MATH HL

EXERCISES 1.1-1.3 SOLUTIONS

SEQUENCES
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES

A. Practice Questions

1. (a) n=21 (b) 1575

2. (a) 4182 (b) 4182
21
3. ∑ (4r + 1)
r =1
4. (a) 24 (b) 97 (c) 1224 (d) 21
5. (a) S 4 = 68 S 5 = 105 u 5 = 37 (b) u n = 8n − 3 (c) u n +1 − u n = 8
112 112
900
6. (a)
8
= 112.5 hence n=112 (b) ∑ 8 x = 50624 (c)
x =1
∑ 8x = 50000
x =13
37 112 37
(d) ∑ 24 x = 16872
x =1
(e) ∑ 8x - ∑ 24 x = 50624-16872=33752
x =13 x =1

7. (a) the sizes form an AS with u1 = 1 and d = 3 thus u n = 1 + (n − 1)3 = 3n − 2

58
(b) the first term is S19 + 1 = 533 and the last term is S 20 = 590 (c) (533 + 590) = 32567
2

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

8. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference, then

4
u1 + d = 7 and S4 = (2 u1 + 3d) = 12 (M1)
2
u1 + d = 7
⇒ ⇒ u1 = 15, d = –8 (M1) (A2) [4]
4u1 + 6d = 12
9. Using u 2 = u1 + d ⇒ u1 + d = 7 (M1) A1
5
Using S 5 = ( 2u1 + 4d ) = 50 ⇒ 2u1 + 4d = 20
2
Attempting to solve, d=3 (M1) A1 N3 [4]
10. (a) u1 = 5 and d = 8 (M1)
un= u1 + (n – 1)d⇒ un= 8n – 3 (A1) 2
(b) 8n – 3 < 400⇒8n < 403 (M1)
3
n < 50.375 or n < 50 or n < 51
8
Therefore, there are 50 terms less than 400. (A1) 2 [4]
11. Arithmetic progression: 85, 78, 71, ...
u1 = 85, d = –7
un = u1 + (n – 1) d = 85 – 7(n – 1) = 92 – 7n (M1)
Thus, un > 0 provided n ≤ 13.
13 13
The required sum = S13 = (u1 + u13) = (85 + 1). = 559 (M1)(A1) (C3) [3]
2 2

1
 n n
12. (a) Sn = (2 × 2 +3(n – 1)) = (3n +1) (M1)(A1) (C2)
2 2
n
(b) (3n + 1) = 1365 ⇒ 3n2 + n – 2730 = 0 (M1)(A1)
2
– 91
=> n = 30 or n = , hence n = 30 (A1) (A1) (C4)
3
[6]
n
13. 81 = (1.5 + 7.5) ⇒ n = 18 M1A1
2
6
1.5 + 17d = 7.5 ⇒ d = M1A1 N0
17
[4]
14. (2a + b + 7) – (a – b) = (a – b) – 2 (M1)(M1)
(a – 3b) – (2a + b + 7) = (2a + b + 7) – (a – b) (M1)
0 = 2a + 6b + 14 (A1)
b = –3 a = 2 (A1) (A1)
[6]
n
15. Using S n = ( 2u1 + ( n − 1)d ) with u1 = −6 and d = 7 (M1)(A1)
2
n
S n = (7n − 19) or equivalent A1
2
Solving S n > 10000 or equivalent for n, n>54.8 (M1) A1
The least number of terms is 55 A1 N4
[6]
16. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the arithmetic sequence.
a + 4d 6
Then = (M1)
a + 11d 13
So 13a + 52d = 6a + 66d ⇒ 7a = 14d⇒ a = 2d. (M1)(A1)
Since each term is positive, both a and d are positive.
We are given a(a + 2d) = 32, setting a = 2d, we get 2d(2d + 2d) = 8d2 = 32. (M1)
⇒ d = ±2. (A1)
Hence, d = 2 and a = 4 and sum to 100 terms of this sequence is
100
{(2)(4) + (100 – l)2}.= 10 300 (M1)(A1)
2
[7]
17. (a) S1=1, S2=8, hence u1=1, u2=7 A2
(b) un = Sn – Sn–1 (M1)
= [3n2 – 2n] – [3(n – 1)2 – 2(n – 1)] (A1)
= 6n – 5 (A1) (C3)
[5]
18. (a) Sn = 2n2 – n
n = 1 ⇒ S 1 = u1 = 2 – 1 = 1 (A1)
n = 2 ⇒ S 2 = u1 + u 2 = 8 – 2 = 6 ⇒ u 2 = 5 (A1)
n = 3 ⇒ S 3 = u1 + u 2 + u 3 = 18 – 3 = 15 ⇒ u 3 = 9 (A1) (C3)
(b) u n = S n – S n –1 (M1)
⇒ (
u n = 2n 2 – n – 2(n – 1) 2 – (n – 1) ) (A1)
⇒ u n = 2n2
– n – (2n 2
– 4n + 2 – n + 1 )
⇒ u n = 4n – 3 (A1) (C3)
[6]

