Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Precise
Physics – I
STD. XII Sci.

Salient Features
• Concise coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
• Covers answers to all Textual Questions and Intext Questions.
• Includes Solved and Practice Numericals.
• Includes marking scheme for Board Questions from 2013 to 2017.
• Exercise, Multiple Choice Questions and Topic test at the end of each
chapter for effective preparation.

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P.O. No. 94319

11230_12321_JUP
 Contents
Sr. No. Chapter Marks Page No.
1 Circular Motion 04 1
2 Gravitation 03 36
3 Rotational Motion 04 62
4 Oscillations 05 89
5 Elasticity 03 114
6 Surface Tension 04 140
7 Wave Motion 03 162
8 Stationary Waves 05 182
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 04 207
Board Question Paper - March 2016 243
Board Question Paper - July 2016 245
Board Question Paper - March 2017 247
Board Question Paper - July 2017 249

Note: All the Textual questions are represented by * mark

All the Intext questions are represented by # mark
01 Circular Motion

Subtopics
1.0 Introduction 1.7 Banking of roads
1.1 Angular displacement 1.8 Vertical circular motion due
1.2 Angular velocity and angular to earth’s gravitation
acceleration
1.9 Equation for velocity and
1.3 Relation between linear
energy at different positions
velocity and angular velocity
in vertical circular motion
1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
1.5 Acceleration in U.C.M (Radial 1.10 Kinematical equations for
acceleration) circular motion in analogy
1.6 Centripetal and centrifugal with linear motion
forces

1.0 Introduction iii. It is directed radially outwards.

Q.1. Define circular motion. Give its examples. iv. Unit: metre (m) in SI system and
Ans: Definition: centimetre (cm) in CGS system.
Motion of a particle along the circumference v. Dimensions: [M0L1T0]
of a circle is called circular motion.
Examples: Q.3. *Define angular displacement.
i. The motion of a cyclist along a circular path. OR
ii. Motion of the moon around the earth. Explain the term angular displacement.
iii. Motion of the earth around the sun. Ans: i. Angle traced by a radius vector in a
iv. Motion of the tip of hands of a clock. given time, at the centre of the circular
v. Motion of electrons around the nucleus path is called as angular displacement.
in an atom. ii. Consider a particle Y
1.1 Angular displacement performing B
circular motion in s
Q.2. What is radius vector?
anticlockwise
Ans: i. A vector drawn from the centre of a 
sense as shown in O A
circle to position of a particle on r
the figure.
circumference of circle is called as
‘radius vector’. Let, A = initial
ii. It is given by, position of particle
B
at t = 0 Y
 s  s
|r|= O  A B = final position of particle after time t

r  = angular displacement in time t
where, s = small
linear distance r = radius of the circle
 = small angular displacement s = length of arc AB
1
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics - I
iii. Angular displacement is given by, performing circular motion. If the right
Length of arc handed screw is rotated in the direction
= of particle performing circular motion
radius of circle
then the direction in which screw tip
s advances, gives the direction of angular
 =
r displacement.
iv. Unit: radian ii. The tip of the screw advances in
v. Direction of angular displacement is downward direction, if sense of rotation of
given by right hand thumb rule or right the object is clockwise whereas the tip of
handed screw rule. the screw advances in upward direction,
*Q.4. State right hand thumb rule to find the if sense of rotation of the object is
direction of angular displacement. anticlockwise as shown in the figure.
Ans: Right hand thumb rule: Y
Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in 
right hand with the fingers curled around it d
and thumb out-stretched. If the curled fingers Tip of screw
give the direction of motion of a particle O advancing
 B
performing circular motion then the direction in upward
of out-stretched thumb gives the direction of A direction
angular displacement vector.
Y
 Right handed screw rule
d
B #Q.6. Are the following motions same or different?
 i. Motion of tip of second hand of a clock.
A ii. Motion of entire second hand of a clock.
Ans: Both the motions are different.
Direction of angular displacement The tip of the second hand of a clock performs
uniform circular motion while the entire hand
*Q.5. Explain right handed screw rule to find the performs rotational motion with the second
direction of angular displacement. hand as a rigid body.
Ans: i. Imagine the right handed screw to be
held in the place in which particle is

