UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
C.S.J.M UNIVERSITY , KANPUR

PROJECT REPORT
Production of Phthalic Anhydride
from O-Xylene

In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Tech in

Chemical Engineering

Submitted By :
SATYAM SHARMA Roll No. CSJMA14001390219
DEEPANKUR SINGH Roll No. CSJMA14001390197
 Acknowledgement

It is always a pleasure to remind the fine people in the Engineering program for
their sincere guidance I received to uphold my practical as well as theoretical skills
in engineering.
Firstly I would like to thank Mrs. BRISHTI MITRA (HOD OF CHEMICAL
DEPTT. UIET, CSJM University) for meticulously planning academic curriculum
in such a way that students are not only academically sound but also industry ready .
I would also like to thank my project guide Respected Mr. VAIBHAV SAXENA
SIR for the positive attitude they showed for my work, always allowing me to
question and giving prompt replies for my uncertainties in all fields .
I would like thank my fellow classmates, my teachers for their good corporation
they had with me in completing this project.

I firmly believe there is always a scope for improvement; I welcome any

suggestions for further enriching the quality of this report.
 Contents
LITERATURE REVIEW
SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT
1. PROBLEM INFORMATION
2. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERITIES
3. INITIAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROCESS
4. LITERATURE REVIEW OF PRODUCTION PROCESS
5. KINETIC DATA FOR THE PROBLEM
6. SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT PRECAUTIONS
7. PRELIMINARY COSTS OF MATERIALS
MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES
1. MASS BALANCE
A. Material Balance around the mixing point
B. Material Balance around the Reactor:
C. Material Balance around the Switch Condenser
D. Material Balance around the First Distillation Column
E. Material Balance around the Second Distillation Column
2. ENERGY BALANCE:
A. Energy Balance around the reactor:
B. Energy Balance around Heat Exchangers and Heater
C. Energy balance around mixing points
D. Energy balance around Pumps and compressor:
E. Energy balance for first distillation column -701
I. DESIGN OF CONDENSER
II. DESIGN OF VESSEL

A. PUMPS AND COMPRESSOR

- Design of the pump (P-701)
- Design of the compressor ( C-701)
LITERATURE
REVIEW
 1. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

The goal of this project is to accomplish a full study of a plant that produces Phthalic
Anhydride with a production capacity of 100,000 tons annually through process synthesizing
as well as process simulation. All process units of the plant design, process flow diagrams,
cost estimations, operation parameters, equipment sizing, construction materials and
environment/safety precautions should be considered. The project requires good skills
and information in some of the major courses such as material & energy balances, fluid
Mechanics, unit operation, reaction kinetic and process control. The required tasks are
the followings:

1- Mass balance. 2- Energy balance. 3- Hysys simulation of the Process.

4- Design of (reactor, heat exchangers, distillation column, pipes and vessels).
5- Optimization. 6- Economic analysis. 7- Hazard analysis.

Phthalic Anhydride is obtained from oxidation of o-xylene or naphthalene in presence

of a catalyst usually a vanadium/titanium pentoxide. It can be used as phthalate
plasticizers and alkyd resins for surface coatings while its smaller volume applications
include pigments, dyes, sweeteners and flame retardants.

In this project, Phthalic Anhydride would be produced through a catalytic oxidation

reaction involving o-xylene and oxygen from air according to the following reactions:

(1)
The vanadium pentoxide catalyst is supported mainly with ceramics or silicon carbide. It
has a surface area in an order of 10 Low surface area is preferred because it minimize

diffusional effect which would increase the residence time. It has a life time of 1 second.

The reaction is highly exothermic with a conversion of 63 % in the first reaction, 7% in

the second reaction and 5 % in the third reaction. The process contains some major units
such as reactor with a cooling system, distillation columns, vessels, fired heater as well
as flash drums. Also it includes pumps, compressors and heat exchangers. They should
be designed and run based on the production capacity.