2
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES

A. Practice Questions

19. (a) -2/3 (b) -243 (c) -133 (d) -729/5

20. (a) 7 (b) 3645 (c) 7
u n +1
21. (a) 2,6,18 (b) u10 = 2 × 39 (c) u n = 3 n − 3 n −1 (d) =3
un
22. (a) 1469, 681, 10 (b) 659 , 1517 , 9
23. (a) 30,50,70 (b) 10 3 , 30, 30 3 or 10 3 , –30 , 30 3
24. (a) 10,15,25, 45 (b) 5,10,20,40 (c) it is a GS (d) u n = 5 × 2 n −1 + 5

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

25. 2 × 1.05n–1 > 500 M1
1.05n–1 > 250
METHOD A: Trial and error;
The smallest integer that satisfies the inequality is n = 115 M1A2
METHOD B: Graphical solution by sketching an appropriate graph (GDC)
The smallest integer that satisfies the inequality is n = 115 M1A2
METHOD C: Using logarithms;
log 250
n–1> M1
log 1.05
n – 1 > 113.1675... A1
n = 115 (A1)
Then u115 = 521 A1 N5
[5]
1 27
26. r= − S∞ = (A1)M1
3 1
1+
3
81
S∞ = (= 20.25) A1 N1
4
[3]
27. (a) u1 = 48, = u 2 = 192 , (A1)
u 2 192
r= = =4 (A1) (C2)
u1 48
u1 (r n − 1) 48(4 n − 1)
(b) Sn = = (M1)
(r − 1) 3
= 16(4n – 1) (A1) (C2)
[4]
2
28. 1 – a = b – 1 and b = a (A1)(A1)
2
a +a–2=0 (M1)(A1)
a = –2, b = 4 (A1)(A1) (C6)
Note: Do not award the final (A1)(A1) for a = 1, b = 1 only.
Notes: Award (C5) if both solutions a = –2, b = 4 and a = 1, b = 1 appear.
If no working shown, award (C2) for one correct value.
[6]

3
29.

[6]
2 3
2 2 2
30. k+ k +   k +   k + ......... = 1 (M1)
3 3 3
 
 
1  = 1 so k = 1
k (M1)(A1) (C3)
 2 3
1 − 
 3
[3]
2x 3
31. (a) –1 < < 1. This gives –1.5 < x < 1.5 or x< (M1) (A1) (C2)
3 2
1
(b) When x = 1.2, the common ratio is r = 0.8 and the sum is =5 (A1) (C1)
1 − 0.8
[3]
5
32. (a) r = 4 − 3 x ⇒ −1 < 4 − 3 x < 1 ⇒ 1 < x < M1 A1 N1
3
(b) x = 1.2 ⇒ u1 = 0.8 r = 0.4 A1
0.8(1 − 0.4 )
n
Sn = > 1.328 , Solving gives n > 6.02 , 7 terms are needed A1 (A1) A1 N4
0.6
Note: generating terms of the series to find that 7 terms are needed is an alternative method.
[6]
u
33. u1 + u1r = 15 ⇒ u1(1 + r) = 15; 1 = 27 (A1)(A1)
1− r
15
1 – r2 = or u12 – 54 u1 + 405 = 0 (M1)(A1)
27
2
(a) r = (A1) (C3)
3
1
(b) u1 = 27 × =9 (A1)(C3)
3
[6]

4
 u1 27
34. = and u1 + u1r + u1r2 = 13 (M1)
1− r 2
27
(1 – r)(1 + r + r2) = 13 (M1)
2
26 1
1 – r3 = giving r =
27 3
Therefore, u1 = 9. (A1) (C3)
[3]
u u (1 − r 4 )
35. S ∞ = 1 = 32 and S 4 = 1 = 30 (M1)
1− r 1− r
⇒ u1 = 32(1 − r ) ⇒ 32(1 − r 4 ) = 30 ⇒ r = 0.5, u1 = 16 (M1)A1A1
16(1 − 0.5 8 1
⇒ S ∞ − S 8 = 32 − =0.125= M1A1 N2
1 − 0.5 8
[6]
36. u1 = 2(= S1 ) (A1)
u2 = S2 − u1 = 10 ⇒ d = 8 (A1)
u32 = 250 (A1)
um u32
u2 , um and u32 in geometric progression ⇒ = (M1)
u2 um
⇒ um2 = u2 × u32 = 10 × 250 ⇒ um = 50 (A1)
( um = −50 not possible since d is positive)
um = 50 = 2 + 8(m − 1) ⇒ m = 7 (A1) (C6)
[6]
37. (a) let the first three terms of the geometric sequence be
u1 + 2d, u1 + 3d and u1 + 6d (M1)
u1 + 6d u1 + 3d
= A1
u1 + 3d u1 + 2d
u12 + 8u1 d + 12d 2 = u12 + 6u1 d + 9d 2 A1
2 u1 + 3d = 0
3 3
u1 = – d or a = – d AG
2 2
a + 6d − 1.5d + 6d 4.5d
(b) r= = = =3 M1A1
a + 3d − 1.5d + 3d 1.5d
[6]
u1 + 15d u1 + 10d
38. (a) r = = (M1)
u1 + 10d u1
u12 + 20u1 d + 100d 2 = u12 + 15u1 d (A1)
⇒ 0 = 5u1 d + 100d 2 ⇒ 0 = u1 + 20d u1 = −20d (A1)
u + 10d − 20d + 10d 1
r= 1 (= )⇒r= (M1)(A1) (N1)
u1 − 20d 2
u
(b) 18 = 1 ⇒ u1 = 9 (A1)
1
1−
2
9
d =− (= -0.45) (M1)(A1) N2
20
[8]

