Can be gas—CO2 in soda
 Liquid—Ethylene glycol in antifreeze
 Solid—Sugar in syrup
Iodine Molecules in Ethanol
Crystal of solute Solute molecules dispersed

placed in solvent throughout solvent
Solutions
 May be characterized using
Concentration
 Solute-to-solvent ratio
g solute g solute
g solvent or g solution
 Percent Concentration
g solute
% concentration 
100 g solution
Relative Concentration
Dilute solution
 Small solute to solvent ratio
Ex. Eyedrops
Concentrated
solution
 Large solute to solvent
ratio
Ex. Pickle brine
 Dilute solution contains less solute per unit
volume than more concentrated solution
Concentration
Solubility
g solute needed to make saturated solution
Solubility 
100 g solvent
 Temperature dependent
Saturated solution
 Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
at a given temperature
Unsaturated solution
 Solution containing less solute than maximum
amount
 Able to dissolve more solute
Solubilities of Some Common
Substances
Solubility
Substance Formula (g/100 g water)
Sodium chloride NaCl 35.7 at 0°C

39.1 at 100°C
Sodium NaOH 42 at 0°C
hydroxide 347 at 100°C
Calcium CaCO3 0.0015 at 25°C
carbonate
Concentrations
Supersaturated Solutions
 Contains more solute than required for saturation
at a given temperature
 Formed by careful cooling of saturated solutions
 Unstable
 Crystallize out when add seed crystal – results in
formation of solid or precipitate (ppt.)

Preciptates
Precipitate
 Solid product formed when reaction carried out in
solutions and one product has low solubility
 Insoluble product
 Separates out of solution
Precipitation reaction
 Reaction that produces precipitate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
 1 mol Pb(NO3)2  2 mol KI
 0.100 mol Pb(NO3)2  0.200 mol KI
Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
 Ionic compounds conduct electricity
 Molecular compounds don’t conduct electricity
Why?
Bright No
light light
Ions Molecular
present
CuSO4 & water Sugar & water

Ionic Compounds (Salts) in Water
 H2O molecules arrange themselves around ions
& remove them from lattice.
Dissociation
 Break salts apart
into ions when
enter solution
Separated ions
 Hydrated
 Conduct electricity
 Note: Polyatomic ions
remain intact
 Ex. KIO3  K+ + IO3 NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Molecular Compounds In Water
 When molecules dissolve in water
 Solute particles are surrounded by water
 Molecules are not dissociated

Electrical Conductivity
Electrolyte
 Solutes that yield electrically conducting solutions
 Separate into ions when enter into solution
Strong electrolyte
 Electrolyte that dissociates 100% in water
 Yields aqueous solution that conducts electricity
 Good electrical conduction
 Ionic compounds
 Strong acids and bases
Ex. NaBr, KNO3, HClO4, HCl
Weak electrolyte
 Aqueous solution that weakly conducts electricity
due to low ionization
 Weak acids and bases
Ex. Acetic acid (HC2H3O2), ammonia (NH3)
Non-electrolyte
 Aqueous solution that doesn’t conduct electricity
 Molecules remain intact in solution
Ex. Sugar, alcohol

How many ions form on the dissociation of
Na3PO4?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 8

How many ions form on the dissociation of
Al2(SO4)3?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 9
E. 14

Equations for Dissociation
Reactions
 Ionic compound dissolves to form hydrated ions
 Hydrated = surrounded by water molecules
 In chemical equations, hydrated ions are
indicated by
 Symbol (aq) after each ions
 Ions are written separately
KBr(s)  K+(aq) + Br(aq)
Mg(HCO3)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2HCO3(aq)

Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation
of the following salts:
Na3PO4(aq) → 3 Na+(aq) + PO43(aq)
Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 SO42(aq)
CaCl2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 Cl(aq)
Ca(MnO4)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 MnO4(aq)

Equations of Ionic Reactions
 Consider the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with KI
Pb2+ NO3– K+ I– PbI2(s)

 When two soluble ionic solutions are mixed,
sometimes an insoluble solid forms.
 Three types of equations used to describe
1. Molecular Equation
 Substances listed as complete formulas
2. Ionic Equation
 All soluble substances broken into ions
3. Net Ionic Equation
 Only lists ions that actually take part in
reaction

1. Molecular Equation
 Complete formulas for all reactants and products
 Formulas written with ions together
 Does not indicate presence of ions
 Gives identities of all compounds
 Good for planning experiments
Ex.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