2. PROBLEM INFORMATION

Phthalic anhydride would be produced in industry from o-xylene and air in the
presence of a catalyst (vanadium oxide V2O5) supported on a ceramic and silicon
carbide. The first exothermic reaction produces about 100,000 ton annually with a
63% conversion. The rest side reactions produced undesirable products and waste
such as maleic anhydrides (C4H2O3) with a 5% conversion and carbon dioxide
(CO2) with a 7% conversion. Table 1 shows all reactions included in the process
and the type.
Reactions in the process and their types:

(Main Reaction)
1. C8H10 + 3O2 → C8H4O3 + 3H2O

(Side Reactions)
2. C6H4(CO)2O + 7.5 O2 → 8CO2 + 2H2O

3. C6H4(CH3)2 + 10.5O2 → 8CO2 + 5H2O

4. C6H4(CH3)2 + 7.5O2 → C2H2(CO)2O + 4H2O + 4CO2

5. C2H2(CO)2O + 3O2 → 4CO2 + H2O

6. C6H4(CH3)2 + 3O2 → C6H5(COOH) + CO2 + 2H2O

7. C6H5(COOH) + 7.5O2 → 7CO2 + 3H2O

Mixture of o-xylene as well as air is fed to the heater for vaporization. A fixed bed reactor
running at a range between 1-3 bar and 300-400 oC would receive the mixture. Since the
reaction is highly exothermic (-265 kcal/mole), the reacting gas should be cooled to prevent
temperature increasing. Heat exchanger is used to cool the outlet and sent to two consecutive
flash drums in which the first flash drum operates at a low temperature of 5 oC and 1 bar while
the second drum at 103 oC and 1.1 bar. Top outlet stream has light gases and little quantity of
both o-xylene and water which can be sent to the treatment unit while a large amount of
phthalic anhydride, o-xylene and water come in the bottom stream .After that, the stream is
sent to the first distillation column which separate phthalic anhydride from other products.
Then, the mixtures of products are sent to second column of separation unit for the malic
anhydride. Finally, a third distillation is used to separate water from o-xylene for recycling.
 3. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERITIES
Table 1 : Physical & chemical properties

M.W. Boiling Melting ΔHv

Material Formula
(g/mol) Point (oC) Point (oC) (KJ/mol)

O-xylene C8H10 106.17 144.4 -24 36.24

Phthalic Acid C8H6O4 166.13 --- 210 ---

Phthalic Anhydride C8H6O3 148.12 284 131 - 134 52.1

Maleic Anhydride C4H2O3 98.06 202 52.8 49.1

Vanadium Pentoxide V2O5 181.88 1750 670 ---

Water H2O 18.02 100 0 40.66

Air --- 28.85 -194.5 --- ---

Nitrogen N2 28 -195.80 -210 5.57

Oxygen O2 32 -182.96 -218.79 6.82

Hydrogen H2 2.02 -252.7 --- 0.90

Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 -191.5 -205.02 6

Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.01 -56.6 -78.5 16.4

 4. INITIAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROCESS

Figure 1: Initial Block Diagram of the Process

1-3 bar

D = Distillation column

WT = waste treatment

MA = Maleic anhydride

PA =Phthalic anhydride

X=conversion
13 | P a g e
 5. LITERATURE REVIEW OF PRODUCTION PROCESS

Phthalic anhydride was first reported in 1836 by Auguste Laurent. For many years,
naphthalene was the feedstock for Phthalic anhydride production. After World War II, Ornate
Company commercialized production of Phthalic anhydride using orth-xylene. It is obtained
by catalytic oxidation of orth-xylene or naphthalene:

C10H8 + 4.5O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 2H2O + 2CO2

C6H4(CH3)2 + 3O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 3H2O

The used catalyst is a modified vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). When separating the phthalic
anhydride from byproducts such as o-xylene in water, or maleic anhydride, a series of
condensers (switch condensers) is required. Global demand for Phthalic anhydride as well as
supply from Tecnon OrbiChem is shown in Figure 2. It demonstrates a gradual increase in
both supply and demand during the period 2009-2019. Figure 1 displays the O-xylene

Figure 2: O-xylene capacity by region worldwide

capacity by region worldwide. It can be noticed that in 2014, China & Northeast Asia are the
largest producers of O-xylene in the world. World consumption is predicted to grow at an
average annual rate of almost 3.5% during 2011–2016 but will vary greatly by region.

