FM TRANSMITTER

A REPORT ON

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY BASED PROJECTS

B.Tech ECE-1V Semester

Submitted by

VADDI KAVYA (17331A04G9)

VAJRAPU PRIYANKA(17331A04H0)

FACULTY INCHARGE

Mr. P. SURYA PRASAD

Mrs. G. VIMALA KUMARI

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MVGR College of Engineering (A)

Vijayaram Nagar Campus, Chintalavalasa, Vizianagaram,

Andhra Pradesh, 535005.

2018-19
 CONTENT
CHAPTER-1

 ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-2

 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER-3

 METHODOLOGY
 THEORY

CHAPTER-4

 RESULT ANALYSIS
 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-5

 FUTURE SCOPE
 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER-1
ABSTRACT
In electronics and telecommunications, a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device
which produces radio waves with an antenna. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency
alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna
radiates radio waves

Transmitters are necessary component parts of all electronic devices that communicate by radio,
such as radio and television broadcasting stations, cell phones, walkie-talkies, wireless computer
networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, spacecraft,
radar sets and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates
radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters.
Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy
equipment, are not usually called transmitters, even though they often have similar circuits.

Frequency of a high frequency carrier is changed in proportion to message signal which

contains the Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique for wireless transmission of information where
the information. A radio transmitter is device whose major function is to send information (intelligence)
from one point to another in most cases the information to be transmitted are voice music and code
signals.

An FM transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio
waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the
antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. Frequency
modulation (FM) transmitter generates the radio waves by varying the radio signal’s frequency slightly.
FM transmitter is basically a VHF colipits oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any
standard FM receiver.
 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
Information transmission is very vital to human life just as the early men used sticks to
produce sound which indicates the location of each other as they wander about also down to the middle
era when town crises come into play for the same information propagation to be transmitted from one
point to another with the aid of radio communication which necessities the application of radio transmitter
and receiver.

The FM transmitter is a low power transmitter and it uses FM waves for transmitting the sound, this
transmitter transmits the audio signals through the carrier wave by the difference of frequency. The carrier
wave frequency is equivalent to the audio signal of the amplitude and the FM transmitter produce VHF
band of 88 to 108MHZ.

A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a power source into a
radio frequency alternating current to apply to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the energy from this
current as radio waves. The transmitter also impresses information such as an audio or video signal onto
the radio frequency current to be carried by the radio waves. When they strike the antenna of a radio
receiver, the waves excite similar (but less powerful) radio frequency currents in it. The radio receiver
extracts the information from the received waves.
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The
information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound)
signal from a microphone, a video (TV) signal from a video camera, or in wireless networking devices,
a digital signal from a computer. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the
radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is called the carrier signal. This process is
called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types
of transmitters. In an amplitude modulation (AM) transmitter, the information is added to the radio signal
by varying its amplitude. In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio
signal’s frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are also used.

The radio signal from the transmitter is applied to the antenna, which radiates the energy as radio waves.
The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable
devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FM TRANSMITTER

 THEORY

Components used:

1. Antenna

2. Transistor (2N3904)

3. Trimmer Capacitor (2-22pF)

4. Resistors (47k,39k ,22k,100k)

5. Capacitors

 Ceramic
 Electrolytic

1. ANTENNA:
You have probably noticed that almost every radio you see (like your cell phone, the radio in
your car, etc.) has an antenna. Antennas come in all shapes and sizes, depending on the frequency the
antenna is trying to receive. The antenna can be anything from a long, stiff wire (as in the AM/FM radio
antennas on most cars) to something as bizarre as a satellite dish. Radio transmitters also use extremely
tall antenna towers to transmit their signals.

The idea behind an antenna in a radio transmitter is to launch the radio waves into space. In a receiver,
the idea is to pick up as much of the transmitter's power as possible and supply it to the tuner.

ANTENNA
2.TRANSISTOR:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
controls the current through another pair of terminals.

In an FM transmitter circuit, transistors are used mainly as amplifiers. They are used as audio
amplifier (to amplify the voice signal) and also as RF amplifier (to amplify the RF signal before and after
modulation). Depending upon voltage, current and frequency ratings a transistor comes with a number.

TRANSISTOR

3. TRIMMER CAPACITOR:
A trimmer is a miniature adjustable electrical component. It is meant to be set correctly
when installed in some device, and never seen or adjusted by the device's user. Trimmers can be variable
resistors (potentiometers), variable capacitors, or trimmable inductors. Capacitors with multiple sections
often include trimmer capacitors in parallel to the variable sections, used to adjust all tuned circuits to the
same frequency.

To generate the radio frequency carrier waves the FM transmitter circuit requires an oscillator. The
tank circuit is derived from the LC circuit to store the energy for oscillations. The input audio signal from
the mic penetrated to the base of the transistor, which modulates the LC tank circuit carrier frequency in
FM format. The variable capacitor is used to change the resonant frequency for fine modification to the
FM frequency band.
 TRIMMER CAPACITOR

4.RESISTOR:
The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric
current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is
measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere passes through
a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals.

The resistors used in FM Transmitter are47k,39k,22k,and100k.

RESISTOR

5.CAPACITOR:

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field.
In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material
called the dielectric. The standard unit of capacitance is farad. Capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field between its plates. Here we used ceramic and electrolytic capacitors. Ceramic
capacitors is 1nano farad, electrolytic capacitors is 47 micro farad.

Application of FM Transmitter
 The FM transmitters are used in the homes like sound systems in halls to fill the sound with the audio
source.
 These are also used in the cars and fitness centers.
 The correctional facilities have used in the FM transmitters to reduce the prison noise in common
areas.
Advantages of the FM Transmitters
 The FM transmitters are easy to use and the price is low
 The efficiency of the transmitter is very high
 It has a large operating range
 This transmitter will reject the noise signal from an amplitude variation.
Disadvantages of the FM Transmitter
 In the FM transmitter the huge wider channel is required.
 The FM transmitter and receiver will tend to be more complex.
 Due to some interference there is poor quality in the received signals
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT ANALYSIS
FM transmission, frequency of carrier wave changes in accordance with the instantaneous value of
modulating voltage, provided phase and amplitude of carrier is kept constant.

 When modulating signal voltage is 0V (i.e. modulating signal is not given), the frequency of
carrier remains constant which is frequency of transmission.
 When modulating signal voltage increases, frequency of carrier increases. When baseband signal
reaches to positive peak, carrier frequency is maximum.

When modulating signal voltage decreases, frequency of carrier decreases. When baseband signal voltage
reaches to negative peak, carrier frequency is minimum.

CONCLUSION

From the present project it can be concluded that an FM transmitter is one of the best ways
to transmit data (signal) without interfacing and losing. It is highly reliable effective and economical
where density of population is high.
 CHAPTER-5
FUTURE SCOPE
 This FM transmitter can be modified further by using an OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing )
 It is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.
 Application of this method avoids interfacing of different signals.

REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor

https://www.elprocus.com/making-of-fm-transmitter-circuit-working-application