Trends and Issues Reviewer

SOCIAL SCIENCE
• Social science is a category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals
within a society.
Positivist social scientists use methods resembling those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society, and so
define science in its stricter modern sense.
Interpretivist social scientists, by contrast, may use social critique or symbolic interpretation rather than constructing
empirically falsifiable theories, and thus treat science in its broader sense. In modern academic practice, researchers are
often eclectic, using multiple methodologies (for instance, by combining both quantitative and qualitative research).
Five paths of development that sprang forth in the social sciences, influenced by Comte on other fields.
1. One route that was taken was the RISE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH. Large statistical surveys were undertaken in
various parts of the United States and Europe.
2. Another route undertaken was initiated by Émile Durkheim, STUDYING "SOCIAL FACTS", and Vilfredo
Pareto, opening metatheoretical ideas and individual theories.
3. A third means developed, ARISING FROM THE METHODOLOGICAL DICHOTOMY PRESENT, in which
social phenomena were identified with and understood; this was championed by figures such as Max Weber.
4. The fourth route taken, based in economics, was developed and furthered ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE AS A
HARD SCIENCE.
5. CORRELATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIAL VALUES; the anti-positivism and verstehen sociology of
Max Weber firmly demanded this distinction. In this route, theory (description) and prescription were non-
overlapping formal discussions of a subject.
In the contemporary period, Karl Popper and Talcott Parsons influenced the furtherance of the social sciences.
The term "social science" may refer either to the specific sciences of society established by thinkers such as Comte,
Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, or more generally to all disciplines outside of "noble science" and arts.
Around the start of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as
economic imperialism.
BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is the holistic "science of man", a science of the totality of human existence.
COMMUNICATION STUDIES
Communication studies deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to
create meaning.
ECONOMICS
Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.
EDUCATION
Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the
imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom.
GEOGRAPHY
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography.
HISTORY
History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical
paradigms or theories.
LAW
The social science of law, jurisprudence, in common parlance, means a rule that (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of
enforcement through institutions.
LINGUISTICS
Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the
description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes.
SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the systematic study of society, individuals' relationship to their societies, the consequences of difference, and
other aspects of human social action.
Additional applied or interdisciplinary fields related to the social sciences include:
ARCHAEOLOGY is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and
interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and
landscapes.
AREA STUDIES are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical,
national/federal, or cultural regions.
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions
among organisms in the natural world.
COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE is an umbrella field encompassing computational approaches within the social
sciences.
DEMOGRAPHY is the statistical study of all human populations.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES addresses issues of concern to developing countries.
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCIENCE is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the
natural environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between
humans and the natural environment.
GENDER STUDIES integrates several social and natural sciences to study gender identity, masculinity, femininity,
transgender issues, and sexuality.
INFORMATION SCIENCE is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification,
manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among
states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares
people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world).
LEGAL MANAGEMENT is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of state and
legal elements.
LIBRARY SCIENCE is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management,
information technology, education, and other areas to libraries
MANAGEMENT consists of various levels of leadership and administration of an organization in all business and human
organizations.
MARKETING the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and
understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and
distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships.
POLITICAL ECONOMY is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and
government.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION is one of the main branches of political science, and can be broadly described as the
development, implementation and study of branches of government policy.
RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND WESTERN ESOTERIC STUDIES incorporate and inform social-scientific research on
phenomena broadly deemed religious. Religious studies, Western esoteric studies, and the social sciences developed in
dialogue with one another.

METHODOLOGY
SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social research methods may be divided into two broad schools:
QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical
analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general
claims.
QUALITATIVE DESIGNS emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication
with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality.

