BJM CARMEL ACADEMY

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOLOGY PROJECT

2019-2020

A PROJECT ON

“MICROBES IN DAILY LIFE”

SUBMITTEDBY:- NAMRATA SARKAR

GUIDEDBY:- MRS. SUNITA MAAM

CLASS:- XII

ROLL NO.:-
 BJM CARMEL ACADEMY

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,CHANDRAPUR

2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this a complete project report on

chemistry titled “Microbes in everyday life”, submitted by
Namrata sarkar in partial fulfillment of requirement for XII
standard of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New
Delhi which is a record of work carried out by them under my
guidance for the session 2019-2020.

Subject Teacher sign Principal sign

Date: RollNo. :-

External sign:- School stamp

 BJM CARMEL ACADEMY
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, CHANDRAPUR

2019-2020
DECLARATION

To,
The Principal,
BJM Carmel Academy,
Chandrapur.

Respected Principal,

I Miss Namrata Sarkar hereby declare that I am submitting the project report
entitled “Microbes in daily life”. This project is accomplished under the guidance of
our biology teacher
Mrs. SUNITA MEHTA maam. I would like to thank her for all the lectures, for
giving us a bright opportunity and for inspiring us to complete our project. I
sincerely declare that the project made by me has been carried out on my own
initiative and has not been duplicated or copied from any other source.

Thanking you
NAMRATA SARKAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is an acknowledgement to the intensity drive and
competence of the individuals who have contributed to it.
The project “Microbes in daily life” is an effect of team work.
It involves the co-ordination of many people around me. The
project was a challenging task for me.
The expert guidance of our chemistry teacher Mrs. SUNITA
Mehta changed the complexity of our project into a perfect and
smooth result. We also give special thanks to her for her
suggestions and inspirational personality.
I am thankful to our principal Rev. Fr. Binoy Chekonthayil, for
enlightening us and for providing us the lab facility for the
accomplishment of the project.
At last but not the least we are thankful to all our group
members for their direct as well as indirect help in completing
this project successfully.

Namrata Sarkar
  CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 PRESENTATION

 USES IN FOOD

 USES IN WATER TREATMENT

 USES IN ENERGY

 USES IN SCIENCE

 USUS IN WARFARE

 IMPORTANCE IN HUMAN HEALTH

 IMPORTANCE IN ECOLOGY

 HYGIENE

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

What are microbes?

What are microbes? A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism
that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular
relatively complex organisms. The study of microorganisms is called
microbiology, a subject that began with Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of
microorganisms in 1675, using a microscope of his own design. Microorganisms
are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic
plants (green algae); and animals such as rotifers and planarians. Some
microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as nonliving.
Most microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal,
since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular
protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and
visible to the naked eye.
Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water,
including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep
inside rocks within the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient
recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms
can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies
indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather.
Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food
and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic
engineering. However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and
grow within other organisms, causing diseases that kill humans, other animals
and plants. But they have a lot of uses too. Let’s discuss about some of them.

A little description:
A little description Microorganisms are vital to humans and the environment, as
they participate in the Earth's element cycles such as the carbon cycle and
nitrogen cycle, as well as fulfilling other vital roles in virtually all ecosystems,
such as recycling other organisms' dead remains and waste products through
decomposition. Microbes also have an important place in most higher-order
multicellular organisms as symbionts. Many blame the failure of Biosphere 2 on
an improper balance of microbes.

PRESENTATION

Microbes are very important part of ecology the main or general function of
microbes to or environmental well fare is to work as decomposers. Microbes
like bacteria and fungi are also used in industrial production of enzymes and
proteins or some antibiotics. Some fungi like yeast are also used in making wine
and other in dairy products. The another useful function of microbe is to study
the action and mechanisms of genetic disease as E.coli is many time taken as
model to study genetic diseases.

Uses in food:
Uses in food Microorganisms are used in brewing, winemaking, baking, pickling
and other food-making processes. They are also used to control the
fermentation process in the production of cultured dairy products such as
yogurt and cheese. The cultures also provide flavour and aroma, and inhibit
undesirable organisms. Fermentation in food processing typically is the
conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids
using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions.
Fermentation in simple terms is the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol.
The science of fermentation is also known as zymology, or zymurgy.
Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desirable,
and the process is used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and
cider. Fermentation is also employed in the leavening of bread (CO 2 produced
by yeast activity), and for preservation techniques to produce lactic acid in
sour foods such as sauerkraut, dry sausages, kimchi and yogurt, or vinegar
(acetic acid) for use in pickling foods
 Uses in water
treatment :

Uses in water treatment

Specially-cultured
microbes are used in the
biological treatment of
sewage and industrial
waste effluent, a
process known as
bioaugmentation. Bioaugmentation is the introduction of a group of natural
microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil
or water. Usually the steps involve studying the indigenous varieties present in
the location to determine if biostimulation is possible. If the indigenous variety
do not have the metabolic capability to perform the remediation process,
exogenous varieties with such sophisticated pathways are introduced.
Bioaugmentation is commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment to
restart activated sludge bioreactors. Most cultures available contain a
research based
consortium of
Microbial cultures,
containing all
necessary
microorganisms ( B.
licheniformis , B.
thurengensis , P.
polymyxa , B.
sterothemophilus ,
Penicillium sp.,
Aspergillus sp., Flavobacterium, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces,
Saccaromyces, Triphoderma, etc.). Whereas activated sludge systems are
generally based on microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, rotifers
and fungi capable to degrade bio degradable organic matter.
Uses in energy:
Uses in energy Microbes are used in fermentation to produce ethanol, and in
biogas reactors to produce
methane. Scientists are
researching the use of algae to
produce liquid fuels, and
bacteria to convert various
forms of agricultural and urban
waste into usable fuels. Ethanol
fermentation , also referred to
as alcoholic fermentation , is a
biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are
converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the
absence of oxygen,
ethanol
fermentation is
classified as
anaerobic. Ethanol
fermentation
occurs in the
production of
alcoholic
beverages and
ethanol fuel, and in
the rising of bread dough. Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood,
grasses, or the non-edible parts of plants. It is a type of biofuel produced from
lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants.
Lignocellulose is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Corn
stover, switchgrass, miscanthus, woodchips and the by products of lawn and
tree maintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanol
production. Production of ethanol from lignocellulose has the advantage of
abundant and diverse raw material compared to sources like corn and cane
sugars, but requires a greater amount of processing to make the sugar
monomers available to the microorganisms that are typically used to produce
ethanol by fermentation.

Uses in science:
Uses in science Microbes are also
essential tools in biotechnology,
biochemistry, genetics, and
molecular biology. The yeasts (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) and
fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces
pombe ) are important model
organisms in science, since they are
simple eukaryotes that can be grown
rapidly in large numbers and are easily manipulated. They are particularly
valuable in genetics, genomics and proteomics. Microbes can be harnessed for
uses such as creating steroids and treating skin diseases. Scientists are also
considering using microbes for living fuel cells, and as a solution for pollution.

Uses in warfare:
Uses in warfare In the Middle Ages, diseased corpses were thrown into castles
during sieges using catapults or other siege engines. Individuals near the
corpses were exposed to the deadly pathogen and were likely to spread that
pathogen to others. Biological warfare (also known as germ warfare ) is the
use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
with intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.

Biological weapons (often

termed "bio-weapons" or "bio-
agents") are living organisms
or replicating entities (viruses)
that reproduce or replicate
within their host victims.
Entomological (insect) warfare
is also considered a type of
biological warfare. Biological
weapons may be employed in
various ways to gain a strategic
or tactical advantage over an
adversary, either by threats
or by actual deployments. Like
some of the chemical
weapons, biological weapons
may also be useful as area
denial weapons. These agents
may be lethal or non-lethal,
and may be targeted against
a single individual, a group of
people, or even an entire
population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation
states or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses it
clandestinely, it may also be considered bioterrorism.
Importance in human health:
Importance in human health Microorganisms can form an endosymbiotic
relationship with other, larger organisms. For example, the bacteria that live
within the human digestive system contribute to gut immunity, synthesise
vitamins such as folic acid and biotin, and ferment complex indigestible
carbohydrates.

The human microbiome (or human microbiota ) is the aggregate of

microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the
saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
They include bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Some of these organisms perform
tasks that are useful for the human host. However, the majority have no known
beneficial or harmful effect. Those that are expected to be present, and that
under normal circumstances do not cause disease, but instead participate in
maintaining health, are deemed members of the normal flora . Though widely
known as "microflora", this is, in technical terms, a misnomer, since the word
root "flora" pertains to plants, and biota refers to the total collection of
organisms in a particular ecosystem. Recently, the more appropriate term
"microbiota" is applied, though its use has not eclipsed the entrenched use and
recognition of "flora" with regard to bacteria and other microorganisms. Both
terms are being used in different literature. Studies in 2009 questioned
whether the decline in biota (including microfauna) as a result of human
intervention might impede human health
Importance in ecology:
Importance in ecology Microbes are critical to the processes of decomposition
required to cycle nitrogen and other elements back to the natural world.
Decomposition (or rotting ) is the process by which organic substances are
broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for
recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. Bodies of
living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death. Although no two
organisms decompose in the same way, they all undergo the same sequential
stages of decomposition.
The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy
from the Greek word taphos , meaning tomb. One can differentiate abiotic from
biotic decomposition (biodegradation). The former means "degradation of a
substance by chemical or physical processes, eg hydrolysis).

The latter one means "the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler
components by living organisms", typically by microorganisms.
Hygiene:
Hygiene is the avoidance of infection or food spoiling by eliminating
microorganisms from the surroundings. As microorganisms, in particular
bacteria, are found virtually everywhere, the levels of harmful microorganisms
can be reduced to acceptable levels. However, in some cases, it is required that
an object or substance be completely sterile, i.e. devoid of all living entities and
viruses. A good example of this is a hypodermic needle. In food preparation
microorganisms are reduced by preservation methods (such as the addition of
vinegar), clean utensils used in preparation, short storage periods, or by cool
temperatures. If complete sterility is needed, the two most common methods
are irradiation and the use of an autoclave, which resembles a pressure
cooker.
There are several methods for investigating the level of hygiene in a sample of
food, drinking water, equipment, etc. Water samples can be filtrated through an
extremely fine filter. This filter is then placed in a nutrient medium.
Microorganisms on the filter then grow to form a visible colony. Harmful
microorganisms can be detected in food by placing a sample in a nutrient broth
designed to enrich the organisms in question. Various methods, such as
selective media or PCR, can then be used for detection. The hygiene of hard
surfaces, such as cooking pots, can be tested by touching them with a solid
piece of nutrient medium and then allowing the microorganisms to grow on it.
There are no conditions where all microorganisms would grow, and therefore
often several different methods are needed. For example, a food sample might
be analyzed on three different nutrient mediums designed to indicate the
presence of "total" bacteria (conditions where many, but not all, bacteria
grow), molds (conditions where the growth of bacteria is prevented by, e.g.,
antibiotics) and coliform bacteria (these indicate a sewage contamination).
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT TEXTBOOK

 BIOLOGY LAB MANUAL

 WIKIPEDIA

 GOOGLE