ent density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body

during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical

resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor betwent density determines the entity of the dimensional
shrinkage of the ceramic body during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to
the final mechanical resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line
measurement of this parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative
method for non-intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles
during the production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The
time of flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the
tile. From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the
propagation velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent
density. The conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined
by a calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based
on a hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is
extensent density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic
body during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known,
the propagation velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent
density. The conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined
by a calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based
on a hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is
extensent density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic
body during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent
density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body
during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a
hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extenseen
velocity and apparent density is determined by a calibration procedure with a
reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a hydrostatic weighing in a
mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extensent density determines the
entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body during the firing of tiles,
and it is proportional to the final mechanical resistance. Currently, non-
destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this parameter are not
available. The work presents an innovative method for non-intrusive measurement of
the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the production stage. This
method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of flight of ultrasonic waves
is measured during the transmission through the tile. From the time of flight, with
the distance between probes known, the propagation velocity can be achieved, which
is proportional to the apparent density. The conversion factor between velocity and
apparent density is determined by a calibration procedure with a reference method
of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This
experimental procedure is extensent density determines the entity of the
dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic body during the firing of tiles, and it is
proportional to the final mechanical resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems
for the on-line measurement of this parameter are not available. The work presents
an innovative method for non-intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green
ceramic tiles during the production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic
probes. The time of flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission
through the tile. From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known,
the propagation velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent
density. The conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined
by a calibration procedure with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based
on a hydrostatic weighing in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is
extensent density determines the entity of the dimensional shrinkage of the ceramic
body during the firing of tiles, and it is proportional to the final mechanical
resistance. Currently, non-destructive systems for the on-line measurement of this
parameter are not available. The work presents an innovative method for non-
intrusive measurement of the apparent density of green ceramic tiles during the
production stage. This method uses non-contact ultrasonic probes. The time of
flight of ultrasonic waves is measured during the transmission through the tile.
From the time of flight, with the distance between probes known, the propagation
velocity can be achieved, which is proportional to the apparent density. The
conversion factor between velocity and apparent density is determined by a
calibration procedure
with a reference method of known uncertainty, e.g. based on a hydrostatic weighing
in a mercury bath. This experimental procedure is extens