THEORY
Other social scientists emphasize the subjective nature of research. These writers share social theory perspectives that
include various types of the following:
CRITICAL THEORY is the examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across social
sciences and humanities disciplines.
DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM is the philosophy of Karl Marx, which he formulated by taking the dialectic of Hegel
and joining it to the materialism of Feuerbach.
FEMINIST THEORY is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical discourse; it aims to understand the
nature of gender inequality.
MARXIST THEORIES, such as REVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND CLASS THEORY, cover work in philosophy
that is strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory or is written by Marxists.
PHRONETIC SOCIAL SCIENCE is a theory and methodology for doing social science focusing on ethics and political
power, based on a contemporary interpretation of Aristotelian phronesis.
POST-COLONIAL THEORY is a reaction to the cultural legacy of colonialism.
POSTMODERNISM refers to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, and design, as well
as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of history, law, culture and religion in the late 20th century.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic
behavior.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM considers how social phenomena develop in social contexts.
STRUCTURALISM is an approach to the human sciences that attempts to analyze a specific field (for instance,
mythology) as a complex system of interrelated parts.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM is a sociological paradigm that addresses what social functions various elements of
the social system perform in regard to the entire system.
INTELLECTUAL CRITICALISM describes a sentiment of critique towards, or evaluation of, intellectuals and
intellectual pursuits.
SCIENTIFIC CRITICALISM is a position critical of science and the scientific method.
• CIVIC EFFICACY
Civic – Citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical.

Efficacy – Efficacy means the same as effectiveness in most cases – the ability to produce an intended or desired result

Civic Efficacy - Civic efficacy is about having values and attitudes.

RESPONSIBLE CITIZENSHIP

Responsible citizens
- have knowledge about their role in their communities, their country, and their world.

- participate in activities that make their world a better place

- change agents that act out against social, economic, and environmental injustices

HOW TO BE A RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN

Legal Obligations - No one can be a responsible citizen without staying within the law.

Social Obligations - To be a responsible citizen, we should help our communities and those who live in them.

Moral Obligations - being a responsible citizen are harder to pin down because different people have different moral
codes.
• HISTORIOGRAPHY
HISTORY Came from the Greek word “istoria” which means Inquiry or “knowledge obtained as a result of inquiry”.

According to Sharma (2005) History has two senses; first is what happened in the past and second How it got recorded at
that time.

According to Constantino (1975) it is not the story of man the individual, but man the collective, and the struggle as the
essence of life.

HISTORIOGRAPHY- rooted from two words first is history and ography which means field of study

According to Cheng (2012) it simply means the writing of history, study of historical methodology, and analysis of the
different schools of interpretation.

According to Harris (2011) “the past is a moving spectacle.” Which means the historical interpretation is changing over
the time.

BASIC TOOLS IN STUDYING THE PAST

Primary source – something written or created by the person, or the primary witness of an event.

Secondary source – Written by a person who did not witness the event.

Oral History– verbal accounts of events

BASIC STEPS IN MAKING A HISTORIOGRAPHY/HISTORY

1. ASKING QUESTIONS
2. USING TOOLS
3. EXAMINING EVIDENCE

• DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MEMORANDUM/ ORDERS RELATED TO SOCIAL

STUDIES

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 053, S. 2019
121ST ANNIVERSARY OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
• ​Pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 110, s. 1963 entitled Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence
Day, the 121st Anniversary of the Proclamation of Philippine Independence will be commemorated from May 28 to June
30, 2019 with the theme Kalayaan 2019: Pagbabagong Ipinaglaban, Alay sa Masaganang Kinabukasan.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 073, S. 2019
INVITATION FOR DEPED TEACHERS, LEARNERS, OFFICIALS AND STAFF TO WATCH NOLI ME
TANGERE, THE OPERA TOUCH ME NOT
• ​The Department of Education (DepEd), in partnership with the National Commision for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippine Noli Me Tangere, the Opera Touch Me Not (CCP), shall sponsor the
opera show entitled.