1.2 Angular velocity and angular acceleration

Q.7. *Define angular velocity. OR Q.8. *Define angular acceleration. OR
What is angular velocity? State its unit and What is angular acceleration? State its unit and
dimension. dimension.
Ans: Ans:
i. Angular velocity of a particle performing circular i. The rate of change of angular velocity with
motion is defined as the time rate of change of respect to time is called angular acceleration.
limiting angular displacement. 
It is denoted by  .
OR  
The ratio of angular displacement to time is called ii. If 0 and  are the angular velocities of a
angular velocity. particle performing circular motion at instant t0

It is denoted by  and t, then angular acceleration is given by,
  
ii. Instantaneous angular velocity is given by, 
  0 

 
 = =
 d t  t0 t
 = lim =
t  0 t dt

Finite angular velocity is given by,  =
t

2
 Chapter 01: Circular Motion
iii. It is a vector quantity. iii. It is a vector quantity
iv. Direction: The direction of angular velocity is given 

by right hand rule and is in the direction of angular iv. Direction: The direction of  is given by right
displacement. hand thumb rule or right handed screw rule.
v. Unit: rad s1 v. Unit: rad /s2 in SI system.
vi. Dimensions: [M0L0T1] vi. Dimensions: [M0L0T2].

Q.9. Define
i. Average angular acceleration ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration
Ans:
i. Average angular acceleration: ii. Instantaneous angular acceleration:
Average angular acceleration is defined as the time rate of Instantaneous angular acceleration is defined as the
change of angular velocity. limiting rate of change of angular velocity.
    
   1    d
It is given by  avg = 2 = It is given by  = lim =
t 2  t1 t t 0 t dt

Solved Examples 1.3 Relation between linear velocity and

angular velocity
Q.10. What is the angular displacement of second
hand in 5 seconds? Q.12. Define linear velocity.
Solution: *Show that linear speed of a particle
performing circular motion is the product
Given: T = 60 s, t = 5 s
of radius of circle and angular speed of
To find: Angular displacement () particle.
2t Ans: Linear velocity:
Formula: =
T Distance travelled by a body per unit time in a
Calculation: From formula, given direction is called linear velocity.
2  3.142  5 It is a vector quantity and is given by,
 = 
60  ds
  = 0.5237 rad v =
dt
Ans: The angular displacement of second hand in Relation between linear velocity and
5 seconds is 0.5237 rad. angular velocity:
Q.11. Calculate the angular velocity of earth due i. Consider a particle moving with uniform
circular motion along the circumference
to its spin motion.
of a circle in anticlockwise direction
Solution: with centre O and radius r as shown in
Given: T = 24 hour the figure.
= 24  3600 s 

To find: Angular velocity () v

B
2 s
Formula: =  
T r v
Calculation: From formula, 
O  A
2 r
=
24  3600
2  3.142  
=
24  3600 ii. Let the particle cover small distance s
  = 7.27  105 rad/s from A to B in small interval t.
Ans: The angular velocity of earth due to its spin In such case, small angular displacement
motion is 7.27  105 rad/s. is AOB = .
3
Std. XII Sci.: Precise Physics - I
iii. Magnitude of instantaneous linear 
ds 
velocity of particle is given by, But, = v = linear velocity,
dt
s
v = lim 
δt  0 t d 
=  = angular velocity
But s = r  dt
  
    v =   r
 v = r  lim  [ r = constant]
t  0 t
  [**Explanation – ½ Mark]
 Calculus method:
Also lim =
t  0 t i. A particle is moving in XY plane with
 v = r position vector,
   
In vector form, v =   r r = r î cos t + r ĵsin t
….(1)
  
ii. Angular velocity is directed
Q.13. *Prove the relation v =   r , where perpendicular to plane, i.e., along
symbols have their usual meaning. 
Z-axis. It is given by  =  k̂ ,
OR
In U.C.M. (Uniform Circular Motion), where, k̂ = unit vector along Z-axis.
    