5
39. For the exrepssion 5000(1.063)n A1 1
5000(1.063)n > 10000 (or (1.063)n > 2) A1 1
METHOD A: trial and error by a GDC
A good way of communicating this is suggested below.
When n = 11, (1.063)n = 1.9582, when n = 12, (1.063)n = 2.0816 (M1) (A1)
Hence n = 12 years A1 3
METHOD B: using logarithms
Attempting to solve the above inequality
n log(1.063) > log 2 (M1)
n > 11.345... (A1)
12 years A1 3
[5]

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

40. (a) Let p = 2, ⇒ 8 + 4 – 10 – 2 = 0 M1

Since this fits p = 2 is a solution. R1
(b) p3 + p2 – 5p – 2 = (p – 2)(p2 + ap + b)
= p3 + ap2 + bp – 2p2 – 2ap – 2b M1A1
= p3 + p2(a – 2) + p(b – 2a) – 2b
Equate constants ⇒ – 2 = – 2b ⇒ b = 1 A1
Equate coefficients of p2 ⇒ a – 2 = 1 ⇒ a = 3 A1
(c) p2 + 3p + 1 = 0 M1
−3± 9− 4 −3± 5
p= = A1A1
2 2
(d) (i) Arithmetic sequence: 1, 1 + p, 1 + 2p, 1 + 3p A1
Geometric sequence: 1, p, p2 , p3 A1
(ii) (1 + 2p) + (1 + 3p) = p2 + p3 M1A1
⇒ p3 + p2 – 5p – 2 = 0 A1
−3± 5
Therefore, from part (i), p = 2, p = R1
2
(iii) The sum to infinity of a geometric series exists if │p│ < 1. R1
−3+ 5
Hence, p = is the only such number. A1
2
(iv) The sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic series can
be found by applying the sum formula
S20 = 10(2a + 19d) = 10(2 + 19 p) M1A1
  5 − 3 
So, S20 = 10 2 + 19   = −265 + 95 5 A1A1A1
 2 
  
[22]

6
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED

41. METHOD 1
x2 x2 x2
lnx2 + ln + ln 2 + ln 3 + …
y y y
= lnx2 + (lnx2 – lny) +(lnx2 – 2lny) + (lnx2 – 3lny) +… (M1)
n 35
S35 = (2u1 +(n – 1)d) = (2 lnx2 – 34 lny) = 35 lnx2 – 595 lny2 (M1)(A1)
2 2
= lnx70 – lny595
x 70
= ln 595 (Accept m = 70, n = 595) (A1)(A1) (N2)
y
METHOD 2
x2 x2 x2 x 2 x 2 ...x 2
lnx2 + ln + ln 2 + ln 3 + ... = ln (M1)(A1)
y y y 1 y... y 34
35
In the denominator, the sum of the powers of y is (0 +34) = 595 (A1)
2
The required expression is
x 70
ln 595 (Accept m = 70, n = 595) (A1)(A1) (N2)
y
[5]

42. (a) 0 < 2x < 1 (M1)

x<0 A1 N2
35
(b) = 40 M1
1− r

⇒ 40 − 40 × r = 35
⇒ −40 × r = − 5 (A1)
1 1
⇒ r = 2x = A1⇒ x = log2 (= −3) A1
8 8
Note: The substitution r = 2x may be seen at any stage in the solution.
[6]

43. Arc AB = θ (A1)

OB1 = cosθ (A1)
Arc A1B1 = θcosθ (A1)
Similarly,
Arc A2B2 = θcos2θ (A1)
Sum = θ + θcosθ + θcos2θ + … (M1)
θ
= (A1) (C6)
1 − cos θ
[6]

7
44. METHOD 1
If the areas are in arithmetic sequence, then so are the angles. (M1)

⇒ Sn =
n
(a + l ) ⇒ 12 (θ + 2θ ) = 18θ M1A1
2 2
⇒ 18θ = 2π (A1)
π
θ= (accept 20°) A1
9
METHOD 2
a12 = 2a1 (M1)
12
(a1 + 2a1 ) = πr 2 M1A1
2
πr 2
3a1 =
6
3 2 πr 2
r θ= (A1)
2 6
2π π
θ= = (accept 20°) A1
18 9
METHOD 3
Let smallest angle = a, common difference = d
a + 11d = 2a (M1)
a = 11d A1
12
Sn = (2a + 11d ) = 2π M1
2
6(2a + a) = 2π (A1)
18a = 2π
π
a= (accept 20°) A1
9
[5]