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Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presets both local and foreign related literature and studies. The

information and references were gathered by the researchers through in-depth

searching.

I. CONCEPTUAL LITERARURE

1. Planning and Design

According to Business Dictionary, Planning is a basic management function

involving formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs

or demands with the available resources. Planning is one of the first thing to do when

making a project, thinking on what should have done, when it will be done, and deciding

beforehand. Planning applies procedures to solve problem within an acceptable

framework. It is about thinking before action takes place.

Design serve as the final look of a project. Stiftelsen Svensk Industidesign (SVID)

defined design as a process of developing purposeful and innovative solutions that

embody functional and aesthetic demands based on the needs of the intended user.

Basically, design will base on the user’s satisfaction and needs or will base on the

designer’s perspective and ideas.

Building designers specially architects plays a big role in designing a community

building and infrastructure. Buildings and houses must be functional, safe, economical

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and must suit the needs of the people who use them. The designers should be responsible

in minimizing the space provided, should consider the number of population living in the

area, analyzing the geographical status and location the create a convenient and

appropriate type of building. The social responsibility of architects and designers lies in

part in believing that architecture can create better places, that architecture can affect

society, and that it can even have a role in making a place civilized by making a

community more livable (Helena Jubany, 2011).

2. Green Architecture

Design is one of the most important part of a building. It is the plan or perspective

of a certain project. Design is a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function

or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is built or made (Merriam

Webster Dictionary). Architects are the one who are mainly involved in designing

different big or small projects, they create the overall look of the project including the

interior and other structures. The buildings that they design should be functional, safe,

and must be suitable for the needs of people who trust and consult to them.

As time goes by, the population and number of people living in this world become

larger and larger, according to the United Nations estimates elaborated by Worldometers

the current world population is 7.7 billion as of August 2019. It is a challenge for those

persons who are involved in designing a building, they should consider not just the

number of population but also the effect of buildings on environment. The combination

of creative Idea and concerns in environment resulted into a world changing solution,

green architecture.

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Green Architecture is design and construction with the environment in mind

(James murray, 2019). It is about involving or using earth friendly materials, natural

ventilation, efficiency in energy conservation and minimizing the effects and impacts of

building system on ecosystem. A building that enhances sustainability and healthy living.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the modern view of green architecture back to the

rise of eco-awareness is on 1960s. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright was the first “green”

architect on early

20th century, he was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and

educator, he designed almost 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Architect

Wright believe that a home shouldn’t overcome surrounding landscape, rather, it should

blend with the environment.

The main goal of green architecture is to design models that safeguard the

environment, the space, energy, and resources. The designs have to be sustainable from

the initial consultations, site survey and design, plan modification, material use, harmony

with the existing ecology, and green building choices to guarantee that all

the environmentally friendly details are included (Conserve Energy Future, 2019).

2.1 Types of green architecture

2.1.1 Green Technology

Green technology, also known as sustainable technology, takes into account the

long- and short-term impact something has on the environment. Green products are by

definition, environmentally friendly. Energy efficiency, recycling, health and safety

concerns, renewable resources, and more all go into the making of a green product or

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technology (Mary Bellis, 2019). Green technology offers best hope for us to counteract

the impact of climate change and pollution.

Green technology is a relatively new field that has grown quickly as people have

become aware of their detrimental effects on the environment, including global warming

and the greenhouse effect. It is a wide-encompassing field and sometimes a politically

controversial one. Green technology is one of the fastest growing employment sectors

and is surely much more than a passing trend. The types of green technology range from

very simple tasks that can be performed in your home to highly specialized systems

(Murrye Bernard, 2019). In other word, green technology considered as ecofriendly on its

process, material or supply chain. It is also about generating energy or power which is

less harmful not only in the health of each individual but also in the environment.

According to Will Kenton the process of recycling water or waste in the

manufacturing process, installation of energy efficient material such as LED lights, and

utilizing flush less or water free toilets and urinals are belong to the best example of a

green technology. Green technology shows improvements in water and energy

conservation, reducing waste, carbon emission, and emission of toxic gases that may

threatens our health.

Green technologies have different types that has been known today it includes the

development of alternative fuels for generating energy, environmentally purchasing or

the government innovation process in searching new products or material that will not

cause too much damage on the environment, green chemistry or the invention and

application of chemical products that will illuminate the use and generation of hazardous

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substance , and green building or a special building that minimizes the use of materials

that may harm the environment.