• ​This is pursuant to the provision of Administration Order No. 322 issued by former President Fidel V. Ramos on
March 20, 1997 declaring the month of June as the anniversary month of Department of Education (DepEd), and is in
support of the current administration for cultural awareness and appreciation.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 097, S. 2019
CALL FOR PROPOSALS FOR THE 2020 NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS
GALLERY AND EXHIBITION PROGRAM
• ​Pursuant to its mandate to extend recognition to and to promote the popularization of artistic achievements, the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is now accepting proposals for the 2020 NCCA Gallery and
Exhibition Program.

• ​Exhibition proposals may be submitted by any Filipino citizen, any group or institution based in the Philippines.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 100, S. 2019
OBSERVANCE OF THE NATIONAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLES DAY, INTERNATIONAL DAY OF WORLDS
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AND NATIONAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MONTH
• ​The Department of Education (DepEd) announces the Observance of the National Indigenous Peoples (IP) Day,
and the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples on August 9, 2019, and the National Indigenous Peoples
Month in October 2019.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 169, S. 2017
DISSEMINATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 6 AND MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 25
• ​Directing all government agencies and instrumentalities, including government-owned or- controlled corporations,
state universities and colleges and public schools at all levels, to display or exhibit photographs, paintings, or other forms
of visual representations of Philippine Heroes.

DEPED ORDER
60, S. 1997
PUTTING EMPHASIS IN THE TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY IN ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
• ​It is the policy of the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports to adhere to the constitutional mandate of
inculcating patriotism and nationalism among the studentry.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 094, S. 2019
MGA GAWAIN AT TIMPALAK SA PAGDIRIWANG NG BUWAN NG WIKANG PAMBANSA 2019
• ​Natatangi ang pagdiriwang sa taong ito dahil tinutugunan nito ang proklamasyon ng UNESCO na International
Year of Indigenous Languages. Pinagtitibay ito ng KWF batay sa Kapasiyahan ng Kalupunan Blg. 18-31 na naglalayon na
masiglang lumahok ang KWF sa pagdiriwang na ito.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 101, S. 2019
KAPIT-KAMAY:EMPOWERING THE YOUTH TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES
• ​A summit to discuss the education, health, and development dimensions of the issue on early pregnancy on August
22, 2019 at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC), Pasay City, Manila.

DEPED MEMORANDUM
NO. 077, S. 2019
2019 NATIONAL HERITAGE MONTH
• ​The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through the Subcommission on Cultural Heritage
(SCH), will spearhead the celebration of the 2019 National Heritage Month (NHM) with the theme Mga Pinuno Para sa
Pamana (Leaders for Heritage) this coming May. The celebration is pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 439 dated
August 11, 2003 entitled Declaring the Month of May of Every Year as National Heritage Month.

DepEd Memorandum
No. 52, s. 2011
STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS
• ​In view of the pressing global concerns and issues on the environment, the Department of Education (DepEd)
urges all public and private schools to lead the role on environmental awareness by enhancing environmental education and
by pursuing effective school-based activities that seek to preserve and protect the environment. This is in pursuant to
Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9512.

• SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM AND OBJECTIVES

REPUBLIC ACT 10533

Section 1. Short Title. This Act shall be known as the "Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013”.

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. The State shall establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate, and integrated
system of education relevant to the needs of the people, the country and society-at-large.

The DepED shall adhere to the following standards and principles in developing the enhanced basic education curriculum:

(a) The curriculum shall be learner-centered, inclusive and developmentally appropriate;

(b) The curriculum shall be relevant, responsive and research-based;
(c) The curriculum shall be culture-sensitive;
(d) The curriculum shall be contextualized and global;
(e) The curriculum shall use pedagogical approaches that are constructivist, inquiry-based, reflective, collaborative and
integrative;
(f) The curriculum shall adhere to the principles and framework of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-
MLE)
(g) The curriculum shall use the spiral progression approach to ensure mastery of knowledge and skills after each level;
and
(h) The curriculum shall be flexible enough to enable and allow schools to localize, indigenize and enhance the same based
on their respective educational and social contexts. The production and development of locally produced teaching materials
shall be encouraged and approval of these materials shall devolve to the regional and division education units.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION- VISION

We dream of Filipinos who passionately love their country and whose values and competencies enable them to realize their
full potential and contribute meaningfully to building the nation.