Alternative Processes:
There are three possible feeds in order to produce a Phthalic anhydride: o-xylene;
naphthalene; or n-pentane. O-xylene & naphthalene were discussed earlier. The n-pentane
process is the most recent development but requires a cheap supply of raw material in order to
be a viable option. The chief factors influencing the choice of feed stock are the yield,
availability and cost. Economically, both naphthalene and n-pentane can be used for Phthalic
anhydride production but both are expensive and they must be supplied at prices very below
market value to be viable alternatives. However, Ortho-xylene is clearly the preferred raw
material as proven to be cheaper, higher yielding and more selective.

6. KINETIC DATA FOR THE PROBLEM

- Kinetic information for the main reaction of Xylene oxidation to form Phthalic
anhydride

C8 H10  3O2  C8 H 4O3  3H 2O (1)

o  xylene phthalic anhydride

The rate expression is:

r1  k1 pxy po2

Where p is a partial pressure in atm, and the suffix xy refers to o-Xylene.

k1 27,000
The constant is defined as: ln  19.837
k0 RT

(given that k0 = 1 kmole hr-1(kg catalyst)-1atm-2, R = 1.987 cal/K mole, and T is in K)

- Kinetic information for the second reaction which is the formation of by-product MA
(maleic anhydride)
C8 H10  7.5O2  C4 H 2O3  4H 2O  4CO2    (2)
maleic anhydride

k2 27,900
The rate expression is: r2  k2 pxy po Where ln   19.23
2
k0 RT

- Kinetic information for the third reaction which represents the summery of the
complete and incomplete combustions of o-xylene:

o  xylene  CO2      (3)

The rate expression is: r3  k3 pxy po 2

k 28,600
Where ln 3   18.97
k0 RT

7. SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT PRECAUTIONS

- Phthalic anhydride:

Table 2: Some characteristics of Phthalic anhydride:

Lower explosion limit 1.70 volume %
Upper explosion limit 10.50 volume %
Flash point 152 oC
Auto-ignition temperature 580 oC
Lower flammable limit 1.2 %
Upper flammable limit 9.2 %
Precautions:
Keep container dry & locked up. Keep phthalic anhydride away from heat. Keep it away from
any source of ignition. Empty containers pose afire risk and evaporate the residue under a
fume hood. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not breathe dust. Do not add water
to this product. Wear suitable respiratory equipment just in case of insufficient ventilation. If
ingested, you have to seek for medical advice immediately and show the container or the
label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Stay away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents.

Exposure:
Phthalic anhydride is harmful if swallowed. It`s toxicity is low if aerosol is inhaled. In
presence of moisture, possible burns, causes serious eye damage: eye irritation damage to
conjunctiva and cornea. Dust may be irritating to the respiratory tract. Also, it may cause
asthma or allergic skin reactions.

Storage:
Do not store it above 25°C. Keep container tightly closed, cool and well-ventilated area.

Reactivity:
Phthalic anhydride is Reactive with oxidizing agents. It is slightly reactive with moisture &
incompatible with nitric acid (HNO3), Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and copper oxide (Cu2O).

