In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 2

STEEL COLUMNS
Critical Slenderness Ratio:
The upper limit of elastic buckling failure where its average
column stress is equal to 0.5Fy.
Euler’s Column Buckling Theory:
Le = kL (This length approximates the length over 2п2 E
which, the column actually buckles & this may be CC = √ FY
shorter or longer than the actual unbraced length)
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS:
I ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS (ASD),
r = √ = Radius of Gyration Fa (NSCP):
A
kL
FE =
п2 E
= Elastic Buckling Stress
 When < CC (Intermediate Column):
r
SR2 KL
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS: ( r ) 2 FY
Fa = [1 − ]
2C 2 F.S. C
𝑘𝐿
5 3( )
𝑟 (𝑘𝐿/𝑟)3
F.S. = + −
3 8𝐶𝐶 8(𝐶𝐶 )3

kL
 When > CC (Long Column):
r
12п2 E
Fa =
23SR2
Situation 2:
Beam AB is simply
supported at A and is fixed
at B as shown in the figure.
Column AC is a 200 mm
square structural tubing
with the following
SLENDERNESS RATIO: properties.
kX LX kY LY
SRX = SRY =
rx ry
(Pick larger value for effective slenderness ratio)
Limits of Slenderness Ratio (Code Provisions): A = 9.3 X 103 mm2
𝐤𝐋 I = 5.45 x 107 mm4 r = 77 mm
≤ 𝟐𝟎𝟎 (For Compression Members) E = 200 GPa FY = 317 MPa H = 6m L = 8m
𝐫 5. Determine the allowable concentric load (kN) in column AC if
𝐤𝐋 both ends are pin – connected. Sidesway is prevented.
≤ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 (For Tension Members) 6. Determine the critical buckling load (kN) for column AC if both
𝐫
ends are pin - connected and sidesway is prevented.
7. Beam AB is subjected to a uniformly distributed of 28 KN/m.
Situation 1:
Determine the resulting maximum bending stress (MPa) in beam
Two C310x45 are welded back to back on their web, E = AB if its properties are the same in column AC?
200000 MPa. Proportional limits is 220 MPa.
Properties of C310x45: Situation 3:
A = 5690 mm2 A storage tank of molasses in a certain
IX = 67.3 x 106 mm4 sugar mill in central Luzon is supported by
IY = 2.12 x 106 mm4 a column which is built up two standard
x = 17 mm channels. Use NSCP specifications.
1. Determine the largest slenderness ratio, considering E=200000 MPa Assume K=10
k=0.85 on bending about the x-axis and k=0.7 on bending Fy = 250MPa
about the y-axis. Properties of C310 x 37
2. Determine the minimum slenderness ratio for which the A=4720mm2 d=305mm
lx = 59.9 x 106 mm4
Euler’s Elastic Buckling formula is permissible.
ly = 1.85 x 106 mm4
3. Determine the minimum length for which the Euler’s
rx = 113mm
Elastic Buckling formula is permissible.
ry = 19.8mm
4. Determine the allowable axial load if the length is 5m, with
x = 17.10mm
a factor of safety of 1.5. t w = 9.8mm

