Department of Civil Engineering-I.I.T.

Delhi
CEL 795: Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes
1st Semester 2011-2012
HW6 Solution

Answer 1:
Non-carbonate hardness (NCH) to be left=80 mg/L-35 mg/L= 45 mg/L
Removal of Non-carbonate hardness=NCH in raw water- NCH in treated water
=92-45 mg/L=47 mg/L

For the lime process, lime is required for CO2 reaction, carbonate hardness and magnesium.

Moles of Mg2+ present = 15mg/L/ (24 ×1000 mg/mole) =6.25×10-4 moles/L.

As 1 mole of Mg2+ consumes 2 moles of bicarbonate, so 6.25×10-4 moles/ Mg2+ consumes
12.4×10-4 moles/L bicarbonate (i.e., 75.64 mg/L bicarbonate ions).

Alkalinity present =68 mg/L as CaCO3

Initial Amount of CaO Sludge produced Reason

amount required (mg/L)
(mg/L)
CO2 3 =(56/44)×(3) CaCO3 produced 1 mole of CO2 requires 1
=3.82 =(100/44)×(3) mole of CaO and produces
=6.82 mg/L 1 mole of CaCO3 (i.e., 44
mg/L CO2 reacts with 56
mg/L CaO)
Mg2+ 15 mg/L =(56/24)×(15) Mg(OH)2 produced= 1 mole of Mg2+ requires 1
=35 =(58/24)×(15) mole of CaO and produces
=36.25 mg/L 1 mole of Mg(OH)2 and 1
mole of CaCO3 (i.e.,24
Ca(CO3) mg/L Mg reacts with 56
produced= mg/L CaO)
=(100/24)×(15)
=62.5 mg/L
Alkalinity 68 mg/L as =(56/100)×(68) Assume all to be carbonate
CaCO3 =38.08 alkalinity;

1 mole of CaCO3 requires

1 mole of CaO (i.e., 44
mg/L CO2 reacts with 100
mg/L CaO)
Total Lime=3.82+35+3 Sludge as Mg(OH)2=
8.08 mg/L 36.25 mg/L

Sludge as
CaCO3=62.5+6.28=68.78
mg/L
Total lime required = 3.82+35+38.08=76.9 mg/L
As one mole of CaO results in formation of one mole of calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) 2]

Amount of hydrated lime required = (74 g Ca(OH)2/mole)/(56 g/mole)×(76.9 mg/L)
=101.6 mg/L (answer)

Now calculate amount of lime required

= (101.6 mg/L) × (volume of water treated in liters/day)/ (0.85) = X Kg/day
Cost of using lime everyday
= (X Kg/day) × (cost as Y Rs/Kg lime) = Z Rs/day

Hint Q2:
Here Soda is NaOH. Soda will be used to react with CO2, alkalinity, magnesium and
calcium. Sodium will not contribute to soda requirement.
CO2+ NaOH  Na2CO3 + H2O
Ca (HCO3)2 + 2NaOH  CaCO3 (s) +Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Mg (HCO3)2 + 4NaOH  Mg (OH) 2(s) +2Na2CO3 + 2H2O

Hint Q3:
Hardness removal required
= hardness in raw water-hardness desired in treated water = 400-50 = 350 mg/L (or say X
meq/L)
(Note: this info can be given in terms of water quality ion concentrations; then you need to
find total of hardness either in terms of mass or in terms of milli-equivalents removal
required).

Volume of water treated per day =25000 liters/h × 24h/day=600000liters/day

Mass of Hardness removal required = (350mg/L×10-6 Kg/mg) × (600000liters/day)

=210 Kg/day (or X meq/L×600000liters/day=600000X meq/day)

Ion exchange capacity of zeolite = 10 Kg hardness/m3 of zeolite

Volume of zeolite everyday for desired water quality = (210 Kg/day)/ (10 Kg/m3 zeolite)
=21 m3/day

Volume of NaCl required for regeneration

= (21 m3/day) × (50Kg/m3 resin)/ (0.1) = 10500 Kg/day
Hints:
QA3: One mole of CaO is required to react with one mole of CaCO3 to produce calcium
bicarbonate. So, calculate CaO required depending on amount of CaCO3 produced.
Generally upto 40 mg/L CaCO3 and 10 mg/L Mg (OH) 2 remain in softened water, resulting
in continued release of these ions in water.

QA5: For this, follow Jar test procedure in detail, analyze residual turbidity versus dose used
and then finding desired residual turbidity in water for finding optimal dose (should be lowest
and versatile covering broad pH ranges, and cost-effective).

QA7: Acid will be used to solubilise precipitated CaCO3 and then it is removed using
softening process. This happens due to supersaturation of CaCO3.