2.1.2 Green Building

Buildings have a substantial impact on the health and wellbeing of humans,

animals and the planet. According to a literature published on ecobusiness.com “Our built

environment is responsible for half of all global energy use and half of all greenhouse gas

emissions. Buildings consume one-sixth of all freshwater, one-quarter of world wood

harvests and four-tenths of all other raw materials. The effects of global warming are

really evident in our everyday living today as well as extreme weather events including

strong typhoons happens 1 to 2 times year, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of

seasonal events, changes in agricultural productivity, sea level rise, and declines in Arctic

sea ice extent. Sustainable building materials go a long way in reducing emissions into

the environment, as green buildings prioritize solar power and other renewable energy

methods over fossil fuels, which have a damaging impact on the environment (Megan

Nichols, 2016). Basically, designing and establishing a green building is of the effective

way or solution on the intensifying problem in our ecosystem.

Green buildings are not only for the furtherance of our environment and

modernization purposes, it also provides the owners and occupants a multiple benefit on

many levels. According to ecolution on year 2018, green buildings can offer low

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operating cost, increased heath and productivity, higher market value, attracting and

retaining talents and etc.

Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are

environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle

from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and

deconstruction (EPA, 2016). Green architecture attempts to minimize the different

elements or chemicals releasing by the building that found in the air and may affect the

climate change. The "green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and

earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices (Jackie

Craven, 2019). In other words, green building is a special type of infrastructure designed

by those architects or professionals that promoting knowledge on green practices that

ensures sustainable environment.

Green building is a holistic concept that starts with the understanding that the

built environment can have profound effects, both positive and negative, on the natural

environment, as well as the people who inhabit buildings every day. Green building is an

effort to amplify the positive and mitigate the negative of these effects throughout the

entire life cycle of a building (Jacob Kriss, 2014).

Green building design and construction is a method of wisely using resources to

create high-quality, healthier and more energy-efficient homes and commercial

buildings. Green design is about finding that balance between high-quality construction

and low environmental impact (ACC, 2019)

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A Green building is nothing more than a building which is built using reusable

materials and other materials which make the building efficient and environmentally

friendly (Meghna Gupta,2018). It is not all about having a green roof on top or using

different scrap material that can be found on various places. Different types and methods

in having a green architecture building become larger and starting to grow through

different innovative ideas of this generation. According to Jackie Craven green

architecture and design may include ventilation system, water-saving plumbing fixtures,

Alternative renewable energy power sources, Efficient use of space, Non-synthetic, non-

toxic materials etc.

This type of building became more efficient in different parts of the world, there

are a lot of architects and designers in different country who specialized making this kind

of sustainable infrastructure. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

created by US Green Building Council (USGBC) is the most widely used green building

rating system in the world. It under all types of building projects from interior, exterior,

construction, maintenance etc. of the project. LEED also provides the project framework

that could help the individuals under the project in making and constructing a better,

healthier, very efficient and sustainable building. To received LEED’s certification,

projects pursue credits to earn points prerequisites and credits differ for each rating

system.

Green building become very much known in each part of the world as time goes

by. According to the data gathered by (USGBC), the top 5 world’s most widely used

green building program with 96,275 registered and certified projects in more than 167

countries and territories according to number of projects as of 2018 are United States

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with 33,632 projects followed by Canada with 3,254 projects, Mainland China with 1,494

projects next is India with 899 projects, brazil with 531 projects and Mexico with 370

projects. There are also a lot of green buildings established here in the Philippines that

has the certification of LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and earn

high certification award (Gold) and the highest certification award (Platinum) the top 5

buildings includes the Arya Residences in Taguig City (Gold), City Plaza in Taguig City

(Platinum), Union Bank Olongapo brach in Olongapo (Platinum), Unilever Bayanihan

Project in Taguig City (Platinum), and Zuelling Buikding in Makati (Platinum).

Buildings account for 30 percent of raw material usage, 12 percent of fresh water usage,

30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, transportation of materials and other sundry

tasks account for a further 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, 45-65 percent of

waste to landfills, 71 percent of electricity consumption and 31 percent of mercury in

solid waste (Yudelson, 2008). The US Green Building Council (USGBC) states that

green buildings can offer a 30 percent energy saving, 30 – 50 percent water saving, 50 –

90 percent reduction in construction waste, and a 20 - 35 percent reduction in greenhouse

gas emissions (McKinsey, 2007; Yudelson, 2008).

Green building is one of which uses less water, optimizes energy efficient,

conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provide healthier spaces for

occupants. Some features of green building are efficient use of water, and indoor

environment quality (visual comfort and air quality).

2.1.2.1 Buiding material

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Materials for a green building are obtained from natural, renewable sources that

have been managed and harvested in a sustainable way; or they are obtained locally to

reduce the embedded energy costs of transportation; or salvaged from reclaimed

materials at nearby sites.