2. Ionic Equation
 Emphasizes the reaction between ions
 All strong electrolytes dissociate into ions
 Used to visualize what is actually occurring in
solution
 Insoluble solids written together as they don’t
dissociate to any appreciable extent
Ex.
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I(aq) 
PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Spectator Ions
 Ions that don’t take part in reaction
 They hang around and watch
 K+ & NO3 in our example
3. Net Ionic Equation
 Eliminate all spectator ions
 Emphasizes the actual reaction
 Focus on chemical change that occurs
Ex. Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)  PbI2(s)

Net Ionic Equations
 Many ways to make PbI2
1.Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
2.Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2NH4I(aq)  PbI2(s) +

2NH4C2H3O2(aq)
 Different starting reagents
 Same net ionic equation
 Pb2+(aq) + 2I(aq)  PbI2(s)

Converting Molecular Equations to
Ionic Equations
Strong electrolytes exist as dissociated ions in
solution
Strategy
1. Identify strong electrolytes
2. Use subscript coefficients to determine total
number of each type of ion
3. Separate ions in all strong electrolytes
4. Show states as recorded in molecular equations

Write the correct ionic equation for each:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4IO3(aq) → Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →

Pb(IO3)2(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
2NaCl (aq) + Hg2(NO3)2 (aq) → 2NaNO3 (aq) + Hg2Cl2 (s)
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)

+ 2NO3–(aq) + Hg2Cl2(s)

Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Which is the correct ionic equation?
A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+ 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+ 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+ 2Cl–(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
D. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
E. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
Converting Ionic Equations to Net
Ionic Equations
Strategy
1. Identify spectator ions
2. Eliminate from both sides
3. Rewrite equation using only ions that actually
react.
4. Show states as recorded in molecular and ionic
equations

Write the correct net ionic equation for each.
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →Pb(IO3)2(s)

+ 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) → Pb(IO3)2(s)
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)

+ 2NO3–(aq) + Hg2Cl2(s)
2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)

Consider the following molecular equation:
(NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(CH3CO2)2(aq) →
2NH4CH3CO2(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Which is the correct net ionic equation?
A. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
B. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(s)
C. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(aq)
D. 2NH4+(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq)
→ 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
E. 2NH4+(aq) + 2CH3CO2–(aq) → 2NH4CH3CO2(aq)
Criteria for Balancing Ionic and
Net Ionic Equations
Material Balance
 There must be the same number of atoms of
each kind on both sides of the arrow
Electrical Balance
 The net electrical charge on the left must
equal the net electrical charge on the right
 Charge does not have to be zero

Balance Molecular Eqn. for mass
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Pb(NO3)2(aq)  6NaNO3(aq) +
Pb3(PO4)2(s)
 Can keep polyatomic ions together when counting
Balance Ionic Eqn. for charge
6Na+(aq) + 2PO43(aq) + 3Pb2+(aq) + 6NO3(aq) 
6Na+(aq) + 6NO3(aq) + Pb3(PO4)2(s)
 Charge must add up to zero on both sides.
Net Ionic Eqn. Balanced for both mass & charge
3Pb2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)  Pb3(PO4)2(s)
Acids & Bases as Electrolytes
 Many common laboratory chemicals and
household products
Indicators
 Dye molecules that change color
in presence of acids or bases
Acids
 Turn blue litmus red
 Lemon juice, vinegar, H2SO4
Bases
 Turn red litmus blue
 Drano (lye, NaOH), ammonia (NH3)
Neutralization Reaction
 Important reaction of acids and bases
 Acid reacts with base to form water and salt
(ionic compound).
Acid + base  salt + H2O
Ex. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O
HBr(aq) + LiOH(aq)  LiBr(aq) + H2O
 1:1 mole ratio of acid:base gives neutral solution
Ionization reactions
 Ions form where none have been before
 Reactions of acids or bases with water
Arrhenius
 Acid-base neutralization is
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)  H2O
 In solution, H+ attaches itself to H2O to form
H3O+ or hydronium ion in water
 H+ does not ever exist in aqueous solution
 When H3O+ reacts, it releases H+
 H+ is active ingredient
 Often use just H+ for simplicity
H2O  
HCl(g )  H (aq)  Cl (aq)