prove the relation v   r , where symbols iii.   r =  k̂  (r î cos t + r ĵ sin t)
have their usual meanings. [Mar 16] [From equation (1)]
Ans: Analytical method: = r cos t ( k̂  î ) + r sin t ( k̂  ĵ)
i. Consider a particle performing circular
motion in anticlockwise sense with centre = r ĵ cos t + r (– î ) sin t
O and radius r as shown in the figure.       

  k i  j and k j   i 
ii. Let,  = angular velocity of the particle  
    r = – r î sin t + r ĵ cos t
v = linear velocity of the particle
 

r = radius vector of the particle    r = r ( î sin t + ĵ cos t) .…(2)


 
 dr

 Also v = = r ˆi sin t  ˆjcos t
dt

 
 
v v = r ˆi sin t  ˆjcos t ….(3)
O  From equation (2) and (3),
r   
 v =   r
[Diagram - ½ Mark]
iii. Linear displacement in vector form is Solved Examples
given by,
  
*Q.14.Calculate the angular velocity and linear
s =   r [½ Mark]
velocity of a tip of minute hand of length
Dividing both side by t, 10 cm.
 
s   Solution:
=  r ….(1) Given: T = 60 min. = 60  60 s = 3600 s,
t t
iv. Taking limiting value in equation (1) l = 10 cm = 0.1 m
  To find: i. Angular velocity ()
s   ii. Linear velocity (v)
lim = lim  r
t  0 t t  0 t
2
  Formulae: i. =
ds d 
T
 =  r [½ Mark]
dt dt ii. v = r
4
 Chapter 01: Circular Motion
Calculation: From formula (i), 2  3.142
 t= = 6.284 s
2 5  0.2
 =
T Ans: The angular speed of the aircraft is 0.2 rad/s
2  3.142 1
th
= and time taken by it to complete   of
3600 5
  = 1.744  103 rad/s circular path is 6.284 s.
From formula (ii),
v = r 1.4 Uniform Circular Motion
= 0.1  1.745  103
 v = 1.745  104 m/s Q.16. *Define uniform circular motion.
Ans: The tip of the minute hand has angular OR
velocity 1.744  103 rad/s and linear velocity Explain the term uniform circular motion.
1.745  104 m/s. Ans: i. The motion of a body along the
Q.15. An aircraft takes a turn along a circular circumference of a circle with constant
path of radius 1500 m. If the linear speed of speed is called uniform circular
the aircraft is 300 m/s, find its angular motion.
speed and time taken by it to complete ii. In U.C.M, direction of velocity is along
th the tangent drawn to the position of
1 particle on circumference of the circle.
 5  of circular path.
  iii. Hence, direction of velocity goes on
Solution: changing continuously, however the
Given: r = 1500 m, v = 300 m/s magnitude of velocity is constant.
To find: i. Angular speed () Therefore, magnitude of angular
th velocity is constant.
1
ii. Time taken for   of circular iv. Examples of U.C.M:
5 a. Motion of the earth around the sun.
path (t) b. Motion of the moon around the earth.
Formulae: i. v = r c. Revolution of electron around the
 nucleus of atom.
ii.  =
t
Calculation: From formula (i), Q.17. State the characteristics of uniform circular
motion.
v
= Ans: Characteristics of U.C.M:
r
i. It is a periodic motion with definite
300 period and frequency.
=
1500 ii. Speed of particle remains constant but
300 velocity changes continuously.
 =
1500 iii. It is an accelerated motion.
1 iv. Work done in one period of U.C.M is
= zero.
5
= 0.2 rad/s Q.18. Define periodic motion. Why U.C.M is
The angular displacement () of the called periodic motion?
th
1 Ans: i. Definition:
aircraft to complete   of the
5 A type of motion which is repeated after
equal interval of time is called periodic
2
circular path is  = rad motion.
5 ii. The particle performing U.C.M repeats
From formula (ii), its motion after equal intervals of time
 2 / 5 on the same path. Hence, U.C.M is
t = =
 0.2 called periodic motion.
5