Fiber concrete

Fiber concrete is composite material made of cement reinforced

with cellulose fibers. Fiber cement most commonly used in wall and exterior siding, fiber

cement boards are good choice because of their cheap price, good durability and good

resistance against fire. Fiber cement siding is not only used as an exterior siding, it can

also be utilized as a substitute for timber fascias and bargeboards in high fire areas.

2.1.2.2 Water Managemenet

Water management is all about dealing with water in the best possible way. It is

the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to life and property

and to maximize efficient beneficial use. It is the way of conserving water. Water is a

clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid which is very useful in our everyday life.

According to the USGS, about 70% of the earth’s surface was covered by water, and the

oceans hold about 96.5% of all Earth’s water. The total volume of water on Earth is

estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and

2.5% being fresh water. But according to different studies and observations of

professionals the percentage of the earth’s surface covered by water become smaller

because of the continuous world modernization and the increase of population. The

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intense competiotion among water users from argiicuture, industry and sectors are

pushing the ground water level deeper and deeper.

Water Management is a growing trend that enables in bringing down the water bill,

saving money, water and environment.( Damodaran, 2010). The proper usage and

conservation of water even in the simplest way might help to lessen the continuous problem

in water. Minimising water use is achieved by installing water-efficient appliances, such

as low flow showerheads, self-closing or spray taps; low-flush toilets, or waterless

composting toilets.

Water free urinals

According to Gary Bristow in his article entitled Waterless urinals: features,

benefits, and applications, water free urinals are made of fiberglass or vitreous china.

Like ordinary urinals, waterless types are plumbed to a standard drain line, but obviously

do not use a conventional water-filled trap. Waterless urinals utilize proprietary sealant

liquids that act as a vapor trap.

Waterless Urinals contribute a big support in conserving water, it can save

between 15,000 and 45,000 US gallons (57,000 and 170,000 l) of water per urinal per

year, depending on the amount of water used in the water-flushed urinal for comparison

purposes, and the number of uses per day. The flushless urinals are available on the

market since 1990. Wilhelm Beetz a German Austrian discovered waterless using an oil

based syphon with a liquid that he called urinol at the end of 19th century.

Dual flash toilet bowl

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Dual flush toilets offer options for the type of waste. Solid waste is flushed with

the required 1.28 to 1.6 gallons, but liquid waste is flushed with half that amount at

around .8 gallons to 1.1 gallons. Two-stage flush system toilets use about 20 percent less

water per year than conventional one-flush-only toilets, and many qualify for WaterSense

certification.

2.1.2.3 Health Components

Health is central to human happiness and well-being. It also makes an

important contribution to economic progress, as healthy populations live longer, are

more productive, and save more (World Health Organization).

The health of every individual should also consider in designing choosing the

materials that going to used in the whole construction. The use of non-toxic materials

and products will improve indoor air quality, and reduce the rate of asthma, allergy

and sick building syndrome.

Low VOC Paint

VOC (volatile organic compound) are found in many building materials and are

partially responsible for that new paint smell. The presence of VOC in paint reacts with

sunlight and nitrogen oxide resulting in the formation of ozone which can cause severe

health problems for the occupants. Low VOC paints are the most recommended paints

by the professional. This contains less VOC which means it lessen the harm on the bad

effect in health of individual.

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2.1.2.4 Green insulation

Sustainable houses or green buildings also have the ability in resucing the

heating and cooling loads of the home as much as possible through proper insulation.

Insulated buildings will save energy and it will keep people mush comfortable.

Windows and walls that has the ability to lessen the solar heat from going through the

one side to another side are considered as building insulator.

Double and Triple glazed window

Double and triple glazed windows rely on the multiple panes of glass to make

them more energy efficient. This type of window stops heat to enter the building and

from direct sunlight. Double glazed windows are consisting of two (2) layer panes of

glass while triple glazed windows have three (3). Argon gas is use in each layer of the

panes which will make them so much energy efficient. Triple glazed windows are

better than double glazed, because it has an additional layer of glass and argon gas but

this build is slightly higher cost.

3. Sustainability

Sustainability has often been defined as how biological systems endure and

remain diverse and productive (sustainability degree,2019). It is about how long or

durable it is, can be defined as the capacity for continuance into a long term period.

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Sustainability also requires an adaptive flexibility according to the available knowledge

at any given time (Kemp et al., 2005; Walker & Salt, 2006). It incorporates concerns

about long term risk, lacking of resources, harmful pollution and climatic change that

may harm people decades or even centuries in the future. It is a system in a way that it

can be use and endure in a long run.

. There is a three dimensions under the sustainability, ecological dimension

(environment), the economic dimension (economy), and the social dimension (society).