- O-xylene:

Table 3: Some characteristics of o-xylene

Lower flammable limit 0.90 %
Upper flammable limit 6.7 %
Flash point` 17.22 oC
Autoignition Temperature 465 oC
Exposure:
O-xylene would irritate the respiratory tract, skin, eye and leads to central nervous system
depression. Its Vapor may cause flash fire. The health effects may include low body
temperature, lung congestion, nausea, visual disturbances, vomiting, ringing in the ears, coma,
liver damage and kidney damage.
Storage:
Store o-xylene outside or in a separated building. Keep it separated from incompatible
substances. Keep it separated from incompatible substances. It should be protected from
physical damage.
Reactivity:
O-xylene is stable at normal temperature and pressure. Avoid heat, flames, sparks and other
sources of ignition. Explosion may occur if Containers exposed to heat. Keep it out of water
supplies and sewers.

- Maleic anhydride:

Table 4: Some characteristics of maleic anhydride

Lower flammable limit 1.4 %
Upper flammable limit 7.1 %
Flash point 103.33 oC
Auto-ignition Temperature 465 oC

Precautions:
Keep container dry & away from heat. Keep maleic anhydride away from sources of ignition.
Empty containers pose a fire risk. Evaporate the residue under a fume hood. Ground all
equipment containing material. Do not breathe dust. Do not add water to this product. Wear
appropriate protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory
equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents,
reducing agents, acids, moisture.
Exposure:
Maleic anhydride is very hazardous in case of ingestion. It irritates the skin and eye when
exposing to maleic anhydride. Corrosive to eyes and skin. The amount of tissue damage relies
on the length of contact. Eye contact could leads to blindness or corneal damage. Skin contact
can create inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust shall produce irritation to gastro-
intestinal or respiratory tract characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over
exposure can make lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or even death.
Storage:
Keep container dry and cold. Ground all equipment containing material. Corrosive materials
should be stored in a separate safety storage cabinet or room.
Reactivity:
Maleic anhydride is reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids & moisture. It is
slightly reactive with metals and alkalis. It might decompose when exposing it to moist air or
water.
MASS AND ENERGY
BALANCES
This detailed part presents the mass as well as energy balances for the project’s plant in
which producing phthalic anhydride from o-xylene. The deep analysis and calculations
were done manually. All process streams and unit operation were considered in this
chapter. These calculations are based upon the team’s previous and current Chemical
Engineering courses and knowledge. All required parameters from the problem
statement including; conversion, temperature, pressure and production capacity were
used in the mass and energy balances
 1. MASS BALANCE:
The basis of calculation is 100 kmol/hr of o-xylene.

Definitions of all abbreviations used in our calculations:

 PA : phthalic anhydride

 MA: maleic anhydride

 xy: o-xylene

 O2: oxygen

 N2: nitrogen

 H2O: water

 CO2 : carbon dioxide

Information provided in the statement problem:

 Conversion 1st reaction: 63%.
 Conversion 2nd reaction: 5%.
 Conversion 3rd reaction: 7%.
 Production of phthalic anhydride required = 100000 ton per year
 Explosion limit of o-xylene: (<1%) & (>6).
 The temperature of the reactor 300-400 oC.
 The pressure of the reactor 1-3 bar.
 The inlet pressure of the Switch Condensers (SC) 1.7-2 bar.
 The inlet temperature of the Switch Condensers (SC) <180 C
 The composition of the bottom of first distillation xPA = 0.999, xMA = 0.001.
- Calculating the amount of fresh feed of o-xylene:

Overall mass balance:

Drecycled + nf = n1

Component mass balance:

(Drecycled * 1) + (nf * 1) = (n1 * 1)

nf = 100- 25.05 =74.95 kmol /hr

A. Material Balance around the mixing point:

100kmol/hr o-xylene

Mixing xxy = 0.065

Point xO2 = 0.196
302.08 kmol/hr O2
1136.38 kmol/hr N2 xN2 = 0.739
1538.46kmol/hr

B. Material Balance around the Reactor:

First reaction (63% conversion) → 63*3 = 189kmol/h O2 is needed.

Second reaction (5% conversion) → 5*7.5 = 37.5kmol/h O2 is needed.