As a learner-centered public institution, the Department of Education continuously improves itself to better serve its
stakeholders.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION- MISSION

To protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-based and complete basic education where
students learn in a child-friendly, gender sensitive and safe and motivating environment.

Teachers facilitate learning and constantly nurture every learner.

Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution, ensure an enabling and supportive environment for effective
learning to happen.

Family, community and other stakeholders are actively engaged and share responsibility for developing life-long learners.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION- CORE VALUES

• ​Maka-Diyos
• ​Maka-tao
• ​Makakalikasan
• ​Makabansa

K TO 12 GABAY PANGKURIKULUM ARALING PANLIPUNAN (BAITANG 1 –10)

BATAYAN NG K TO 12 ARALING PANLIPUNAN KURIKULUM

Naging batayan ng K-12 Araling Panlipunan Kurikulum ang mithiin ng “Edukasyon para sa Lahat 2015” (Education for
All 2015) at ang K-12 Philippine Basic Education Curriculum Framework.

ANG SAKOP AT DALOY NG AP KURIKULUM

Ang Araling Panlipunan ay pag-aaral ng mga tao at grupo, komunidad at lipunan, kung paano sila namuhay at
namumuhay, ang kanilang ugnayan at interaksyon sa kapaligiran at sa isa’t isa, ang kanilang mga paniniwala at kultura,
upang makabuo ng pagkakakilanlan bilang Pilipino, tao at miyembro ng lipunan at mundo at maunawaan ang sariling
lipunan at ang daigidig, gamit ang mga kasanayan sa pagsasaliksik, pagsisiyasat, mapanuri at malikhaing pag-iisip,
matalinong pagpapasya, likaskayang paggamit ng pinagkukunang-yaman, at mabisang komunikasyon. Layunin ng Araling
Panlipunan ang paghubog ng mamamayang mapanuri, mapagmuni, responsable, produktibo, makakalikasan, makabansa, at
makatao, na may pambansa at pandaigdigang pananaw at pagpapahalaga sa mga usapin sa lipunan sa nakaraan at
kasalukuyan, tungo sa pagpanday ng kinabukasan.

LAYUNIN NG AP KURIKULUM
Nilalayon ng AP kurikulum na makalinang ng kabataan na may tiyak na pagkakakilanlan at papel bilang Pilipinong
lumalahok sa buhay ng lipunan, bansa at daigdig. Kasabay sa paglinang ng identidad at kakayanang pansibiko ay ang pag-
unawa sa nakaraan at kasalukuyan at sa ugnayan sa loob ng lipunan, sa pagitan ng lipunan at kalikasan, at sa mundo, kung
paano nagbago at nagbabago ang mga ito, upang makahubog ng indibiduwal at kolektibong kinabukasan. Upang makamit
ang mga layuning ito, mahalagang bigyang diin ang mga magkakaugnay na kakayahan sa Araling Panlipunan:
(i)pagsisiyasat; (ii) pagsusuri at interpretasyon ng impormasyon; (iii) pananaliksik; (iv) komunikasyon, lalo na ang pagsulat
ng sanaysay; at (v) pagtupad sa mga pamantayang pang-etika.

Pamantayan sa Bawat Baitang/ Antas (Grade Level Standards):

BAITANG 1
Ako at ang Aking kapwa
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipamamalas ang kamalayan, pag-unawa sa
sarili bilang Pilipino at kasapi ng pamilya at
paaralan at pagpapahalaga sa kapaligirang
pisikal

BAITANG 2
Ang Aking Komundad, Ngayon at Noon
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipamamalas ang kamalayan, pag-unawa at
pagpapahalaga sa kasalukuyan at nakaraan ng
kinabibilangang komunidad
BAITANG 3
Ang Mga Lalawigan sa Aking Rehiyon
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipamamalas ang malawak na pag-unawa at
pagpapahalaga ng mga komunidad ng Pilipinas
bilang bahagi ng mga lalawigan at rehiyon ng
bansa