The Thwink organization defined the three dimensions of sustainability as the ability to

continue a defined behavior indefinitely. Environmental sustainability is the ability to

maintain rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable

resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely, Economic sustainability is the

ability to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely, and Social

sustainability is the ability of a social system, such as a country, to function at a defined

level of social well-being indefinitely (Thwink Organization).

3.1 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is defined as the ability to meet the needs of the present

generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

(CEM, 2008a). Sustainable development appeared on 1987 with the publication of the

brundtland report it and tries to find solutions in the problems cause by industrialization

and population growth. It is about making the world a better place for everyone without

destroying the next generation future.

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Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human

need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural

resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend. The essence of

this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural

world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of

life at least as good as our own (Global Development Research Center).

We have to take care in our planet, those different ecosystems that help us to live

in this world. The emission of harmful greenhouse gases like CO2 or Carbon Dioxide

may clogged the atmosphere that may cause the change of earth temperature. According

to ScienceABC. The increase in CO2 emissions causes global warming, ocean

acidification, and carbon fertilization. Creating a better system and fair distribution of

proper ways in managing our waste are one step in making a sustainable development. If

we want to win the battle for a sustainable future, we have to play with fair rules that

applies to everyone. For us to be the best persons of ourselves there are certain things that

must be in order like having equal opportunities, education, safety food and medicine this

provides better opportunities for us also for the planet, we must have to think new ways

for a sustainable development (FN- Sambandet norge, 2017).

It must be emphasized that the concept of sustainable development contains a

reference to “development” really different from sustainability, because Sustainability

can be defined as “the capacity for continuance into a long-term future”.

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3.2 Sustainable Building

Sustainable building designed to have a low environmental impact over the entire life and

to provide high comfort and durable structure for every occupant. A sustainable building

minimizes the consumption of water, raw materials, energy and land space. It is also a

type of building that reduce the smoke and chemical emissions and protect the workers

and person’s health near the area. Sustainable construction has significant long-term

effects, allowing businesses to play their part in protecting the environment on a daily

basis. Creating such workplaces also makes further sustainability efforts much easier,

which can benefit both local communities and society as a whole (Class- G, 2013)

According to Blutstein and Rodger “A sustainable building requires more than

identifying solutions to specific problems, but changes to attitudes, paradigms, processes

and systems to deliver the project”. This structure is also known as green building

because it can also be a solution into an environmental problem. Buildings are

responsible for 70% of the energy use in the U.S. (DOE 2007). In US, the green gas

emission of a building is equal to 22million new cars running 19,000 km per year

(ARUP, 2013). Basically, sustainable building also designed to strive and transform the

traditional building structure into a more environmentally conscious building design and

ultimately improve the quality of life.

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4. Community Infrastructure

Usually, community infrastructure is a small or large scale building in a community

which provides the needs and support the living of every individual. According to GFDDR

(Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery) who are responsible in helping

different countries to better understand and reduce the vulnerability of people in natural

hazards and climate change, Community infrastructure primarily refers to small scale basic

structures, technical facilities and systems built at the community level that are critical for

sustenance of lives and livelihoods of the population living in a community. Different

community infrastructure built depending on the need of the community. These should

safeguard the safeties and survival of every person lives in a certain community.

Community infrastructure are the buildings and spaces that provide services,

activities and opportunities that can be provided by government, not-for-profit

organizations and the private sector. It ensures high-quality outcomes for growing

communities and helps ensure that community facilities and services can meet the needs

of existing and future communities (VPA, 2019)

The type of infrastructure on a community will be depend on geo-physical, socio-

cultural and economic factors that influence the lives and livelihoods of the population in

a community. Community infrastructure should be properly designed and planed.

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Builders and designers of any community buildings should consider and analyze the

number of population to know how big or small the scale of infrastructure needed.

Community infrastructure has a proper and accessible emergency exits and supplies at

any moment. Basically, Community infrastructure refers to public places and spaces that

accommodate community facilities and services and support individuals, families and

groups to meet their social needs, maximize their potential and enhance community

wellbeing (Melbourne organization, 2014)

4.1 Sports complex

Sport complex is a place which will support the athletes need in terms of facilities. A

sports complex is a closely knit well-balanced grouping of indoor and out-door games

facilities offering a wide range of activities on a comparatively small land area (Garg,

2014). The sports facilities usually seen in a sports complex are track and field

stadiums, football stadiums, baseball stadiums, swimming pools, and Indoor arenas.

4.2Convention center

Convention center is a place where where individuals and groups gather to

promote and share common interests. It usually provides area for conventions, meetings,

industrial shows and etc. convention centers are among the key players in the convention

industry, make critical economic contribution to the destination ad present an important

consideration in meeting planners site selection process ( Wu and Weber, 2006).

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