 Discuss ADHD

 In Freud’s second stage theory a child who becomes fixated can

develop one of these two personality types. Discuss
ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a behavioral syndrome characterized by the
persistent presence of six or more symptoms involving
(a) inattention (e.g., failure to complete tasks or listen carefully, difficulty in concentrating,
distractibility) or
(b) impulsivity or hyperactivity (e.g., blurting out answers; impatience; restlessness;
fidgeting; difficulty in organizing work, taking turns, or staying seated; excessive talking; running
about; climbing on things). The symptoms, which impair social, academic, or occupational
functioning, start to appear before the age of 7 and are observed in more than one setting.
ADHD has been given a variety of names over the years, including the still commonly used
attention-deficit disorder (ADD).

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

• The child must show either significant inattention or significant hyperactivity-impulsivity
(or both).
• Inattention is indicated by any six or more of the following:
1. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in
schoolwork or other activities.
2. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play.
3. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
4. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish chores, homework,
5. or duties.
6. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
7. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained
mental effort.
8. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, pencils, books, tools).
9. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
10. Is often forgetful in daily activities.
• Hyperactivity-impulsivity is indicated by the presence of six of the following, persisting over a
period of at least six months:
1. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.
2. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is
expected.
3. Often runs about or climbs excessively or reports feeling of restlessness.
4. Often has difficulty playing quietly.
5. Is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor.”
6. Often talks excessively.
7. Often blurts out answers before questions are completed.
8. Often has difficulty waiting for a turn.
9. Often interrupts or intrudes on others.
• The onset of the problem must be before age 7.
• At least some of the symptoms must be present in two or more settings, such as home
and school or school and play with peers.
• The behavior must interfere with developmentally appropriate social, academic, or
occupational functioning.
FREUD’S SECOND STAGE THEORY AND FIXATION:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO PERSONALITY TYPES
THE ANAL STAGE: 1 TO 3 YEARS
As the body matures, the baby becomes more and more sensitive in the anal region. And as she
matures physically, her parents begin to place great emphasis on toilet training and express
approval when she manages to perform in the right place at the right time. These two forces
together help to shift the major center of physical and sexual sensitivity from the oral to the
anal region. The key to the child’s successful completion of this stage (according to Freud) is
how parents manage toilet training. If toilet training becomes a major battleground, then some
fixation of energy at this stage may occur—with the possible adult consequences of:
• excessive orderliness and stinginess (or the opposite of these)
If, on the other hand, the child relents and gives feces, especially at inappropriate times, the
anal expulsive traits such as cruelty and messiness result.
Again, according to Freud's theory, childhood experiences predetermine later personality traits.

Boyd, D. G., & Bee, H. L. (2014). The Developing Child. Pearson New International Edition.

Charlesworth, R. (1983). Understanding Child Development.

Duane Shultz, S. S. (2009). Theories of Personality.

Gary R. VandenBos, P. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology, Second Edition. American Psychological
Association.

Kaplan. (1986). A Child's Odyssey- Child and adolescent developement.

Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental Pyschology - Childhood and Adolescence. Cengage
Learning.