BAITANG 4
Ang Bansang Pilipinas
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipagmamalaki ang pagka-Pilipino at ang
bansang Pilipinas na may pagpapahalaga sa
pagkakaiba-iba ng mga kulturang Pilipino

BAITANG 5
Pagbuo ng Pilipinas bilang Nasyon
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipamamalas ang pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga sa pagkakabuo ng kapuluan ng Pilipinas at mga sinaunang lipunan
hanggang sa mga malalaking pagbabagong pang ekonomiya at ang implikasyon nito sa
lipunan sa simula ng ika labing siyam na siglo

BAITANG 6
Mga Hamon at Tugon sa Pagkabansa
Pamantayang Pagkatuto:
Naipamamalas ang patuloy na pag-unawa at pagpapahalaga sa
kasaysayan ng Pilipinas mula sa ika-20 siglo hanggang sa
kasalukuyan

BAITANG 7
Araling Asyano
Pamantayang Pangnilalaman:
Naipamamalas ang malalim na pag-unawa at
pagpapahalaga sa kamalayan sa heograpiya ,
kasaysayan, kultura, lipunan, pamahalaan at
ekonomiya ng mga bansa sa rehiyon tungo sa
pagbubuo ng pagkakakilanlang Asyano

BAITANG 8
Kasaysayan ng Daigdig
Pamantayang Pangnilalaman:
Naipamamalas ang mga kasanayan sa
pagsisiyasat, pagsusuri ng datos at iba’t ibang
sanggunian, pagsasaliksik, mapanuring pag-iisip,
mabisang komunikasyon, at pag-unawa sa
kasaysayan, politika, ekonomiya, kultura, at
lipunan ng Daigdig mula sa sinaunang panahon
hanggang sa kasalukuyan.

BAITANG 9
Ekonomiks
Pamantayang Pangnilalaman:
Naipamamalas ang malalim na pag-unawa sa mga
pangunahing kaisipan at napapanahong isyu sa
ekonomiks at pambansang pag-unlad

BAITANG 10
Mga Kontemporaryong Isyu
Pamantayang Pangnilalaman:
Naipamamalas ang malalim na pag-unawa sa mga isyu
at hamong pangkapaligiran, pang ekonomiya,
pampulitika, karapatang pantao, pang-edukasyon, at
pananagutang pansibiko na kinahaharap ng mga bansa
sa kasalukuyan

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (GRADE 11 AND 12)

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (HUMSS)

CORE CURRICULUM SUBJECTS

There are seven Learning Areas under the Core Curriculum: Languages, Literature, Communication, Mathematics,
Philosophy, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences.
• ​Oral Communication
• ​Reading and Writing
• ​Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa Wika at Kulturang Filipino
• ​21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
• ​Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions
• ​Media and Information Literacy
• ​General Mathematics
• ​Statistics and Probability
• ​Earth and Life Science
• ​Physical Science
• ​Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person/Pambungad sa Pilosopiya ng Tao
• ​Physical Education and Health
• ​Personal Development/Pansariling Kaunlaran
• ​Earth Science (instead of Earth and Life Science for those in the STEM strand)
• ​Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (taken instead of Physical Science for those in the STEM strand)

APPLIED TRACK SUBJECTS

• ​English for Academic and Professional Purposes
• ​Practical Research 1
• ​Practical Research 2
• ​Filipino sa Piling Larangan
​Akademik
​Isports
​Sining
​Tech-Voc
• ​Empowerment Technologies (for the strand)
• ​Entrepreneurship
• ​Inquiries, Investigatories, and Immersion
SPECIALIZED SUBJECTS
• ​Accountancy, Business, and Management Strand
• ​Humanities and Social Sciences Strand
• ​Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand
• ​General Academic Strand