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ANALYSIS
Balram Dubey
TEXT BOOK:
• Complex Variable & Applications
• 8th Edition
z= (x, y) = x + i y,
where i =
1 = (0, 1)
z1 + z2 = (x1+iy1) +(x2+iy2)
=(x1+x2)+i(y1+y2)
2. Multiplication of complex
numbers:
z1 z2 = (x1+iy1) (x2+iy2)
=(x1x2- y1y2)+i(x1y2+x2y1)
3. Division:
If z1 x1 iy1 &
z2 x2 iy2 0 i.0, then
z1 x1 iy1 x1 iy1 x2 iy2
z
z2 x2 iy2 x2 iy2 x2 iy2
x1 x2 y1 y2 x2 y1 x1 y2
i 2
x2 y2
2 2
x2 y2 2
Complex Plane :
y
x P z= (x, y)
Imaginary
axis 1 yx
O
1
Real axis
Complex Plane:
z1+z2 = z2+z1
z 1z 2 = z 2z 1
2. Associative law:
(z1+z2)+z3=z1+(z2+z3)
(z1z2) z3 = z1 (z2z3)
3. Distributive law
5. z.1 = z
• Complex conjugate number:
4. z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1 z1
5.
z2 z2
6. z z
7. z is real iff z z.
8. iz i z i z
9. Re (iz ) Im ( z ), iz ix y
10. Im (iz ) Re( z )
11. z1 z 2 0 z1 0 or z 2 0
Polar Form of complex Numbers:
Let z = x+iy
Put x = r cos, y = r sin
z = r (cos + i sin ) = r ei
which is called polar form of
complex number.
MODULUS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
z r x y 0
2 2
y
P z=(x+ iy)
x X
O
z1 > z2 means that the point z1 is
farther from the origin than the point z2.
z1-z2 = distance between z1& z2
z2
ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBER
z = x+iy
• Remarks :
1. For z = 0, is undefined.
2. is measured in radians, and is
positive in the counterclockwise sense.
3. has an infinite number of possible
values, that differ by integer multiples of
2. Each value of is called argument
of z, and is denoted by = arg z
4. When is such that - < , then
Θ = Arg z, if - < Θ
i n in
Let z re z r e n
i 0
Let z z0 r0 e
n
, n 2, 3,.....
n in i 0
Then r e r0 e
r r0 , n
n 0 2k ,
0 2k
r (r0 ) 1/ n
,
n
i
z r e
1 0 2 k
i( )
z zk (r0 ) n e n
For k 0,
i 0 / n
z0 (r0 )
1/ n
e
2. z1 z2 z1 z2
3. z1 z2 z1 z2
4. z1 z2 z1 z2
Let z = x+iy, Then z is the
O x
If z1 x1 iy1 and z2 x2 iy 2 ,
then z1 z2 distance between z1 & z2 .
z2
z1 z2
Let C be a circle with centre z0 and
represented by C:z-z0= .
c
z0 z-z0=
Consequently, the inequality
circle C.
Interior Point:
z0 N(z0) S
Exterior Point: A point z0 is called an
of Sc.
Boundary point:
boundary points.
Closed set:
A set S is said to be closed if its
boundary points.
Closure of a set:
• Closure of a set S is the closed set
consisting of all points in S together with
the boundary of S.
it is unbounded.
Connected Set:
An open set S is said to be
connected if any of its two points
can be joined by a broken line of
finitely many line segments, all of
whose points belong to S.
• Q. Is the set
S {z : z 1} {z : z 2 1}
connected ?
Domain:
domain.
Ex1: Sketch & determine which are domains
We have z-2+i 1
(x-2)2 + (y+1)21
(2,-1)
S contains the interior &
(ii) S is bounded.
Ex2. S = { z:2z+3>4}
We have 2z+3>4
2x+3+ i 2y >4
•S is a domain and it is
unbounded
z 1
Ex. 3 S z : 1
z 1
Sol. Note that : z 1 z - 1
z 1 z -1
2 2
(z 1)( z 1) (z - 1)( z - 1)
x 0.
S is a domain and it is unbounded.
END