BOT 3 Laboratory Hand-out

Exercise 12. Core Eudicots: Caryophyllids and Rosids

Cladogram of the Orders belonging to Eudicots

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Eudicots
- Flowering plants having tricolpate pollen grains
- Two Groups:
A. Basal Eudicots – numerous perianths; apocarpous
B. Core Eudicots – floral parts in 5’s or multiples of 5; differentiation between sepals and petals; number of stamen is
twice the number of petals; gynoecium of 3-5 fused carpels; ellagic and gallic acids
Three Subclades: a.Caryophyllids b. Rosids c. Asterids

Caryophyllids (O. Caryophyllales)

- Campylotropous ovules
- Free central placentation
- Sieve tube plastids with proteinaceous filaments encircling crystalloid proteins
- Presence of betalains
- Succulence
- Presence of bracts

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Differentiation between representative families of Caryophyllids: Order Caryophyllales

Family Polygonaceae Portulacaceae Nyctaginaceae

Rep. Species Antigonon leptopus Portulaca oleracea Bougainvillea
Habit Vine Herb Woody vine; shrub
Stem Herbaceous Succulent Woody
Leaf Simple, alternate, netted Simple; opposite; netted Simple, alternate, netted
Floral Type Raceme Simple Cyme
Floral Symmetry Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic
# of sepals 5 5
Perianth: 8
# of petals 5 5
# of filaments 8 5 5
# of stigma 3 1 1
Ovary position Superior Superior Superior
Fruit Type Achene Capsule Achene
Other Characteristics Tendrils, bracts Succulent Bracts

Rosids
- Unfused petals
- Nuclear endosperm development (early mitotic divisions are not followed by cytokinesis)
- Reticulated pollen exine
- Simple perforations of vessel elements plate
- Alternate intervessel pitting
- Bitegmic, crassinucellate ovule
- mucilage; ellagic acid.

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Reticulated pollen exine Scalariform perforation plate of gymnosperms vs

simple perforation plate of rosids

Crassinucellate ovule of Rosids vs Tenuinucellate ovule of Asterids

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Differentiation between representative Orders of Rosids

Order Malphigiales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Myrtales Sapindales Malvales Brassicales
Family Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Cucurbitaceae Casuarinaceae Myrtaceae Rutaceae Malvaceae Caricaceae
Rep. Species Jatropha Caesalpinia Artocarpus Cucurbita Casuarina Psidium Citrus Hibiscus Carica
Habit Shrub Shrub Tree Vine Tree Tree Shrub Shrub Tree
Stem Woody Woody Woody Herbaceous Woody; flaky Woody; flaky Woody; thorns Woody Woody
Simple; Pinnate; Simple; lobed Simple leafless Simple; Simple simple; Simple;
Leaf alternate alternate opposite serrated alternate;
lobed
Corymb Raceme Spike; Solitary; Spike; Solitary Solitary Solitary cyme;
Floral Type
monoecious monecious dioecious dioecious
Floral Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic
Symmetry
# of sepals 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5 5
# of petals 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5 5
# of filaments Many 10 1-6 10 Many Many 8-10-many Many 10-many
# of stigma 1 1 2 6 1 1 4-5 5 5
Ovary position Superior Superior Superior Inferior Superior Inferior Superior Superior Superior
Fruit Type Capsule Legume Multiple Pepo Samara Berry Hesperidium Capsule Berry
White sap Root Milky latex; Tendrils; Jointed Hypanthium; Nectariferous Staminal Glucosinolates;
nodules 2-carpels; trichomes; Lignin disk; essential column; parietal;
bud scale hypanthium; oils valvate calyx 5-carpels
Other
parietal; and epicalyx;
Characteristics
3-carpels stellate
trichomes;
mucilage

Flower of Cucurbita showing inferior ovary (A), stgmas (B) and stamens (C).

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Differentiation between representative species of Order Fabales

Family Caesalpiniaceae Mimosaceae Papillionaceae

Rep. Species Caesalpinia Mimosa Crotolaria/ Sesbania
Habit Shrub Vine Herb/tree
Stem Woody Woody Herbacious/woody
Leaf Pinnate; alternate; netted Pinnate; alternate; netted Trifoliate/pinnate
Floral Type Raceme Head; monoecious Raceme/simple
Floral Symmetry Zygomorphic Actinomorphic Zygomorphic
# of sepals 5 0 5
# of petals 5; 1 banner, 2 wings, 2 keels 0 4; 1 banner, 2 wings, 1 keel
# of stamen 10 Many Many (Connate, fused stamens)
# of pistil 1 1 1
Ovary position Superior Superior Superior
Fruit Type Legume Legume Legume
Other Characteristics Root nodules; free stamen Root nodules; Root nodules; connate

Flowers of Caesalpiniaceae showing distinct stamens (A), Mimosaceae showing actinomorphic florets (B) and
Papillionaceae showing banner and wings (C.1) and staminal tube and pistil (C.2).

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Differentiation between representative species of Order Malvales

Traditional Family Malvaceae Sterculiaceae Bombacaceae Tiliaceae

Rep. Species Hibiscus Theobroma Ceiba Corchorus
Habit Shrub Tree Tree Shrub
Stem Woody Woody Woody Woody
Leaf simple; serrated simple simple simple
Floral Type Solitary solitary solitary solitary
Floral Symmetry Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic Actinomorphic
# of sepals 5 5 5 5
# of petals 5 5 (hooded) 5 5
# of filaments Many 5 Many Many
# of stigma 5 5 5 5
Ovary position Superior Superior Superior Superior
Fruit Type Capsule Capsule Capsule Capsule
Staminal column; valvate valvate calyx and Staminal column; valvate Staminal column; valvate
calyx and epicalyx; epicalyx; stellate calyx and epicalyx; calyx and epicalyx;
Other Characteristics
stellate trichomes; trichomes stellate trichomes stellate trichomes;
mucilage mucilage

Reference:
Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier: Canada. 590pp.

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