Two Groups of Column:
 Short Column – Yielding Occurs
 Intermediate Column – Inelastic Buckling
Occurs
 Long Column – Elastic Buckling Occurs
8. Determine the distance (mm) back to back of the two channels
for a most efficient built up section.
9. Determine the slenderness ratio of the member.
10. Determine the most efficient capacity (kN) of this section.
 In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 2
c. For compression members in frames braced against
Situation 4: joint translation in the plane of bending subjected to
Steel column 3.6m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry transverse loading between their supports, Cm may be
an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is subjected to end moments
(single curvature) with M1 = 90%M2. FY = 248 MPa. The allowable determined by analysis. However, the following values
axial stress Fa = 115 MPa and the allowable bending stress F B = are permitted:
149 MPa. 1. For members whose ends are restrained against
Section Properties: rotation in the plane bending,
A = 13000 mm2 SX = 120000 mm3
rb = 94mm  Cm = 0.85
11. Determine the actual bending stress of the column in MPa. 2. For members whose ends are unrestrained against
12. Determine the moment capacity of the column in kN-m. rotation in the plane of bending,
 Cm = 1.0
COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH BENDING:
fa Situation 5:
 When < 0.15, Small Axial Compression:
Fa The A-36 steel W 6x20 column is pin-connected at the top
and fixed at the bottom (k=0.8) and is subjected to the
eccentric load “P”. The beam is laterally supported about its
fa fbx fby weak axis. The eccentricity of the load “P” from the x-axis is
+ + ≤ 1.0 800mm. Length of the column is 5.0m.
Fa Fbx Fby The properties of W 6x20 relevant to this problem are as
fa follows:
 When > 0.15, Large Axial Compression: A = 3790 mm2 IX = 17.23 x 106 mm4
Fa
STRENGTH CRITERION: d = 157 mm
13. Determine the maximum value of load “P” in kN.
fa fbx fby 14. Determine the maximum unfactored value of load “P” if
+ + ≤ 1.0 it is acting at the center of the column section. Consider that
0.6Fy Fbx Fby the strong axis is not critical to buckling.
STABILITY CRITERION:
fa cmx fbx cmy fby Situation 6:
+ + ≤ 1.0 A W10X39 column shown carries an
Fa (1 − fa )F (1 −
fa
)F
eccentric load of 220 KN. Check the
adequacy if the unsupported length
Fe′x bx Fe′y by is 7m. Assume both ends rotation
Where in; free & translation fixed.
1 FB = 147 MPa k = 1.0 FY = 345
f = Amplification Factor MPa
1− a W 10x39 Properties:
Fe′ A = 7419 mm2
cm IX = 87 x 106 mm4 IY = 18.73 x 106 mm4
f = Magnification Factor 3
SX = 690 x 10 mm 3 SY = 185 x 103 mm3
1− a 15. Determine the allowable axial stress of the column in
Fe′ MPa.
12п2 E 16. Determine value of the interaction equation based on
 Fe′b = the strength criterion.
23SRb 2 17. Determine the value of the interaction equation based
Note: Computed magnification factor must not be on the stability criterion.
less than 1.0, otherwise use magnification factor
Situation 7:
as 1.0. An eccentric load of 300kN is placed at a certain distance
of 180mm from the x-axis and at a distance “e” from the y-
Values for Cm: axis. k=1.0. The length of column is 4.5m and the allowable
a. For compression members in the frames subject to bending stress of the member (both in x&y direction) is
joint translation (sideway) 0.6FY. Given the properties of the A36 wide-flange section:
 Cm= O.85 A=11400 mm2 d=260mm SX=1100000 mm3
SY=378000 mm 3 rx=72.4 ry=rmin=65.1 mm.
b. For rotationally restrained compression members in 18. Determine the value of “e” in millimeters if we allow the
frames braced against joint translation & not subject to column to be experiencing small axial compression.
transverse loading between their supports in the plane 19. Determine the value of “e” in millimeters based on
of bending, strength criterion.
 Cm = 0.6 – 0.4(M1/M2) ≥ 0.4 20. Determine the value of “e” in millimeters based on
where: M1 – smaller end moment of the unbraced member stability criterion.
M2 – larger end moment of the unbraced member
Note: Reverse/Single curvature (+)
Single curvature (-)
 In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 2

STEEL CONNECTIONS Welded Connections:

P = 0.707*w*L*FV (Load capacity of a fillet weld)
Where:
Eccentrically Loaded Connections: FU = tensile strength of
Due to direct load: electrode used (not of the
P steel plate)
PD = Ae = effective area of fillet
n
Due to weld resisting shear
t = throat thickness/throat of
moment/torsion:
weld
M∗y L = total length of the weld
RMX = w = leg of weld / size of weld
∑(x2 ∗ y2 ) Electrode used:
M∗x
RMY=
∑(x2 + y2 )
Polar Moment of Inertia = J = ∑(x 2 + y 2 )
Where:
RM = Shear Force M = Moment = P*e
x = horizontal distance from center of fastener to the centroid of
group of fasteners
y = vertical distance from center of fastener to the centroid of
group of fasteners
To determine the most stressed fasteners/rivets:
- Nearest to the line of action of the applied load
- Farthest from the centroid of the group of fasteners

Situation 8:
The beam W 410 mm x 67 kg/m,
with 9 mm web thickness subjects
the girder, W 530 mm x 109 kg/m
with 12 mm web thickness to a Polar Moment of Inertia:
shear load “P”. Two angle 90 mm x
90 mm x 6 mm with 4-22 mm J = ∑(I 𝑥 + I𝑦 )
diameter bolts from the beam to the L2
girder as shown. Simplified Form: J = ∑ L ∗ [12 + x̅ 2 + ȳ2 ]
S1 = 40 mm S2 = 40 mm Where:
S3 = 80 mm S4 = 110 mm L = length of the weld
S5 = 40 mm x̅= horizontal distance between the point of consideration and the
Steel strength and allowable center of the weld
stresses: ȳ = vertical distance between the point of consideration and the
Yield Stress, FY = 248 MPa center of the weld
Bolt Shear Stress. FV = 120 MPa P
Bolt Bearing Stress, FP = 480 MPa Due to direct load: PD =
L
Bolt Hole Diameter = 25 mm M∗y M∗x
21. Determine the allowable load “P” Due to moment/torsion: RMX = ; RMY=
J J
in kN based on the shear capacity of
the 4 – 22 mm diameter bolt.
22. Determine the allowable load “P” Situation 10:
in kN based on bolt bearing stress A bracket shown in the figure is subjected to an eccentric load of
on the web of the beam. P=250 kN acting at 100 mm from the face of the flange of the
23. If P = 300 kN at an eccentricity column section. The angular section is welded to the flange of the
“e” = 50 mm, determine the tensile stress in MPa on the critical column section by an E80xx fillet weld.
bolt of the 8 – 22 mm diameter bolts. 27. Determine the moment of inertia at the centroid of the group of
fillet welds in x106 mm3.
28. Determine the maximum torsional moment to be resisted by
Situation 9:
the fillet welds in N/mm.
A bolted connection shown in the
29. Determine the throat thickness of the weld that could be used
figure is bolted with A-490 bolts
to carry the load in mm.
having a FU = 460 MPa. A-36 steel is
used.
24. Determine the diameter of the
bolt needed in mm.
25. Determine the shear stress at
bolt B in MPa.
26. Determine the tensile stress in
MPa. of 12.5 mm plate assuming
diameter of hole to be 2 mm bigger
than the bolt.
 In-House Review Module – Steel Design Part 2

Situation 11:
The bracket shown is connected by a 10mm fillet weld. The
allowable shearing stress of the welds through the throat is 145
MPa.
30. Determine the moment of inertia of the fillet welds.
31.Determine the maximum load “P” in KN.

SITUATION 12:
A circular bar having a diameter of 60 mm carries an eccentric load
of 2 kN as shown.
32. Determine the size of
the fillet weld so that it will
not exceed a cross shear
stress of 40 MPa.
33. Determine the size of
the fillet weld so as not to
exceed a torsional shear
stress of 120 MPa.
34.Compute the maximum
shearing stress of the circular bar neglecting the stress due to the
transverse shear force.
35. Compute the maximum tensile stress of the circular bar.
36. If the fixed end of the bar is to be welded using an E80xx
electrodes, determine the size of the fillet weld with a nominal
tensile strength.

“The GREATEST BLESSINGS

are found on the HARDEST
BREAKINGS”