Third reaction (7% conversion) → 7*10.5 = 73.5kmol/h O2 is needed.

Sum = 300kmol/h O2 → Air = 300/0.21 = 1428.57 kmol/h

Basis = 100kmol/h o-xylene

Y (>6%) = 100/(100+x)

For y = 6.5% → x = 1438.46kmol/h excess air

 n1 kmol/hr
123.63 C8H10
reactor
kmol/hr
xylene
n2 kmol/hr O2

n3 kmol/hr
373.46
C8H4O3
kmol/hr O2
n4 kmol/hr H20

1404.91
kmol/hr N2 n5 kmol/hr C4H2O3

n6 kmol/hr CO2

n7 kmol/hr N2

T=380 0C ,

P=1.8
 Degree of freedom:

Number of unknowns = 7 ( n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7)

Number of atomic species = 3 (O2, H2, C)

Number of independent species = 1 (N2)

Number of specifications = 3

1- Unreacted o-xylene = 25%

2- Conversion of phthalic anhydride = 63%

3- Conversion of maleic anhydride = 5%.

- Extent of reaction method:

n1 = 100 – ξ1 – ξ2 – ξ3

n2 = 302.08 - 3ξ1 – 7.5ξ2 – 10.5ξ3

n3 = ξ1

n4 = 3ξ1 + 4ξ2 + 5ξ3

n5 = ξ2

n6 = 4ξ2 + 8ξ3

n7 = 1136.38

o-xylene =0.25*100 = 25 kmol/h

phthalic anhydride = 0.63*100*(1mol C8H4O3)/(1mol C8H10) = 63kmol/h C8H4O3

63 = n3 = ξ1

Maleic anhydride = 0.63*100*(1mol C4H2O3)/(1mol C8H10) = 5kmol/h C4H2O3

5 = n5 = ξ2
Carbon di oxide = 0.7*100*( 8mol CO2)/(1mol C8H10) = 56kmol/h CO2

56 = 8ξ3 → ξ3 = 7kmol/h

n1 = 100 – ξ1 – ξ2 – ξ3 n1 = 100 – 63 – 5 – 7 = 25 kmol/hr C8H10

n2 = 302.08 - 3ξ1 – 7.5ξ2 – 10.5ξ3 n2 = 302.08 – (3*63) – (7.5*5) – (10.5*7) = 2.08

kmol/hr O2

n3 = ξ1 n3 = 63 kmol/hr C8H4O3

n4 = 3ξ1 + 4ξ2 + 5ξ3n4 = (3*63) + (4*5) + (5*7) = 244 kmol/hr H2O

n5 = ξ2 n5 = 5 kmol/hr C4H2O3

n6 = 4ξ2 + 8ξ3 n6 = (4*5) + (8*7) = 76 kmol/hr Co2

n7 = 1136.38 kmol/hr N2
C. Material Balance around the Switch Condenser:
1458.46kmol/hr
xO2 = 1.427 x 10-3
xN2 = 0.779
xCO2 = 0.0521
xH2O = 0.167

1551.46kmol/hr
Switch
xO2 = 1.341x 10-3 Condenser
xN2 = 0.732
xCO2 = 0.0490
xH2O = 0.157
xPA = 0.0406
xMA = 3.223 x 10-3
xxy = 0.0161

93kmol/hr
xPA = 0.677
xMA = 0.0538
xxy = 0.269

D. Material Balance around the First Distillation Column:

Assumptions:

1- Light key component is o-xylene.

2- Heavy component key is phthalic anhydride.

3- Non-heavy key component is maleic anhydride.

4- Constant molar of flow (CMO)

5- The purity of phthalic anhydride at bottom is 99.9%.

6- The recovery of phthalic anhydride at bottom is 99%.

 D = 30.61 kmol/hr
Distillation xPA = 0.0207
F = 93 kmol/hr Column xMA = 0.161
xxy = 0.817
zPA = 0.677
zMA = 0.0538
zxy = 0.269

B = 62.39 kmol/hr
xPA = 0.999
xMA = 0.001
xxy = 0

E. Material Balance around the Second Distillation Column:

Assumptions:

1- The recovery of phthalic anhydride at bottom is 100%.

2- The recovery of maleic anhydride at bottom is 99%.

3- The recovery of o-xylene at bottom is 0%.

D = 25.05 kmol/hr
xPA = 0.000005
F = 30.61kmol/hr xMA = 0.00019
Distillation xxy = 0.998
Column

zPA = 0.0207
zMA = 0.161 B = 5.557 kmol/hr
zxy = 0.817 xPA = 0.114
xMA = 0.886
xxy = 0
 2. ENERGY BALANCE:

Energy balance generally relies on calculating the heat capacity of each component present on
the system. The following table serves as reference to the upcoming calculations of the plant’s
energy balance:

Table 6: Streams information

stream number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
T (c) 25 84.74 25 84.74 32.5 240 80 300 380 170
P(bar 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1.8 1.8

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
195.2 56.25 105 105 25 169.7 260.9 150.3 135.9 180 135.8
1 1 1 2 2 0.8 0.6 1 0.85 0.6 1
 A. Energy Balance around the reactor:

30.91 kmol/hr C8H10

2.57 kmol/hr O2

1404.91 kmol/hr N2

77.89 kmol/hr C8H4O3

Reactor
301.66 kmol/hr H20

123.63 kmol/hr xylene 6.18 kmol/hr C4H2O3

373.46 kmol/hr O2
1404.91 kmol/hr N2 93.96 kmol/hr CO2

T=300 0C , P=2 bar T=380 0C , P=1.8 bar

*Using heat of reaction for multiple reactions

*Assuming there is no pressure effect.

Ref: O2, N2, CO2 at (250C, g) and C8H10, C8H4O3 , C4H2O3 , H20 at (250C,L)

Table 6: Enthalpy table

sub ̇ (kmol/hr) ̂ (kj/kmol) ̇ (kmol/hr) ̂ (kj/kmol)

C8H10 123.63 ̂ 30.91 ̂

O2 373.46 ̂ 2.57 ̂
N2 1404.91 ̂ 1404.91 ̂

C8H4O3 ----- ----- 77.89 ̂

H20 ----- ----- 301.66 ̂

CO2 ----- ----- 93.96 ̂

C4H2O3 ----- ----- 6.18 ̂
Table 7: Enthalpy table
sub ̇ (kmol/hr) ̂ (kj/kmol) ̇ (kmol/hr) ̂ (kj/kmol)

C8H10 123.63 30.91

O2 373.46 2.57
N2 1404.91 1404.91
C8H4O3 ----- ----- 77.89
H20 ----- ----- 301.66
CO2 ----- ----- 93.96
C4H2O3 ----- ----- 6.18

- Calculating the flow rate of molten salt

B. Energy Balance around Heat Exchangers and Heater:
- Calculating Q for cooling water heat exchanger (E703)

- Calculating Q boiler feed water (E702)

- Calculating Q heat exchanger (E-701):

- Calculating mass for fuel fired heater (H-701):

Energy balance around mixing points :
Heat capacity for the Vapor component (Cp) General Formula for
Constant for calculating heat capacity

Liquid Heat Capacity for any organic:

Cp (cal/mole.C) =41.69 +7.773 10-2 T , T in (°C)

Components

o-xylene -3.786 1.424 -8.224 1.798

phthalic -1.064 1.562 -1.023 2.411

anhydride

maleic -3.123 0.8323 -5.217 1.156

anhydride

Oxygen

Nitrogen
-Mixing point stream (6) and stream (5) :

n(ox)= 123.63
kmol/hr
P = 2 bar
T = 240 C°
n (mix) = 1902

Mixing point
P = 2 bar
T =?
n(ᴏ₂) =373.46 kmol/hr X(ᴏ₂) =
n (N₂) = 1404.91 kmol 0.196
/hr X(N₂) =0.739
P = 2 bar X(ox)=0.065

Do not
print
Mixing point recycle stream (21) with fresh o-xylem stream (1) :

n₂(ox) = 30.97 kmol /hr

P = 1.0 bar
T = 135.8 C°

n₁(ox) = 92.66
kmol/hr
P = 1.0 bar
Mixing point

n(mix) = 123.63
kmol/hr
P = 1.0 bar

C. Energy balance around Pumps and compressor:

Energy balance around Pump - 701:
Assume isentropic pump, No temperature change

.
Do not print
Assume there is no loss in pump

Energy balance around Pump - 702:

Assume isentropic pump, No temperature change.
Energy balance around compressor:
 D. Energy balance for first distillation column -701
Energy balance for first distillation column -701
Assumptions:

1- reflux ratio =1.3

2- Raoult`s law: P= X i *Pisat is applied

Equation used:

 Antoine equation:

 Heat capacity for vapor (range 150°C - 450°C):

Cp (cal/mol*K) = a + b*T + c*T 2 + d*T3 T in (K)

 Heat capacity for liquid:

Cp (cal/mol*C) =41.69 + 7.773*10-2 T T in (°C)

Table 8: Constants for calculating heat capacity

a 10*b 105*c 1010*d
O-xylene -3.786 1.424 -8.224 1.798
Phthalic -1.064 1.562 -1.023 2.411
anhydride
Maleic -3.123 0.8323 -5.217 1.156
anhydride

Table 9: Antoine equation constants

A B C
O-xylene 16.1156 3395.57 59.46
Phthalic anhydride 15.9984 4467.01 83.15
Maleic anhydride 16.2747 3765.65 82.15
Table 10: Heat Vaporization
Heat Vaporization (cal/mol)
O-xylene 8800
Phthalic anhydride 11850
Maleic anhydride 5850

The inlet temperature of first distillation:

Top temperature after condensation:

do not print
do not print
 DESIGN OF CONDENSER

This section presents the design of the condenser. All parameters are to be determined. For
example, tube length, inner and outer tube diameters, shell diameter, total surface area of
tubes, number of tubes, tube and shell heat transfer coefficients. The local heat transfer
coefficients should be used. Many trials may need to be performed, depends on the first guess
of the overall heat transfer coefficient.

1. Assumed tube diameter = 0.04 m

Assumed wall thickness = 0.04064 m
Assumed tube length = 4.5 m
2. Assumed fouling factors: hdo = hdi = 2000 W/m2.oC

3. Material of construction is brass with thermal conductivity (k) equals to 116 W/m.oC.
4. q (kJ/hr ) = nh Cph h = 8,727,000 W
Jh can be obtained from the following chart:
 4. PIPING DESIGN
1. INTRODUCTION
Pump is a device that moves fluid by a mechanical energy from one point to another. There
are three types of pumps which are direct lift, displacement and gravity pumps. On other hand,
compressor is a mechanical device that increase the pressure of gas by reducing the volume.
Pumps and compressor are similar both of them increase the pressure of the fluid inside the
pipes Heat integration is applied to reduce the cost for the external utilities (heating utilities
and cooling utilities). We have several hot streams to be cooled also we have several cooled
streams to be heated. The concept of heat integration is to transfer heat from the hot streams to
the cooled streams before the external utilities are used.

A. PUMPS AND COMPRESSOR

Pump may be damaged if certain limits on Ns are exceeded, and the efficiency is best in some
ranges.

Centrifugal pump : single stage for 0.057 -18.9 m3/min (15-5000gpm ),152 m(500ft)
maximum head; multistage for 0.076 -378 m3/min (20-11000gpm ),167 m(500ft) maximum
head. Efficiency 45% at 0.378 m3/min (100gpm), 70% at 1.89 m3/min (500gpm), 80% at 37.8
m3/min (10000gpm)