3 Axis EAP

3 AXIS ENGRAVING AND PCB MILLING
A Project Report Submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Name USN
ANIL CHOUDARY 4VM15EE005
JAGRUTH S J 4VM15EE032
PREETHAM S P 4VM16EE432
TEJAS M 4VM16EE445
Under the Guidance of

Mrs. Ganavi C N
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MYSURU – 570 028
2018-19
VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MYSURU-570028
AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “3 AXIS ENGRAVING AND PCB MILLING” is a
bonafide work carried out by ANIL CHOUDARY (4VM15EE005), JAGRUTH S J
(4VM15EE032), PREETHAM S P (4VM16EE432), TEJAS M (4VM16EE445), in the
department of Electrical and Electronics from VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering
in Electrical and Electronics Engineering prescribed by the Visveswaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2018-19.
It is certified that all suggestions recommended for Internal Evaluation have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements with respect to project work prescribed for the said degree.
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Mrs. Ganavi C N Dr. Surekha Manoj Dr. M Ravishankar
External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with date
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Satisfaction and Euphoria that Accompanies the successful completion of seminar would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their guidance and
blessings, whose constant encouragement crowned my effort with success.
We consider our privilege to have studied in Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Mysuru. We are extremely thankful to our respectable Chairman Sri Vasu for his
all-time support and facility provided.
We wish to express our sincere and profound gratitude to our beloved Secretary Sri Kaveesh V
Gowda for his encouragement and continuous support.
We are grateful to our Principal Dr. Ravishankar M for providing constant support and guiding
us to reach the goal.
We owe a great sense of gratitude to our beloved Head of the Department Dr. Surekha Manoj for
providing excellent academic environment which has nurtured our practical skills. We feel to
express our indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude for the valuable guidance and kind
supervision given to us throughout the course which shaped the present work as it shows.
We express our sincere thanks to all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff of Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for their kind and constant support throughout the
academic Journey.
Last but not the least our parents are also an important inspiration to us. So with due regards, we
express our gratitude to them.
We thank almighty for providing us with everything that we required in completing this work.
i
ABSTRACT
CNC stands for Computer Numeric Control and refers to machine which is controlled by
a computer. By controlling a CNC machine through PC the user is able to convert the CAM
drawing into G-Code which is readable by CNC machine and produce a physical copy of the
designed item. CNC machines are able to produce products which are complex and with high
accuracy. The ability to wirelessly monitor and control the operation of the machine has become
major factor to increase productivity and profitability as it leads to decrease in machine
downtime, service and personnel training costs. The modern trend of manufacturing is
decentralized manufacturing process. Even though PCBs can be manufactured with high
accuracy it was not economical to adopt. Inspired from this, the idea is to develop a low cost
CNC machine which is capable of producing PCB with high precision and also which has the
function to wirelessly monitor and control the operation.
This demonstrates hardware and software which are used to implement PCB CNC
machine which is capable of engraving, drilling and cutting. The system consists of a raspberry
pi which is interfaced with a Atmega328p microcontroller based Arduino board which is loaded
with grbl firmware, three NEMA 17 stepper motors for 3 axis X, Y and Z, three A4988 stepper
motor drivers which are used for driving the stepper motor as per the command received by
Arduino, a DC 775 spindle motor which is capable of engraving, drilling and cutting a PCB, the
raspberry pi acts as HMI which receives G-Code from PC, Tablet or Phone wirelessly and sends
the data to Arduino. The stepper motor driver receives the signals from Arduino to drive stepper
motors as per the G-Code.
ii
CONTENT
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Contents iii
List of Figures iv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Prelude 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Review of Previous Work 3
CHAPTER 3: COMPONENTS USED
3.1 Arduino Uno 4
3.11 Introduction 4
3.12 Hardware 6
3.13 Pin Diagram 7
3.14 General Specifications 9
3.15 Applications of Arduino 9
3.2 Arduino Nano CNC Sheild
3.21 Introduction 9
3.22 Pin Layout 10
3.23 Hardware Installation 11
3.24 Software Installation 11
3.3 NEMA 17 Stepper motor
3.31 Introduction 12
3.32 Working 12
3.33 General Specification 13
3.4 Stepper motor driver (A4988)
3.41 Introduction 14
3.42 Pin-Out Information 16
3.43 Features 17
iii
3.5 Spindle
3.51 Introduction
3.52 Low speed spindles 17
3.53 High speed spindles 17
3.54 Routers 17
3.55 Rotary Tools 18
3.56 General specification 18
3.6 SMPS(24V,5A) 20
3.61 Introduction
3.62 Switch Mode power supply working principle 20
3.63 General specification 21
3.7 Software used 25
25
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY
4.1 Structure design 26
4.2 Mechanical Design 27
4.3 Electronic Design 27
4.4 Block Diagram 28
4.5 G-Code 28
4.6 GRBL controller 31
4.7 GRBL settings 33
CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
5.1 Advantages 36
5.2 Application 36
CHAPTER 6: RESULT AND COMPARISON
6.1 Result 37
6.2 Comparison 37
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Conclusion 38
7.2 Future scope 38
REFERENCES
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl No Figures Page No
3.1 Arduino Uno Board 5
3.2 Pin diagram of Arduino Uno Board 7
3.3 Arduino Uno CNC Shield Board 10
3.4 Micro-stepping jumper location before inserting A4988 10
3.5 Stepper motor wiring diagram 13
3.6 Size and Physical dimension of the NEMA 17 Stepper Motor 14
3.7 NEMA 17 Stepper Motor 14
3.8 Stepper Motor Driver(A4988) 15
3.9 A4988 Stepper driver Pin Out 16
3.10 Wecheer WE248 Rotary tool spindle 18
3.11 Proxxon Micromot 5/E Rotary tool spindle 19
3.12 Proxxon Micromot IBS/E Rotary tool spindle 19
3.13 Switch mode power supply 20
3.14 DC to DC converter SMPS 22
3.15 AC to DC converter SMPS 27
3.16 Fly-Back converter SMPS 23
3.17 Forward converting type SMPS 24
4.1 Structure of CNC machine 26
4.2 CNC machine viewed from top left corner 27
4.3 Block diagram of wireless controller system 28
4.4 Universal G-Code sender 31
4.5 GRBL overview 33
4,6 Universal G-Code sender Main screen 33
iv
3Xs ENGRAVING AND MILLING OF PCB
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Prelude
Recent years have seen dramatic progress in the performance of electronic devices such
as mobile phones, notebook personal computers (PCs), and tablet devices. This
technology revolution wouldn’t have happened without the major use of the printed
circuit board (PCB) which provided the ability to achieve higher densities and multi-
layered structures. One of the ways of enhancing this progress is through the
development of the manufacturing methods for PCBs .The PCB used in electronic
components are getting more complex and with thinner tracks. There are many ways to
produce these boards and one of them is through electromechanical corrosion, but it
does not produce good results. A better process is with milling and a Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) machine. The operation of the electronic circuit is based on
the flow of the electrical current through specific paths from the source to the pins of
the electronic components. This path will be milled and the holes for the component
pins will be drilled by CNC machines. There is also another method called
photochemical method which uses ferric chloride compound to etch different layers of
the board in order to clear the paths for the current but the result of recent analysis
indicates that the ferric chloride induces significantly high levels of risk to human
health. The commercially available CNC machine controlling system is very
sophisticated and closed to specific low level machine language which makes it very
expensive.
One important deployment of this method will be to replace normal wiring of

electronics components in electronic projects with PCBs. This will give better results
since it will help bypassing the unknown hidden short circuits or inefficient connection
problems between components. This will help making electronic projects easier, more
flexible and faster to implement through simplifying the complex circuit topology. By
controlling a CNC machine through PC the user is able to convert the CAM drawing
into G-Code which is readable by CNC machine and produce a physical copy of the
designed item.
CNC machines are able to produce products which are complex and with high
accuracy. The ability to wirelessly monitor and control the operation of the machine
Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 1

has become major factor to increase productivity and profitability as it leads to

decrease in machine downtime, service and personnel training costs. The modern
trend of manufacturing is decentralized manufacturing process. Even though PCBs
can be manufactured with high accuracy it was not economical to adopt. Inspired from
this, the idea is to develop a low cost CNC machine which is capable of producing
PCB with high precision and also which has the function to wirelessly monitor and
control the operation.
1.2 Problem Statement
• The already existing CNC machines are very complex to use

• The software used are complicated and by themselves are expensive
• Working area is large
1.3 Objective
• To develop a low cost automatic mini CNC machine for PCB drawing and
drilling. This system reduces the cost of machine and increases the
flexibility
• To add wireless connectivity through the use of Raspberry PI

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Review of Previous Work
In paper [1] the authors Kajal J. Madekar, Kranti R. Nanaware Pooja R. Phadtare and
Vikas S. Mane proposes a method using microcontroller atmega328 which is interfaced to
PC with the help of FTDI module and interfaces Easy Driver which is used to drive the
stepper motor, using this method the author designs a CNC drawing machine which uses
a sketch pen to draw on the PCB board and the data to draw is given programmatically
i.e. hardcoded in program in binary format.
In paper [2] the authors Rodrigo Basniak, and Márcio Fontana Catapan conducts a market
research to find out the customer requirements and based on this data the author compares
several of existing PCB CNC milling machine and comes to a conclusion that existing
CNC machines are expensive.
In paper [3] Dr.B. Jayachandraiah, O. Vamsi Krishna, P. Abdullah Khan and R. Ananda
Reddy provides the idea to develop the low cost Router system which is capable of 3 axes
simultaneous interpolated. The low cost in prototyping is achieved by using Arduino
board and interfacing it PC to make a microcontroller based CNC machine.
In paper [4] the model ETS-PCBMATE-300 is a PCB prototyping machine which works
on G-Code, the drawback of this machine is that it needs two supporting softwares which
are used for the conversion process and the two softwares by themselves are expensive
which makes the overall cost of the machine even more expensive which limits its access
few people.

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS USED
3.1 Arduino Uno

3.11 Introduction
Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and
user community that designs manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital
devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical
word. The project’s products are distributed as open source hardware and software,
which are licensed under the GNU Lesser general public license (LGPL) or the GNU
General public license (GPL), permitting the manufacture of arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessor and controllers. The boards
are equipped with sets of digital and analog I/O pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communication interfaces, including universal serial bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The
microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from the
programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler tool
chains, the arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE)
based on the processing language project.
The arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction
Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for
novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using
sensors and actuators. Common example of such devices intended for beginner
hobbyists include simple robots, and thermostats, and motion detectors.
The name arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the
project used to meet. The bar was named after arduino of Ivrea, who was the
margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

The origin of the projects started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea,
Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a
considerable expense for many students. In 2003, Colombian student Hernando
Barragan created the development platform wiring as a master’s thesis project at IDII,
under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on
the processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for
creating digital projects by non-engineers. The wiring platform Consisted of a Printed
Circuit Board (PCB) with an Atmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on processing
and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.
In 2003, Massimo Banzi, With David Mellis, another IDII student, and David
cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to wiring. But
instead of continuing the work on wiring, they copied the wiring source code and
renamed it as a separate project, called Arduino. The initial arduino core team consisted
of Massimo Banzi, David cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Millis,
but barragan was not invented to participate.
Figure 3.1 : Arduino Uno Board

3.12 Hardware
Arduino is open source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed Under a
Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the arduino
website. Layout and production file for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version
2. Nevertheless, an official Bill of Materials of Arduino boards has never been released
by arduino staff.
Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copy left
licenses, the developers have requested that the name arduino be exclusive to the
official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official
policy document on use of the arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to
incorporating work by others into the official product. Several Arduino- compatible
products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names
ending in –duino.
An early arduino board with an RS-232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel
ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the
top, the 6 analog input pins at the lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E
was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins on female headers
that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These
may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple, and possibly stacked
shields may be individually addressable via an serial bus. Most boards include a 5V
linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs,
such as the Lily Pad, run at 8MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due
to specific form-factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies

uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default boot loader of the
arduino UNO is the optiboot boot loader. Boards are loaded with program code via a
serial connection to another computer. Some serial arduino boards contain a level shift
circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor-transistor logic (TTL)
level signals. Current arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB)
implemented using USB-to-serial adaptor chip such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards
such as later-model Uno boards substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip

containing a USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP

header. Other variants such as arduino mini and Unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable
USB-to serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods, when used with
traditional microcontroller tools instead of the arduio IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used.
3.13 Pin Diagram
Figure 3.2: Pin Diagram of Arduino Uno Board
Power Pins
● Vin: This pin can be used to power the arduino board from the external power
source, like AC mains power supply. You c an supply voltage through this
pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
● 5V: The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from Vin via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5v supply.

● 3.3V: An 3.3v supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip.
● GND: There are several ground pins on arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
Analog Pins
The arduino UNO board has 6 analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can
read the signals from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor
and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
Digital Pins
The arduino board has 14 digital I/O pins (0 to 13) (of which 6 pins provided for
PWM (pulse width modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as
input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive
different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. the pins labeled “~” can be used to generate
PWM.
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1(TX): used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. On the arduino diecimilla, these pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL serial chip. On the arduino BT,
they are connected to the corresponding pins of the WT11 blurtooth module.
On the arduino mini and Lily Pad arduino, they are intended for use with an
external TTL serial module (e.g. the mini-USB adapter).
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3: these pins can be configured to differ an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
● PWM: 3, 5, 6,9,10 and 11: provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog write
() function. On board with an ATmega8, PWM output is available only on
pins 9, 10 and 11.
● BT Reset: 7: (arduino BT-only) connected to the reset line of the
Bluetoothmodule.
● SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK): These pins support SPI

communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the arduino language.
● LED: 13: on the diecimilla and Lily Pad, there is a built-in LED connected to
digital pin

3.14 General Specifications

 Microcontroller ATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Flash Memory 32 KB
 SRAM 2 KB
 Clock Speed 16 MHz
 Analog IN Pins 6
 EEPROM 1 KB
 Input Voltage 7-20 V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (6 PWM)
3.15 Applications of Arduino

 Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope.
 Ardupilot, drone software and hardware.
 Gameduino, an arduino shield to create retro 2D video games.
 Arduino phone, a do-it-yourself cell phone.
 DC motor control using arduino and H-Bridge.
 Homemade CNC using arduino and DC motors with close loop control by
homofaciens
3.2 Arduino Nano CNC Shield
3.21 Introduction
The Arduino CNC Shield makes it easy to get your CNC projects up and running in a
few hours. It uses open source firmware on Arduino to control 4 stepper motors using
4 pieces of A4988 Stepper Motor driver breakout board, with this shield and Arduino
Uno/Mega; you can build all kinds of robotics, linear motion project or projects
including CNC routers, laser cutters and even pick & place machines.
CNC shield V3.0 can be used as drive expansion board for engraving machine, 3D
printer and other devices. There’re 4 slots in the board for stepper motor drive
modules, can drive 4 stepper motors, and each step stepper motor only need two I/O
port, that is to say, 6 I/O ports can quite well to manage 3 stepper motor

Figure 3.3: Arduino Uno CNC Shield Board

It’s very convenient to use. After insert arduino CNC shield V3.0 into arduino UNO,
and installed GRBL firmware then you can quickly DIY a CNC engraving machine
3.22 Pin Layout
Figure 3.4 Micro-Stepping Jumper Location, Before Inserting A4988.
In addition to have all the GRBL function pin, Arduino CNC shield v3.0 also have
some additional pins to achieve more features.
Extra pins:
3.4 Limit switch pins have been doubled up so that each axis has a “Top/+” and
“Bottom/-“. This makes it easier to install two limit switches for each axis. (for use
with a normally open switch)


 EStop - These pins can be connected to an emergency stop switch. This does
the same as the RESET button on the Arduino board.
 Spindle and coolant control has their own pins.
 External GRBL command pins have been broken out allowing you to add
buttons for pause/hold, resume and abort.
 Serial pins (D0-1) and (A4-5) have their own break out pins for future expansions.
I2C can later be implemented by software to control things like spindle speed or
heat control.
 Version 3.00 of the board added jumpers to configure the 4th axis (clone the
other axis’s or run from pin D12-13), comms header (RX+TX, I2C) and a
stepper control header (all pins needed to run 4 steppers).
3.23 Hardware Installation
Connect the components according to the actual situations, such as motors, limit
switches, lasers, motor drives and so on.
When installing the hardware, please pay attention to the following points:
1) Incorrect connection of +/- may destroy your devices, even cause fire.
2) Please make sure to insert drivers in correct direction, or it may burn the main
board and drivers, specific installation direction please integrating Arduino
CNC shield V3.0, refer to the data sheet of motor drive
3) The input voltage of Arduino CNC shield V3.0 is DC 12V-36V, do not input
more than 36V voltage. Although the input voltage supports power supplies
upto 36V, does not mean that you can use 36 V under any circumstances,
because some motor drivers supply voltage (VMOT) is less than 36V volts
such as A4988, its supply voltage is 8- 34V, if you use 36V power supply, it
will burn the motor driver. So when you select the power supply, please refer
to the corresponding motor driver’s data sheet.
3.24 Software Installation
1) GRBL Library Installation: download and unzip grblmain.zip, put it to

libraries folder of arduino IDE installation directory. Open Arduino IDE,
choose File->Examples-
>grblmain->GRBL to Arduino, then you’ll open a grbl sample program,
select the port and board type, burn this grbl sample program to Arduino

UNO.
2) Install GRBL Controller: Download and install grbl controller, open it, and
interface it. Use the USB cable to connect your PC and Arduino UNO, select
the port and select the baud rate as 9600. Click “open”, if it connected,
“open” will be “Close/Reset”, the background is red. Click “choose file” to
choose the graphy you want to engrave, after selected click “begin” to
engrave
3.3 NEMA 17 Stepper Motor

3.31 Introduction
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that converts digital

pulses into mechanical shaft rotation in a number of equal steps. The motor's position
can then be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any feedback
sensor (an open-loop controller). The speed of rotation is directly proportional to the
pulse frequency .The higher the output voltage from the driver, the higher the level of
torque drives.
NEMA 17 stepper motor is a four phase, unipolar, permanent magnet stepper motor.
It is a standard size, 200-steps-per-revolution, NEMA 17 (1.7 in. square footprint,
5mm shaft diameter), 12V motor. This motor, like most stepper motor is a permanent
magnet motor. The mosaic stepper is typical of common high resolution motors – a
full revolution requires 200 steps, while each step turns the shaft only 1.8 degree for a
full step, or 0.9 degree in half-stepping mode. This sized motor is commonly used in
household appliances, medical equipment, stage lighting devices, and in various
industrial control applications.
3.32 Working
The motor has six wires, connected to two split windings as is common for unipolar
stepper motors. In use, the centre taps of the windings are typically wired to the
positive supply, and the two ends of each winding are alternately grounded through a
drive circuit to reverse the direction of the field provided by that winding. The motor
wiring diagram also illustrates the order of the stator poles in the motor: A, B, A’, B’.
This is the order in which they must be energized to cause the motor to step in a
specified direction (clockwise or counterclockwise).

The motor physical dimensions are shown in the following figure.
The motor is 1.7” square, 1.5” long, with a 5 mm shaft. Mounting holes take 3
mm dia, 0.5 mm pitch metric screws. Four screws are installed in the back side of the
motor. Two diagonally mounted screws are 40 mm long and extended 5.5 mm
through the front side and two are 30 mm long and leave a 4.5 mm deep threaded
socket in the front.
Figure 3.5 Stepper Motor Wiring Diagram Showing Phases and Wire Colors
3.32.1 Current / Phase: 1.7A
• Holding Torque: 4000g/cm
• Step Angle(degrees): 1.8 degree
• Step angle accuracy: + - 5%(full step, not load)
• Temperature rise: 80deg Max(rated current,2 phase on)

Figure 3.6 : Size and Physical Dimensions of the NEMA 17 Stepper Motor
Figure 3.7 : NEMA 17 Stepper Motor
3.4 Stepper Motor Driver (A4988)
3.41 Introduction
A4988 is a complete micro stepping motor driver with built-in translator for easy
operation. The product is available in full, half, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 step mode to
operate bipolar stepper motors of an output drive capability of up to 35V and +/-
2A. A4988 includes a fixed off-time current regulator; the regulator can operate in

slow or mixed decay modes. Convertor is easy to implement key for A4988. Just
enter a pulse in the “step” input drives the motor to produce micro-step. Without the
need for phase sequence tables, high frequency control lines, or complex interfaces to
program. A4988 interface is ideal for complex microprocessor is unavailable or
overloaded applications.
In the micro-step operation, the chopper control A4988 automatically selects within
the current decay mode, the device is initially set to a fixed part of the rapid decay in
downtime and slow decay for the remainder of downtime. Mixed decay current
control scheme results in reduced audible motor noise, increased step accuracy, and
reduced power consumption. Internal synchronous rectification control circuitry
provides to improve the pulse - width modulation (PWM) operation power
consumption. Internal circuit protection includes: thermal shutdown with hysteresis,
under voltage lockout (UVLO) and crossover current protection. No need special
power sequencing.
Figure 3.8: Stepper Motor Driver (A4988)
A microstepping driver such as the A4988 allows higher resolutions by allowing

intermediate step locations, which are achieved by energizing the coils with
intermediate current levels. For instance, driving a motor in quarter-step mode will
give the 200-step-per-revolution motor 800 microsteps per revolution by using four
different current levels.
This product is a carrier board or breakout board for Allegro’s A4988 DMOS
Microstepping Driver with Translator and Overcurrent Protection. This stepper motor
driver lets you control one bipolar stepper motor at up to 2 A output current per
coil.This carrier has reverse power protection on the main power input and built-in 5
V and 3.3 V voltage regulator

3.42 Pinout Information
Figure 3.9 : A4988 Stepper Driver Pinout

3.42.1 ENA: To enable (5V), and to disable (0V) the driver
3.42.2 RESET: To reset the driver work (enable (5V), disable (0V))
3.42.3 STEP: To set how many step motor will turning/ rotate
3.42.4 DIR: To set motor turning clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW)
3.42.5 VMOT: Motor voltage supply (8-35V DC)
3.42.6 GND: Motor ground supply
3.42.7 1A and 1B: Bipolar stepper motor 1st winding/core
• 2A and 2B: Bipolar stepper motor 2nd winding/core
• MS1, MS2, MS3: This logic gate input to control motor rotations, see the
logic truth table below
• VDD: Driver voltage supply (5V DC)
• GND: Driver ground supply
• Small potentiometer: For adjusting the current output (ampere) to stepper

motor.

3.43 Features
• Built-in transverter, easy to operate.
• It can operate the bipolar stepper motor under full, half, 1/4,1/8, and 1/16
stepping mode, output driving performance upto 35V and +/- 2A.
• A4988 stepper motor driver including a fixed turn-off time current voltage
stabilizer, the voltage stabilizer can work under slow or mixed evanescent
mode.
• It can drive the motor to produce micro step only enter a pulse to the stepper.
• Overheating shutdown circuit, ground short circuit protection, load short

circuit protection 5-selectable stepper mode: full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16.
3.5 Spindle (12v)
3.51 Introduction
A spindle is the rotation portion of a CNC machine on to which a cutting tool is

attached. While technically the spindle is the shaft itself, it has become common
place to refer to the motor and shaft assembly as the spindle.
There are many sizes and shapes of spindles. First, let’s look at low speed and high speed
spindles.
3.52 Low Speed Spindles
Low speed spindles are used primarily machines that need to do milling operation on
metal. They are needed when drolling larger holes may be required or for turning
very large tools.
Some milling machines use a low speed spindle. This spindle will run at an RPM
range of 500- 2500 RPM. Since most motors don’t run slowly enough, a belt or gear
reduction is used to slow down spindle shaft in most cases. Needless to say, we won’t
be using a low speed spindle on the KRedu CNC.
3.53 High Speed Spindles
Most CNC machines designed to mill wood, plastic, and sone non-ferrous metals, use
a high speed spindle. While there are several types of high speed spindles, mainly
two types “routers” and “rotary tools”.

3.54 Routers
Routers can be broken down into full size routers and trim routers. In the full size
routers, due to the weight and size of these routers, they are used on larger CNC
machines. These are both 2-1/4 HP routers. They have plenty of power for most
operations, and work well for cutting wood, plastics and aluminium. Full sized
routers can handle tool shanks from 1/4" to 1/2” and with adapters or special collets,
doen to 1/8”.
Most trim routers work just like their larger counter parts, but are smaller and
produce less horse power. These routers are just under 1HP. Trim routers are
common on many small to medium CNC machines. Most can handle tool shanks of
1/4" or 1/8” with and adapter.
3.55 Rotary Tools

There are dozens of rotary tools of all shapes and sizes. Most of these were meant to
be held in your hand and used to engrave, cut, grind and drill various materials.
Unlike routers they are not meant for the larger tasks that routers can handle. Two
rotary tools that represent most rotary tools you will find a most home centers or
hobby shops can be seen here. While they are well suited for hand held use, they are
not suited for CNC use. They have slop in the bearings and tend to have too much
runout to get an accurate cut.
There are tools that fall into the rotary tool category but are better suited to CNC use.
Lets talk about three of them.
The first is the Wecheer WE248, shown in figure 3.10
Figure 3.10: Wecheer WE248 Rotary Tool Spindle
This is the first rotary tool attached to the KReduCNC that produced results that were
accurate and repeatable. The tool has no slop and very little runout; it’s powered with

an included AC adapter and proved to be very easy to make a spindle mount.
This rotary tool is able to cut softer materials, it is found to be under powered. It also
has an auto shutoff if it senses too much load. It also worked very well for PCB work.
The second one is the Proxxon Micromot 50/E shown in figure 3.11. it has much
more power than the wecheer, and it was able to cut deeper and faster. It’s size also
made easy to mount on the KReduCNC.
The 50/E worked much better than the WE248, but it still had the following issues:
3.3.1 It requires a special 12V power source. It does add some complexity to the
build.
3.3.2 The speed control can bog down, as it has no feedback control. It can also
shutdown if pushed too hard.
Figure 3.11: Proxxon Micromot 5/E Rotary Tool Spindle
The third one is the proxxon micromot IBS/E shown in figure 3.12. This is a rotary
tool that costs almost as much as a full-sized router. The IBS/E is boasts a 1/8 HP
motor, which is plenty for the KReduCNC.
Figure 3.12 : Proxxon Micromot IBS/E Rotary Tool Spindle
It is designed for continuous use and has a full electronicspeed control with feedback.
Its speed range is 5000-20000 RPM. The motor in the IBS/E is the same used on the
proxxon MF70.

3.56 General Specificatons

 Rated voltage: DC12V
 Working voltage: 12V
 Idling speed: 12000rpm
 Rated current: 1.2A
 Rated power: 100W
3.6 SMPS (24V, 5A)
3.61Introduction
Power supply is an electronic circuit that is used for providing the electrical power to
appliances or loads suchas computers,machines,and so on. These electrical and
electronic loads require various forms of power at different ranges and with different
characteristics. So, for this reason the power is converted into the required forms
(with desired qualities) by using some power electronic converters or power
converters.
Electrical and electronic loads work with various forms of power supplies, such as
AC power supply, AC-to-DC power supply, High-voltage power supply,
Programmable power supply, Uninterruptable power supply and Switch-mode power
supply.
Switch-Mode Power Supply

The electronic power supply integrated with the switching regulator for converting
the electrical power efficiently from one form to another form with desired
characteristics is called as Switch-mode power supply. It is used to obtain regulated
DC output voltage from unregulated AC or DC input voltage.
Figure 3.13: Switch Mode Power Supply

Similar to other power supplies, switch-mode power supply is a complicated circuit

that supplies power from a source to loads. switch-mode power supply is essential for
power consuming electrical and electronic appliances and even for building electrical
and electronic projects.
Topologies of Switch Mode Power Supply
There are different types of topologies for SMPS, among those, a few are as follows
1 DC to DC converter
2 AC to DC converter
3 Fly back converter
4 Forward converter
3.62 Switch Mode Power Supply’s Working Principle
The working of a few types of switch-mode power supply topologies is as follows:
1. DC to DC Converter SMPS Working Principle
In a DC-to-DC converter, primarily a high-voltage DC power is directly obtained

from a DC power source. Then, this high-voltage DC power is switched at a very
high switching speed usually in the range of 15 KHz to 50 KHz.
And then it is fed to a step-down transformer which is comparable to the weight and
size characteristics of a transformer unit of 50Hz. The output of the step-down
transformer is further fed into the rectifier. This filtered and rectified output DC
power is used as a source for loads, and a sample of this output power is used as a
feedback for controlling the output this feedback voltage, the ON time of the
oscillator is controlled, and a closed-loop regulator is formed. The output of the
switching-power supply is regulated by using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). As
shown in the circuit above, the switch is driven by the PWM oscillator, such that the
power fed to the step-down transformer is controlled indirectly, and hence, the output
is controlled by the PWM, as this pulse width signal and the output voltage are
inversely proportional to each other. The output of the switching-power supply is
regulated by using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). As shown in the circuit above,
the switch is driven by the PWM oscillator, such that the power fed to the step-down
transformer is controlled indirectly, and hence, the output is controlled by the
PWM, as this pulse width signal and the output voltage are inversely proportional to

each other.
Figure 3.14 : DC to DC Converter SMPS

.
2. AC to DC Converter SMPS Working Principle
The AC to DC converter SMPS has an AC input. It is converted into DC by

rectification process using a rectifier and filter. This unregulated DC voltage is fed to
the large-filter capacitor or PFC (Power Factor Correction) circuits for correction of
power factor as it is affected. This is because around voltage peaks, the rectifier
draws short current pulses having significantly high-frequency energy which affects
the power factor to reduce.
Figure 3.15 : AC to DC Converter SMPS

It is almost similar to the above discussed DC to DC converter, but instead of direct

DC power supply, here AC input is used. So, the combination of the rectifier and
filter, shown in the block diagram is used for converting the AC into DC and
switching is done by using a power MOSFET amplifier with which very high gain
can be achieved. The MOSFET transistor has low on-resistance and can withstand
high currents. The switching frequency is chosen such that it must be kept inaudible
to normal human beings (mostly above 20KHz) and switching action is controlled by
a feedback utilizing the PWM oscillator.
This AC voltage is again fed to the output transformer shown in the figure to step
down or step up the voltage levels. Then, the output of this transformer is rectified
and smoothed by using the output rectifier and filter. A feedback circuit is used to
control the output voltage by comparing it with the reference voltage.
3. Fly-back Converter type SMPS Working Principle
The SMPS circuit with very low output power of less than 100W (watts) is usually of
Fly-back converter type SMPS, and it is very simple and low- cost circuit compared
to other SMPS circuits. Hence, it is frequently used for low-power applications. The
unregulated input voltage with a constant magnitude is converted into a desired
output voltage by fast switching using a MOSFET; the switching frequency is around
100 kHz.
Figure 3.16: Fly-back Converter SMPS
The isolation of voltage can be achieved by using a transformer. The switch

operation can be controlled by using a PWM control while implementing a practical

fly-back converter.
Fly-back transformer exhibits different characteristics compared to general

transformer. The two windings of the fly-back transformer act as magnetically
coupled inductors. The output of this transformer is passed through a diode and a
capacitor for rectification and filtering. As shown in the figure, the voltage across this
filter capacitor is taken as the output voltage of the SMPS.
4. Forward Converter type SMPS Working

Forward converter type SMPS is almost similar to the Fly-back converter type SMPS,
but in the forward converter type, a control is connected for controlling the switch and
at the output of the secondary winding of the transformer, and the rectification and
filtering circuit is complicated as compared to the fly-back converter.
It can be called as a DC to DC buck converter, along with a transformer used for
isolation and scaling. In addition to the diode D1 and capacitor C, a diode D2 and an
inductor L are connected at the output end. If switch S gets switched ON, then the
input is given to the primary winding of the transformer, and hence, a scaled voltage
is generated at the secondary winding of the transformer.
Figure 3.17: Forward Converter Type SMPS
Thus, the diode D1 gets forward biased and scaled voltage is passed through the
low-pass filter preceding the load. If the switch S is turned off, then the currents
through the primary and secondary winding reach to zero, but the current through the
inductive filter and load can not be change abruptly, and a path is provided to this
current by the freewheeling diode D2. By using the filter inductor, the required
voltage across the diode D2 and to maintain the EMF required for maintaining the
continuity of the current at inductive filter.Even though the current is diminishing
against the output voltage, approximately the constant output voltage is maintained
with the presence of the large capacitive filter. It is frequently used for switching
applications with a power in the range of 100 W to 200

 Input Voltage: 100~240V 50/60Hz
 Output Voltage: 12V/24V
 Output Current: 5A
 Safety Compliance: CE RoHS
 Working Temperature: 0~40° C
3.7 SOFTWARES USED

 Eagle
 FlatCam
 Xloader
 bCNC

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
The structural design of the machine including to wiring connection and the
software adopted to generate codes and C+ language. Finally, but not last is
Development the base of the design that has been achieved.
4.1 Structure Design
The machine structure is the vital part of the machining tool. It merges all machine
components into a single complete system. The machine structure is vital to the
efficiency of the machine since it’s directly affecting the total dynamic stiffness
and also affecting the damping response. Perfectly designed structure can afford
high stiffness, which leads to precise operation. Mini scaled machine tool required
more precise stiffness than the regular large-scale machine tool.
The initial design will be drafting or sketching then when the design satisfied. The
next level will be deciding the criteria required which is firstly the length travel.
The length travel is the length of the X, Y and Z axis that travels from one point to
another. The X axis move left & right, Y axis move front & back, Z axis moves Up
and Down. Travel length that is to be designed is X axis 3.5 foot and Y axis 2.5
foot and Z axis will be 0.984 foot. This structure comes with less materials hence
it’s very less expensive to build which it’s designed to cut wood plastic and
aluminum.
Figure 4.1: structure of CNC machine

4.2 Mechanical Design :

The main tools in mechanical design consist of multiplex board, stepper motor,
linear bearing, ball bearing, linear shaft, leadcrew and nut, coupling beam, power
supply and spindle drill. Figure 2 is a 3D design of CNC machine made using
AutoCad software.
Figure 4.2 : CNC machine viewed from top left corner
4.3 Electronic Design:

The electronic system used on microcontroller based CNC machine was the power
supply which used as a voltage source on personal computers and CNC machine.
Personal computer was used as a device to run some software such as Chilipeppr,
Universal Gcode Sender, and Arduino IDE, also to send design file to Arduino
Uno microcontroller using serial communication. 12V 10A power supply was
used as a voltage source for A4988 driver motor to run stepper motors which
controlled by Arduino Uno microcontroller, and 12V voltage source was used as a
driver motor
Arduino Uno cooler to avoid overheating that could damage component. 48V10A
power supply was used as a voltage source for spindle drill, the voltage that goes
into the spindle drill was set using a motor controller. The 3 stepper motors will
move the spindle drill in the direction of the X, Y and Z axes, so that the object
can be formed according to the design. Display of microcontroller based CNC
machine

4.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 4.3 : Block Diagram of Wireless Controller System
The control unit consists of Raspberry Pi which in interfaced with an Atmega328p based
Arduino Uno Board. Arduino Uno controls stepper motor drivers and relay. A4988 is the
stepper motor driver. The communication between personal devices such as Tablets,
Phones or PC and CNC machine is wireless. Power supply of different voltage and
current levels is given to different parts of the system as required. as a safety measure
emergency stop buttons and limit switches are provided
4.5 G-code
G-code is an industry standard for a machine control guideline set, specified in a
few international standards including RS274D and ISO 6983. G-code documents
are ASCII content records, comprising of an arrangement of charge codes. Each
order code is, as a rule, a solitary in sequential order character took after by
numeric parameters.
G Code Example
The program, given below, will draw a 1” diameter circle about the origin.
G17 G20 G90

G94
G54 G0 Z0.25
X-0.5
Y0.
Z0.1

G01 Z0. F5
G02 X0. Y0.5 I0.5
J0. F2.5
X0.5 Y0. I0. J-0.5

X0. Y-0.5 I-0.5 J0
X-0.5 Y0. I0.
J0.5 G01 Z0.1
F5.
G00 X0. Y0. Z0.25
Important to remember that all gCode programs a simple text files save with a “.nc”
extension.
First Step
Steps to run the program:
1. Loading a marker into the spindle(while it is off). Markers work better

than pens because the tip is softer and is more forgiving. Then, setup a
piece of paper or other material on which to draw near the center of the
machine’s work envelop.
2. Power on the machine.
3. Connecting to the machine with Universal gCode Sender
SETTING THE ZERO POSITION

4. Jogging (move) the spindle to the center of the machine table
● Under the “Machine Control” Tab enter “.1” into the “Step Size” box & press
enter.
● Selecting - “inches”.
● To move the machine close to the center of the work table The X+,X-
,Y+ and Y- buttons are used.
● To tell the machine to remember this position as the X zero location,
Press the “Reset X Axis” button.
● To tell the machine to remember this position as the Y zero location,
Press the “Reset Y Axis” button.

● Now we need to slowly use the “Z-“ button to lower the marker tip.
Then, stop when the marker tip gets close to the paper.
● Adjusting the “Step Size” to .01. After entering the value, Press enter.
● Until it touches the paper by tapping the “Z-“ button, let’s continue lowering the
marker.
● To tell the machine to remember this position as the Z zero location,
Press the “Reset Z Axis” button.
● Retracting the marker from the paper using the “Z+” button. Let’s go at
least .1” above the paper. This is equal to 10 clicks of the “Z+” button
when the step size is set to .01
Loading the CNC Program

1. Going to the “File Mode” tab.
2. Selecting “Browse” and search for the “circle.nc” file.
3. Clicking “Open”.
4. The next button press will send the “circle.nc” G-code program to the
machine and it will start to move.
5. This is for all the marbles. Let’s click the “Send” button.
6. The machine will start moving.
● First, it will move the Z axis to .25”

● Next, the machine will move to X = -0.5 and Y = 0.0,Important to remember
that the marker should not be touching the paper yet.
● Now the machine will lower to Z = 0.0. Also, marker should touch the paper
● The machine will slowly draw a clockwise circle.

● When the circle is complete, the machine will move the Z axis up to .1”
● Now that machine will return to the X & Y zero position.
● Finally the z axis will move back up to the original .25” starting position.

Figure 4.4 : Universal Gcode Sender
4.6 GRBL CONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION
Many people use GRBL in DIY CNC Controller. The software runs the machine very
smoothly with excellent acceleration & deceleration control. GRBL looks for lines of G-
code passed over USB and also manages all of the timing necessary which allows for the
machine controller to be computer agnostic.
Definition
An open source, embedded, high performance g-code-parser and CNC milling controller
written in optimized C that will run on a straight Arduino
Reason to choose Arduino

Now-a-days, Arduino is one of the most available platform, which is familiar by
people with the hardware and IDE. Moreover, its low cost minimizes the barrier to
entry for CNC motion control. Furthermore, the proliferation of Arduino allows for
widespread adoption of GRBL. Using the Arduino platform aligns with the larger
maker movement of democratizing fabrication.

Features
Some important features of GRBL are:
● It enables communication over USB.
● GRBL has many advanced parameters that many beginners will not
need. However, these functions allow the user to grow into using the full
capabilities of their machine.
Limitation of GRBL
● Backlash compensation: In any machine there is “slop” which is a

technical term. Due to the mechanical components of the system,
Backlash is lost motion. Backlash compensation is a way to tell the
software how much lost motion the machine has in the x, y & z-axis.
The machine controller will use these values each time the machine
changes direction to improve the precision of the motion.
● Grbl supports 3-axis of motion (x, y, z). But it does not support rotation axes.
● Tuning GRBL can be somewhat intimidating.
Additional Items for GRBL

To create a NC controller using GRBL software, we need a few additional
items mentioned below.
● Arduino: To host the GRBL software.
● Stepper Motors: These provide the motion to move your machine
● Stepper Motor Drivers: the Bridge between the Arduino and stepper
motors that move the machine.
● Power supply: connect to the stepper motor drivers and provides the
power to the drivers & stepper motors
● Computer to have a USB connection between a computer and the

Arduino
● G-code Parser (Software): To upload a G-Code file. This software

sends the file one line at time to the GRBL software.

Figure 4.5 : GRBL Overview
4.7 GRBL Settings

First Step
Figure below shows installation of Universal Gcode Sender and
GRBL.
Figure 4.6 : Universal Gcode Sender Main Screen

Display Current GRBL Settings

To get our CNC machines to do exactly what we want, there are quite a few
GRBL settings that we can adjust. While setting up the machine as opposed to
going back and searching the GRBL wiki page, it’s easier to refer back to a
single sheet.
By Typing “$$”, we can see the current settings. It displays the available user
defined settings in the console window.
Here, we are interested in the “Steps/mm” settings.
$100=314.961 (x, step/mm)

$101=314.961 (y, step/mm)
$102=78.740 (z, step/mm)
Important thing to remember that these were not the default settings on the
System
Lead Screw Pitch = .200 inches (inches per revolution)
Stepper Motor # of Steps per Revolution = 200 (steps/revolution)
Micro Stepping Setting = 8X
Calculating the “step/mm” Value

Example calculations demonstrating how to find the step/mm value After a few
quick calculations we have the values we need. Let’s update the GRBL settings
by typing the following into the command line.
$100 = 314.961
This will set the X axis steps per mm. Let’s repeat the process for the Y and Z axis
using
$101 and $102 respectively.
Important thing to remember that the Z axis setting is different because of running
a lower micro stepping count of 2x to get a little more power to lift the head of the
mill.

CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
5.1 ADVANTAGES
• The 3Xs CNC machine is low cost as compared to the other CNC machines.
• The operating area is expandable according to the user need.
• Easy to transport the machine from one place to another place.
• No need to require any skilled labour to operate this machine.
• We can easily replace the component if any problem occurs.
• Software cost is nil.
• Rotating speed of the spindle can be varied as per our requirement.
• This machine can be used for both PCB designing and engraving.
• Small in size.
• Reduces the workload for making the prototype.
5.2 APPLICATIONS
 Mainly for the EEE and ECE students for designing PCBs.
 Electronic project hobbyist to create the new project.
 Infinite research and development on CNC machine.

CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND COMPARISON
6.1 RESULT
It is possible to design and develop a low cost PCB CNC machine using Arduino.Since
the position of the motors are seen both graphically and visually the process can be
stopped at any instant of time and can be resumed again.due its low cost machine the end
product price gets decreasedthat is the PCB board printing price get low,this CNC
machine is not only ment for PCB desighning but also for engraving the 3D arts on the
wood,acrylic and sunboard
6.2 COMPARISON
Model AR0502 ER3030 ETS CNC 3040 Our Project

No PCBMATE
Work 300x500mm 300x300mm 220x330mm Not Specified 300x300mm

Area
Spindle 60000 rpm 12000 rpm 25000 rpm 9000 rpm 7000 rpm
Speed
Offline Yes Yes Yes No No

Control
Stepper Nema 34 Nema 23 Nema 23 Nema 23 Nema 17

Motor
Software Mach 3 Mach 3 Mach 3 Not Specified ChilliPeppr

Used
Cost 6 Lakh Rs 3.4 Lakh Rs 4.92 Lakh Rs 1.05 Lakh Rs 20,000 Rs
Table 5.1 Comparison Cost of CNC Machine

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 CONCLUSION
By using this setup with a combination of Eagle software, G-code Arduino software
for smooth operation and give better accuracy for design PCB. This setup is used to
reduce the process of etching and drilling. G-code makes position from layout design
to move with proper position. Whenever require to start and stop whole process will
depend on you. By using Arduino nano board, the set up is flexible and reduce
workload for make Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
 The PCB Drilling Machine can be replaced the high cost CNC and NC
machines in order to reduce the cost for mass production. Thus by using the
path planning the machine drills in a more systematic way. Hence further
development can be made in future in order to achieve more accuracy. In the
future
 Current system can be improved to reach higher axis speeds.
 Variable spindle speed control mechanism can be easily incorporated to the

system.
 The developed system can be built up for milling PCBs

Reference
[1]. Kajal J. Madekar, Kranti R. Nanaware, Pooja R. Phadtare, Vikas S. Mane,

“Automatic mini CNC machine for PCB drawing and drilling” International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume: 03 Issue: 02 Feb-
2016 p-ISSN: 2395-0072 e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
[2]. Rodrigo Basniak, Márcio Fontana Catapan, “DESIGN OF A PCB MILLING
MACHINE” ABCM Symposium Series in Mechatronics - Vol. 5 Section VIII
- Sensors & Actuators Page 1339 – 1348
[3]. Dr.J.B. Jayachandraiah, Vamsi Krishna, P. Abdullah khan, R. Ananda Reddy
“Fabrication of Low cost 3 axis CNC Router”, International Journal of
Engineering Science invention, ISSN (online):2319-6734, ISSN(print) 2319-
6726, vol 3 issue6, june2014,
[4]. “ETS-PCBMATE” PCB Prototype Making Machine, Software’s and Other
Accessories Specification
[5]. Saif Aldeen Saad Obayes, Ibtesam R. K. Al-Saedi “Prototype Wireless
Controller System based on Raspberry Pi and Arduino for Engraving
Machine” 2017 UKSim-AMSS 19th International Conference on Modelling
& Simulation pp 69-74

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3 AXIS ENGRAVING AND PCB MILLING

A Project Report Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

One important deployment of this method will be to replace normal wiring of

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 1

has become major factor to increase productivity and profitability as it leads to

1.2 Problem Statement

• The already existing CNC machines are very complex to use

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 2

2.1 Review of Previous Work

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 3

3.1 Arduino Uno

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 4

Figure 3.1 : Arduino Uno Board

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 5

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 6

containing a USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP

3.13 Pin Diagram

Figure 3.2: Pin Diagram of Arduino Uno Board

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 7

● 3.3V: An 3.3v supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip.

● SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK): These pins support SPI

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 8

3.14 General Specifications

3.15 Applications of Arduino

3.2 Arduino Nano CNC Shield

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 9

Figure 3.3: Arduino Uno CNC Shield Board

3.22 Pin Layout

Figure 3.4 Micro-Stepping Jumper Location, Before Inserting A4988.

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 10

3.23 Hardware Installation

3.24 Software Installation

1) GRBL Library Installation: download and unzip grblmain.zip, put it to

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 11

3.3 NEMA 17 Stepper Motor

A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that converts digital

Department of EEE, VVIET, Mysuru /2018-19 Page 12

The motor physical dimensions are shown in the following figure.

3.33 General Specifications

3.32.1 Current / Phase: 1.7A

• Holding Torque: 4000g/cm

• Step Angle(degrees): 1.8 degree

• Step angle accuracy: + - 5%(full step, not load)

• Temperature rise: 80deg Max(rated current,2 phase on)

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Figure 3.7 : NEMA 17 Stepper Motor

3.4 Stepper Motor Driver (A4988)

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Figure 3.8: Stepper Motor Driver (A4988)

A microstepping driver such as the A4988 allows higher resolutions by allowing

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3.42 Pinout Information

Figure 3.9 : A4988 Stepper Driver Pinout

3.42.4 DIR: To set motor turning clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW)