t

1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

A Case Study for Loss Reduction in Distribution

Networks using Shunt Capacitors

Satish Sainil, M.P. Sharma2, Bhavesh Vyas3 and Manoj Gupta4

1,4 Poornima University, Jaipur, India
2RRVPNL, Jaipur, India
3EE Dept. Arya College of Engg., & LT., Jaipur, India
E-mail: Isatishjaipur2011@gmail.com.2mahavir_sh@rediffmail.com.
3tonu567@gmail.com, 4manojg@poornima.edu.in

Abstract-The Paper presents study
distribution network of Jaipur city, with shunt capacitor
placement at 11kV voltage level. In the current scenario
utilities are managing the expansion of distribution network
without planning the shunt capacitors. This paper provides
an analysis of distribution losses in Jaipur city by modeling
the present scenario of distribution network
without shunt capacitor banks. The model of 260
network is designed and reactive power requirement for
constant power load are calculated from load flow studies by
using Mi-power Software. The proposed model is designed
with capacitor installation, calculating the reactive power
requirements of real time existing system. Comparative
studies have been carried with updated system parameters
for power flow. The effect of capacitors on network lines,
transformers, Substation power factor &system loadings
have been researched both with & without Capacitor Bank
over the Test system. An overall financial analysis detailing
annual cost & energy saving is also presented.
capacity utilization factor suggesting for optimal utilization
of capacitor banks with case studies, are followed by results
with simulated changes in swing bus voltage have been
addressed.
Keywords-Capacitor Bank Placement;
Capacitor Utilization; Jaipur City 260 Bus
Network; Reactive Compensation; Loss Reduction
L INTRODUCTION
Worldwide the population is forming changes in the
old structural grid equipment's and devices. Therefore, the
utility had to maintain grid efficiency by performing
regular system studies and deploying up to date measures
to cope up with instability problems. Distribution
networks are continuously expanding and are becoming
complicated day by day [1].
The major problem in running old system network
with increase in load growth raises the necessity of
fulfilling the reactive power requirements in the
distribution networks. Shunt capacitor banks are being
installed at 33 kV voItages at Extra High VoItage (EHV)
sub-stations. Very few capacitor banks are installed in
distribution network at 11 kV voItage level. Distribution
losses may be reduced significantly if capacitor Banks are
installed at 11 kV voItage level.
978-1-4673-8587-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
of 11 kV In this paper, Jaipur city distribution network has
been studied to assess the impact of shunt capacitor banks
on losses, lines & transformers loading and network
voItage profile. The effect of capacitors on network lines,
transformers, Substation power factor & system loadings
operating have been researched both with & without Capacitor Bank
bus over the Test system.
11. LITERATURE STUDY
There are several methods of voItage control [2],
similar to utilizing tap changing transformers, excitation
control, induction regulators etc. the system voItage is
changed in accordance with the load to obtain a fairly
constant voItage at the consumer's end of the system. In a
distribution system, the voItage profile of grid reduces as
Lastly we scales away from substations, also the losses increases
squarely [3]. The reason is the deficient amount of
reactive power, which can be delivered by shunt
capacitors if provided in the system. Several researchers
Optimum
have pointed out the importance of shunt capacitor
Distribution placement, Grainger & Lee [4] created a nonlinear
programming based theory in which location of capacitor
and its capacity were identified as continuous variables.
Grainger [5] also expressed the capacitor placement and
voItage regulators problem and suggested decoupled
solution methodology for distribution system. Baran and
Wu [6,7] explored with a mixed integer programming.
Similarly Sundharajan and Pahwa [8] applied genetic
algorithm approach for optimal placement of capacitors.
Similar work presented by R.S. Rao & S.V.L.
Narsimham[9] through a well-organized way of capacitor
placement in radial distribution systems by a new
algorithm that employs Plant growth Simulation
Algorithm (PGSA) is used to estimate the optimal size of
capacitors at the optimal buses, with an objective of
improving the voItage profile and reduction of power
losses were achieved.
The optimal capacitor placement is a complicated
combination based optimization problem, many different
optimization techniques and algorithms have been
[1)
 t
1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

progressed. The forces of refining the overall productivity Initially the test system data is accumulated for line
of power distribution have forced the operators to work on conductors to be used, the r/x ratio of distribution
loss reduction. transformer units; copper losses as weil as the bus bar
voItage limits were being identified. The simulation model
III. TEST SYSTEM DESCRIPTION with pattern of radial power tlow in Jaipur network is
prepared in the Mi-Power software. The Table 2 lists the
The designed system is a real-time network of Jaipur
input parameters of the test system obtained after
city (Rajasthan State Power System). It is designed & modeling.
simulatedin the software 'Mi-Power' [10] developed by TABLE 2: INPUT SYSTEM PARAMETERS
M/s PRDC Bangalore. The software offers platform to
Sr. No. Input Data Data Values
design, analyzeand perform load tlow analysis with I Total Real Power Load 691.181 MW
detailed report analysis. The distribution line set up is 2 Total Reactive Power Load 518.386 MV A r
obtained by using power map. It describes the connectivity 3 Load Power Factor 0.80
of 33 kV line &11 KV sub-station of Jaipur city. The 4 Number of Generator Buses (Swing Bus) I
network designed is of Jaipur city representing peak load 5 Total Number ofBuses 260
of approximately 691 MW. The power is supplied by 6 Number of 132 kV Buses 18
swing bus to the system of seventeen 132 kV GSS and one 7 Number of33 kV Buses 121
hundred & twenty one number of 33 kV GSS delivering to 8 Number of II kV Buses 121
one hundred and twenty one number of 11 kV GSS 9 Number of Total Lines 164
10 Number of 132 kV Lines 17
covering major load of Jaipur city. An amount of one
II Number of33 kV Lines III
hundred and sixty four number of transmission lines are
12 Number of Total Transfomers 138
drawn using the power map which are connecting these
13 Number of 132 /33 kV Transfomers 17
sub-stations. 14 Number of33111 kV Transfomers 121
As per Indian Electricity Grid Code 2008 [11] 15 Number ofLoad Buses ( lI kV level) 121
minimum and maximum voltage limits at various voItage
levels are presented in Table 1. IV. CAPACITOR PLACEMENT & L OAD FLOW STUDIES
TABLE I: VOLTAGE LIMITS ATVARIOUS LEVELS
Load is represented at 11 kV voItage level. There are
Voltage Variation Minimum Maximum
121 load buses being connected to the various GSS of
Level Limits Voltage Voltage
Jaipur City distribution network.The majority of load
- 7.57%
132 kV 122KV 145KV includes residential, small scale industry as weil as
+ 9.84%
educational hubs of the city have been considered along
- 9.09%
33 kV 30KV 36KV with bus wise connectivity from distribution feeders. Load
+ 9.09%
tlow study has been carried out of Jaipur city network
- 9.09%
II kV 10KV 12KV using MiPower software. Following two cases have been
+ 9.09%
deliberated in the load tlow study:
The single line diagram of Jaipur city presented in Case 1: Load tlow study of existing Jaipur city
Fig. 1 represent real time power system, grids with buses, network without shunt capacitor banks at 11 kV voItage
transformers and loads represented in colour specific level.
Case 11: Load tlow study of existing Jaipur city
codes.
n �tw�� �t� �hunt capacitor b�� �s at 11 kV voItage le� � .
. . _ _
. � .. ""'::
-� -
'- --- .
.l:
-- -�

_-� __ ,_- _ :_��-��-�.' F: �. . �-

-
-
t. -·

- - , -=-� � __ . ",-.... - :�"'-

- . -- - .- - . -
. . __

.= " . - - --
=t" �
"!!.-.
--�' .
, _
-
-

,
� .

'_--:- .'- ;r.:: - ...... 7.:

s.l: ... :;.i" .;.
.. ..
�.:';: ...:.; -
".
. .

� - ...
" .
'J -r .,-r
_
". .,.. '; t T
_
, '"
"""'-w-
� .. . 5::�':;"_
""': . ...... : r ;T . ,...
�: ��

Fig. I: Single Line Diagram of Jaipur City N etwork Fig. 2: LFA Power Flow in MW & Mvar CASE-I

[21
 t
1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
.. '..... _ ...... '�,_.,"' ... , •• _ ••,., .... ", ................ ,u .... , _ . . .. _ .. __ _
5 Total Project Cost (3+4) 106550662.88

Rs. in
(Combined Capacity is 434.8 MVAr) I
Ten Crore Sixty Five Lakhs Fifty Thousand Seven
words Hundred & Sixty Two
On the basis of cost of 3 MVAR and l.6 MVAR
capacitor banks, the total cost of proposed shunt capacitor
banks which is to be installed in the Jaipur city network is
tabulated at Table 4.
An averagecost of 10 crores has to be invested to
provide loss reduction & energy savings in Jaipur City.
.=.:...• .:'
-,.. -.-

.:r."'!f "T
- T
C. Savings Obtained from Lass Reduction
.f..1"':R:.��.
T �
�.::t ·t��.. ....
"y
1
- .
;--: .:
.. ..

. - y
. .
.....

-...� � -.. -.- �.� .. ;�-.- :;�, .... In Case 11 total system losses are reduced as
� � ....':":"�.:'
Y"... ':;'a
. ""!I"".!• ;' ':I""T
-
ij-. T..-=-�. E��=' compared to Case I. The losses are reduced from 18.00
� ..:!" .;'" T .; :' ....
__
""'!'" ...- ..
_ _
n"' ::.a'
-�. ... ' E:.�i.=:;'

MW to 10.12 MW providing a reduction of 7.88 MW.

Fig. 3: LFA Power Flow in MW & Mvar CASE-II Considering 80 percent load factor (0.8) Annual Energy
Saving (AES) is determined.
The effect of shunt capacitor banks in distribution Loss load factor (LLF) =
network has been analyzed in the simulation studies. The 0.3 (LF) + 0.7 (LF) 2 = 0.688 (1)
capacitor placement have encroached the system for a AES= [7.88 x8760xLLFx10001105 LUs/Annum] (2)
stable grid operation by providing redundancy through AES= 474.918 LUs/Annum (3)
compensation. The annual savings obtained by the installation of 11
V. SIMULATION STUDY RESULTS
kV shunt capacitor banks in tenns of money is presented
as lakhs per annum.
The designed model of distribution network is Annual cost saving = Units Saved Xtariff rate (4)
analyzed for both two cases, case I, i.e. without capacitor ACS = (474.918)X(5) (5)
placement & Case 11 i.e. with capacitor utilization. The ACS = Rs. 2374.59 Lakhs/Annum (6)
deviations obtained in the power tlows and various other Annual cost saving for 691.181 MW load is approx.
parameters are discussed as simulation resuIts in the Rs. 23.74crores. The total cost of shunt capacitor banks
following sub sections. which are to be installed in the Jaipur city is approx. 10.65
crores whereas cost saving areapprox. 23.74 Crore yearly.
A. Effect on MW Lasses & MVAR Lasses
Therefore, cost of shunt capacitor banks will be recovered
The loss reduction from 18.00 to 10.12 MW has been in the first deployment year. With context to present
obtained by the application of shunt capacitor in the scenario the load of Jaipur discomis approx. 2000 MW.
system. The Mvar loss reduction from 94.61 to 4l.71 has Therefore, such obtained annual cost saving is better
been obtained by the utilization of shunt capacitor in the option for utilities if shunt capacitor banks are installed in
system. the whole network at 11 kV voItage level.
TABLE 3: MW LOSSES OF JAIPUR CITYNETWORK
D. Effect on Transformer Loadings
Particulars Case I Case II
MW losses 18.0088 (2.60%) 10.1251 (1.46%) The comparative analysis of transformer loading
MVAR losses 94.6101 41.7120 provides a reduction in number of transformers loading as
tabulated in Table 5. The majority of transformers are now
Studies indicate that distribution losses are shifted towards a less loading percentage zone.
significantly reduced with shunt capacitor banks at 11 kV TABLE 5: TRANSFORMER LOADINGS
voItage level.
Sr. No. No. ofTransformers Loaded Between CASEI CASEII
I Above 75% 5 2
B. Cast BenejitAnalysis ofShunt Capacitors 2 50% -75% 115 8
Bank Installation 3 25%-50% 14 124
4 01%-25% 4 4
TABLE 4: COST OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS INSTALLED IN JAIPUR CITY

Sr. No. Particulars (lI kV Capacitor Bank) Cost(Rs.) E. Effect on Distribution Network Lines Loadings
I Cost of one 3 Mvar 671903 .02
2 Cost of one 1.6 Mvar 483958.12
The simulations studies for constant power load and
3 Cost of Total 106 Number of3 Mvar 71221720.12 capacitor bank placements at distribution level suggests a
(Total capacity 3 IBMvar) reduction in percentage of loading of network lines which
4 Cost of Total 73 Number of 1.6 Mvar 35328942.76 were previously in the zone of higher loading when the
(Total capacity I16.8 Mvar) system is operated without capacitor.

[31
 t
1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

TABLE 6: DISTRIBUTION LINE LOADINGS FOR CASE I & CASE II The power factor of transformers in Case 11 have been
Sr. No. No. orLines Loaded between Case I Case TI significantly improved as compared to Case I. For fixed
1 Above 75% 17 11 Power demand after switching the capacitor bank reactive
2 50% -75% 19 12
3 25%-50% 46 45 power tlow (MVAR) in system reduced as a resuIt of
4 01%-25% 46 60 compensation.

F. Effect on Min-Max Bus Voltage Limits VI. O PTIMAL UTILIZATION OF CAPACITOR BANK

The utilization of capacitor banks provided a line up
control in the number of Iines which were on a verge of
crossing minimum voItage limit the simulation studies
observes a better voItage profile with better utilization of
capacitor banks.
TABLE 7: Bus VOLTAGE LIMITS FOR CASE
G. Effect on Reactive Power Flow on Lines
Capacitor banks inject reactive power in the system.
For fixed reactive power demand after switching the
capacitor banks reactive power tlow in network lines
reduced because reactive power part of load is
compensated by capacitor bank. Graphical representation
of reactive tlow studies for case I & 11 has been
represented in Fig. 4.
Simulation studies indicate that reactive power tlow
on network lines in Case 11 have been significantly
reduced as compared to Case I. Numbered network lines
has been represented. The fall of trend in graph c1early
depicts the amount of compensation being provided by
using shunt capacitors & the amount of compensation
capable in maintaining the system power factor too.
The Utilities are advised to use capacitor banks to
fulfill the reactive power requirements. Load growth
maximizes the amount of reactive power demand (motors,
compressors, etc.) in the system. Thus to provide reactive
support to them capacitor banks are necessary, which will
I & CASE II
increase the voItage by around 0.5-2% in its nearby area.
Since there is no generation at any level, the voItage drops
on the network, across the transformer, and on the
secondary and service lines. Due to low network voItage,
capacitor banks are being under-utilized. Capacitor banks
can be utilized up to their rated capacity by improving the
11 kV voItages.
Case Study is being performed on 11 kV voItage
profile of Jaipur city network by changing the swing bus
voItage. Four different cases considered to visualize the
effect of optimum utilization of capacitor with a change in
voItage profile. The swing bus voItage has been varied in
four cases (at 0.95, 0.97, 1.00, and 1.02) &load tlow
studies for simulated model in each different sections have
been compared. The effect of Bus voItage on capacitor
bank output as weil as the capacitor capacity utilization
factor has been represented in Table 8 & Table 9
respectively.
TABLE 8: EFFECT OF Bus VOLTAGE ON CAPACITOR BANK OUTPUT

30 ,-
-- Case Number Swin2 Bus Volta2e (pu) Total MVAr Generated
�WITHOUT CAPACITOR
25 +4.--- ---­ Case- I 0.95 354.535
_WITH CAPAcrrOR
20 +---��----
Case- 2 0.97 374.092
Case- 3 l.00 404.057
15 +-----�����-- Case-4 l.02 24.455
10 +-------���
Shunt capacitor bank Capacity utilization factor is
defined below.
actual output ofcapacitor bank
3 § � � g g § %CUF= 100
capacity ofcapacitor bank at nominal system volage
� � � � � � � � *
� � � �
00
� � � � �
� "l Cl � � � Cl Cl i!i � � � � � �
By using load tlow studies, CUF calculated as shown
Fig. 4: Reactive Flüw Studies für Case I & Case II
in Table 9.
TABLE 9: CAPACITOR UTiLIZATlON FACTOR
H Effect on Trans/armer Reactive Flows

,. Callacity
�WITHOUT CAPACITOR lllllllt Parameters %CUF
...... Utilizatioll Factor
12 _WITH CAPAcrrOR
10 \. Case 1
3 4. 34
5 5 * 100 81.54%
� =
434.80
=

6 374.092
Case 2 * 100 86 04%
•
434 .80
= = .

2 .......
....-.... J-&. -- 404.0 7
0 5 *
=

Case 3 100 92 92%

434.80
= .

����0��#�����������
�/#�r��#//���/��//�
� �(:j
(0) q,q;. -4Q �� ����..:s � <:i�����4 � t:O� �� �v4
424 . 4
Case 4 55 * 100 97 62%
434.80
= = .

Fig. 5: Reactive Flüw Studies für Case 1 & Case II

[41
 t
1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Capacity utilization factor of shunt capacitor banks is REFERENCES

increased from 81.54% to 97.62% in Case 4 to Case 1,
which restricts the addition of more capacitor, banks in the
system. Therefore, with the optimum utilization of
capacitor the network reliability have been also improved
in the form of good power factor and with reduction in the
network losses. As shown in Table 10 respectively.
TABLE 10: E FFECT ON Mw & MvA r LOSSES
Particulars Case I Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
MW losses 13.53 12.60 11.41 10.73
MVAR losses 67.20 60.52 51.69 46.47
Load tlow studies indicate that with increase of 11 kV
voltage profile & optimal operation of shunt capacitor
banks, Jaipur city losses (both MW & Mvar) are reduced
from Case 1 to Case 4.The losses are reduced from 13.53
MW to 10.73 MW in Case 4 as compared to case 1.
Losses are reduced by 2.8 MW. The annual energy & cost
savings are obtained after calculations.
Loss load factor (LLF) = 0.688 (7)
Annual Energy Saving (AES)=168.75 LUs/Annum (8)
Annual Cost Saving (ACS) = Rs 843.76 Lakh (9)
The Sub-Station Power Factor has been significantly
improved from case 1 to Case 4. The distribution voltage
should be maintained near to nominal for optimum
utilization of shunt capacitor banks.
VII. CONCLUSION
[I] Richard C. Dorf, "The Electrical Engineering Handbook".
[2 ] GIenB allou, "Electrical Engineering Handbook", 1999.
[3 ] Ed LL. Grisby B oca Ranon, "Electrical Power Engineering", 2001
[4 ] J. J. Grainger and S. H. Lee, "Optimum Size and Location of Shunt
Capacitors for Reduction of Losses on Distribution Feeders," IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 100 , N o. 3, pp.
I105 - I I18 , March 1981.
[5 ] J.J. Grainger and S. Civanlar, "Volt/var control on Distribution
systems with lateral branches using shunt capacitors as Voltage
regulators-part I, 11 and lll," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and
systems, vol. 104 , N o. 11 , pp. 3278 -3297 , N ov. 1985.
[6 ] M. E B aran and F. F. Wu, "Optimal Sizing of Capacitors Placed on
a Radial Distribution System", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
N o.l, pp. I105 -1 I17, Jan. 1989
[7 ] M. E. B aran and F. F. Wu, "Optimal Capacitor Placement on radial
distribution system," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4 , N o.l, pp.
725 - 734 , Jan. 1989.
[8 ] Sundharajan and A. Pahwa, "Optimal selection of capacitors for
radial distribution systems using genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans.
Power Systems, vol. 9, N o.3 , pp.1499-1507, Aug. 1994.
[9 ] R. Srinivasa Rao and S. V. L. N arasimham, " Optimal Capacitor
Placement in a Radial Distribution System using Plant Growth
Simulation Aigorithm", International Science Index Vol:2 , N o:9,
2008 waset.orgiPublicationlI1813 .
[10 ] Mi-Power simulation software "Developed by PRDC Pvt. Ltd.
B angalore, [Online] Available:
hnp:/ /www.prdcinfotech.com/products.html.
[lI] Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission Grid Code, Jaipur,
(As per Electricity Act, 2003 ), [Online] Available:
hnp:/ /www.rvpn.co. in/aboutus/GridCode-OI.pdf
APPENDIX-I

Jaipur city distribution network has been studied to

assess the effect of shunt capacitor banks on losses, lines,
transformer loadings and network voltage profile.
Following conclusions can be put forwarded from the
studies of considered cases:
a. With Shunt capacitor bank in distribution
network a reduction in network losses from
2.60% to 1.46%, providing an annual savings of
474.918 LUs which equivalents to Rs.
23.74croreannually in terms of cost.
b. Loading on lines as weil as distribution
transformers has been significantly reduced. Thus
creating redundancy in existing system whichcan
be utilized to meet the future load growth in the
system which avoids the laying of more lines in
the system.
c. To provide a quality of power supply the network
voltage profile has been improved.
d. A total of 434.8 MVAR capacity shunt capacitor
banks are required to be installed in the Jaipur
city network. The Cost for installation is approx.
Rs. 10.65 Crore. Therefore, cost is recovered in
the first six months.
e. Optimum Utilization of Shunt Capacitor banks
by increasing network voltage profile results in
significant saving in system MW & MVAr
losses.

[51
 t
1s IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.(191 0.'''''
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.""
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<"
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0
1.000 1.0'0 0.9<0 0.00 0.00

[6)