Arrhenius Acid
 Substance that reacts with water to produce
the hydronium ion, H3O+
HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HA + H2O  A– + H3O+
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2−(aq)
Acids Categorized by Number of H+s
Monoprotic Acids
 Furnish only one H+
HNO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Polyprotic acids
 Furnish more than one H+
Diprotic acids — furnish two H+
H2SO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HSO3–(aq)
HSO3–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + SO32–(aq)
Polyprotic acids
 Triprotic acids — furnish three H+
–H+ –H+ –H+
H3PO4  H2PO4–  HPO42–  PO43–
 Stepwise equations
H3PO4(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + H2PO4–(aq)
H2PO4–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HPO42–(aq)
HPO42–(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Net:
H3PO4(aq) + 3H2O  3H3O+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Acidic Anhydrides
Nonmetal Oxides
 Act as Acids
 React with water to form molecular acids that
contain hydrogen
SO3(g) + H2O  H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
N2O5(g) + H2O  2HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3(aq)
carbonic acid
Arrhenius Bases
 Ionic compounds that contain hydroxide ion,
OH–, or oxide ion, O2–.
or
 Molecular compounds that react with water to
give OH–.
1. Ionic compounds containing OH– or O2–
a. Metal Hydroxides
 Dissociate into metal & hydroxide ions
NaOH(s)  Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Ionic Oxides
b. Basic Anhydrides
 Soluble metal oxides
 Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to
form hydroxide ions
 Oxide reacts with water to form metal hydroxide
CaO(s) + H2O  Ca(OH)2(aq)
O2– H 2O 2OH–
 Then metal hydroxide dissociates in water
Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Strong vs. Weak Electrolyte
HCl(aq) CH3COOH(aq) NH3(aq)

Strong Acids
HClO4(aq) perchloric acid
HClO3(aq) chloric acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
 Dissociate completely when dissolved in water
Ex. HBr(g) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Br–(aq)
 Good electrical conduction
 Any acid not on this list, assume weak
Arrhenius Bases
2. Molecular Bases
 Undergo ionization (hydrolysis) reaction to form
hydroxide ions
Base + H2O  BaseH+(aq) + OH–(aq)
B + H2O  BH+(aq) + OH–(aq)
NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
NH3
 NH4+ OH–
H2O
Strong Bases
 Bases that dissociate completely in water
 Soluble metal hydroxides
 KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
 Good electrical conductors
 Behave as (aq) ionic compounds
 Common strong bases are:
 Group IA metal hydroxides
 LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
 Group IIA metal hydroxides
 Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Weak Acids
 Any acid other than 7 strong acids
 Only ionize partially (<100%)
Organic acids
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Acetic Acid
Molecule,
HC2H3O2
Only this H comes off as H+ Acetate ion, C2H3O2–

Ex.
HCO2H(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HCO2–(aq)
Why is Acetic Acid Weak?
H2O + C2H3O2–(aq)  HC2H3O2(aq) + H3O+(aq)
H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)  HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O

Dynamic Equilibrium
 2 opposing reactions occurring at same rate
 Also called Chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium
 Concentrations of substances present in solution do
not change with time
Dynamic
 Both opposing reactions occur continuously
 Represented by double arrow
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
Forward reaction – Forms ions
Reverse reaction – Removes ions
Weak Bases
 Molecular bases
 Do not dissociate
 Accept H+ from water inefficiently
 Accept H+ from acids preferentially
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)  NH4Cl(aq)
Ex.
NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
Or for general base
B(aq) + H2O  BH+(aq) + OH(aq)
Equilibrium for Weak Base
Forward reaction
Reverse reaction
Net is dynamic equilibrium

NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
Position of Equilibrium
 Extent of completion
 Depends on electrolyte
 Weak electrolyte  Strong electrolyte
 Small % ionizes  Large % ionizes
  dominant   dominant
 Mostly reactants  Mostly products
 Weak acids and bases  Strong acids & bases
 Lots of back reaction  Little back reaction
 Write eqn. as  Write eqn. as 

 Write the ionization equation for each of the
following with water:
1. Weak base methylamine, CH3NH2.
CH3NH2(aq) + H2O CH3NH3+(aq) + OH–(aq)
2. Weak acid nitrous acid, HNO2.
HNO2(aq) + H2O H3O+(aq) + NO2–(aq)
3. Strong acid chloric acid, HClO3.
HClO3(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + ClO3–(aq)
4. Strong base strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2.
Sr(OH)2(aq)  Sr2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)
Which of the following is a weak acid?
A. HCl
B. HNO3
C. HClO4
D. HC2H3O2
E. H2SO4

Which of the following is not a strong base?
A. NaOH
B. CH3NH2
C. Cs2O
D. Ba(OH)2
E. CaO

Which of the following is not a product of the
reaction:
NH3(aq) +HCN(aq) ?
A.CN–(aq)
B.NH4+(aq)
C.NH3CN(s)
D.H2O
E.HCN

Acid—Base Nomenclature
 System for naming acids and bases
Acids
 Hydrogen compounds of non-metals = binary
acids
 Hydrogen compounds of oxoanions = Oxoacids
 Naming acid salts
Bases
 Metal Hydroxides and oxides = ionic
 Molecular = molecular names

Naming Acids
A. Binary Acids — hydrogen + nonmetal
 Take molecular name
 Drop –gen from H name
 Merge hydro– with nonmetal name
 Replace –ide with –ic acid
Name of Molecular Name of Aqueous

compound Binary Acid
HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric

acid
B. Oxo Acids
 Acids with hydrogen, oxygen and another nonmetal
element
 Most of the polyatomic ions in Table 3.5
 To name:
 Based on parent oxoanion name
 Take parent ion name
 Anion ends in –ate change to –ic (more O's)
 Anion ends in –ite change to–ous (less O's)
 End name with acid to indicate H+
Oxoacids (Aqueous)
Named according to the anion suffix
 Anion ends in -ite, acid name is -ous acid
 Anion ends in -ate, acid name is -ic acid
Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

Oxoanion
NO3 nitrate HNO3 nitric acid
SO42 sulfate H2SO4 sulfuric acid
ClO2 chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid
PO32 phosphite H2PO3 phosphorous acid
 HNO2  nitrous acid
 HCN  hydrocyanic acid
 HClO4  perchloric acid
 HF  hydrofluoric acid
 H2CO3  carbonic acid

Which of the following is the correct name for
HClO4 (aq)?
A. chloric acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. perchloric acid
D. hypochlorous acid
E. chlorous acid

Which of the following is the correct name for
H2SO3(aq)?
A. sulfuric acid
B. sulfurous acid
C. hydrosulfuric acid
D. hydrosulfurous acid
E. hydrogen sulfite acid

Acid Salts
If polyprotic acids are neutralized stepwise
 Can halt neutralization before all H+’s are removed
 Must specify # of H's that remain on salt
Acid salt
 Ion containing H+ and anion
 Contains anion capable of furnishing additional
hydrogen ions
H2SO4(aq) + KOH(aq)  KHSO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
acid salt

Naming Acid Salts—Polyprotic
 Must specify number of hydrogens still attached
to the anion
 Can be neutralized by additional base
Ex. Na2HPO4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
KHSO4 potassium hydrogen sulfate
 Some acid salts have common names

 NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate
or sodium bicarbonate
C. Naming Bases
Oxides & Hydroxides
 Ionic compounds
 Named like ionic compounds
 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
 Li2O lithium oxide
Molecular Bases
 Named like molecules
 NH3 ammonia
 CH3NH2 methylamine
 (CH3)2NH dimethylamine
 (CH3)3N trimethylamine

05 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Part 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

05 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Part 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Chapter 5

Molecular View of Reactions

Crystal of solute Solute molecules dispersed

Sodium chloride NaCl 35.7 at 0°C

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

CuSO4 & water Sugar & water

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 SO42(aq)

CaCl2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 Cl(aq)

Ca(MnO4)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 MnO4(aq)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Pb2+ NO3– K+ I– PbI2(s)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

2.Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2NH4I(aq)  PbI2(s) +

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →

2NaCl (aq) + Hg2(NO3)2 (aq) → 2NaNO3 (aq) + Hg2Cl2 (s)

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) →Pb(IO3)2(s)

Pb2+(aq) + 2IO3–(aq) → Pb(IO3)2(s)

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) → 2Na+(aq)

2Cl–(aq) + Hg22+(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HCl(aq) CH3COOH(aq) NH3(aq)

Only this H comes off as H+ Acetate ion, C2H3O2–

H2O + C2H3O2–(aq)  HC2H3O2(aq) + H3O+(aq)

H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)  HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O

Net is dynamic equilibrium

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Name of Molecular Name of Aqueous

H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric

Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E

 Some acid salts have common names

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen