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FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

WHAT ARE
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS?
SUBSTRUCTURE
the underlying support
SUBSTRUCTURE
the underlying support
SUPERSTRUCTURE
SUBSTRUCTURE
SUBSTRUCTURE & SUPERSTRUCTURE
CRITICAL
FACTOR
TYPE & BEARING CAPACITY OF
SOIL TO WHICH BUILDING
LOADS ARE DISTRIBUTED
INTRODUCTION TO
TYPES OF
FOUNDATION
SYSTEMS
COLUMN
a vertical element, usually a rounded shaft with a capital and a base, which in
most cases serves as a support

PIER
an upright support for a structure or superstructure such as an arch or bridge

WALLS
structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form
the periphery of a room or a building

FOOTINGS
widened parts of foundation which rest directly on the soil
COLUMNS, PIERS
OR WALLS REST
ON FOOTINGS,

& FOOTINGS REST


ON
UNDISTURBED
SOIL.
Avoid bearing on UNSTABLE OR ORGANIC SOILS, WET CLAYS OR ON
GROUND WITH POOR DRAINAGE.
A good foundation system should minimize settlement or make it
negligible, once building bears down on supporting soil.
FOOTING
SIZE
FOOTING SIZE
● Usually for light construction
● Size can usually be estimated by
the following when they bear on
stable soil

FOR FOUNDATION WALLS


Width (W) = 2 x thickness of foundation
Thickness (T) = thickness of foundation

FOR COLUMNS AND PIERS


A = P/S, where
A = horizontal bearing surface of footing
P = column load in pounds
S = soil bearing capacity in lbs./S.F.
FOOTING SIZE
● Usually for light construction
● Size can usually be estimated by
the following when they bear on
stable soil

FOR FOUNDATION WALLS


Width (W) = 2 x thickness of foundation
Thickness (T) = thickness of foundation

FOR COLUMNS AND PIERS


A = P/S, where
A = horizontal bearing surface of footing
P = column load in pounds
S = soil bearing capacity in lbs./S.F.
FOOTING SIZE
● Usually for light construction
● Size can usually be estimated by
the following when they bear on
stable soil

FOR FOUNDATION WALLS


Width (W) = 2 x thickness of foundation
Thickness (T) = thickness of foundation

FOR COLUMNS AND PIERS


A = P/S, where
A = horizontal bearing surface of footing
P = column load in pounds
S = soil bearing capacity in lbs./S.F.
BUILDING
SETTLEMENT
● Good foundation system should
minimize settlement or make it
negligible (once building bears
down on supporting soil)
● Laying out and proportioning
the foundation supports so that

BUILDING they transmit equal load per


unit area to the soil

SETTLEMENT ● UNEVEN OR DIFFERENTIAL


SETTLEMENT – can case
building to shift out of plumb
and cracks occur in its
foundation, structure or finishes
● Settlement is due to reduction
in the volume of voids in the soil
WATER
&
FROST
WATER
● Groundwater can place
pressure on and
penetrate foundation
walls and ground slabs
below grade.
● Foundation walls
enclosing basement
spaces should be
waterproofed and a
perimeter drainage
system used to collect
and divert water away
from the foundation.
WATER
● Cohesive soils,
groundwater can rise
through capillary action
and penetrate
building’s ground slab /
crawl space
WATER
● Surface water should be
drained away from
building using
protective sloves; 3%
minimum for grassy or
planted areas and 1% for
paved surfaces.
FROST
freezing = water expands
FROST
● Ground heaving
occurs if moisture in
soil freezes during
cold weather
● Footings should be
placed BELOW
DEEPEST FROST
PENETRATION
EXPECTED AT THE
BUILDING SITE
T Y P E S OF
FOUNDATION
SYSTEMS
What type of foundation system is this?
PIER FOUNDATION
INSULATION
STRIP FOOTING
WOOD PIER FOUNDATION
CONCRETE PIER FOUNDATION
PILE
FOUNDATIONS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
● Penetrate down to a more suitable
bearing stratum when large buildings
generate loads beyond soil bearing
capacity
● Driven closely together in clusters (joined
at top by CONCRETE PILE CAP)
● May be end-bearing or supported by
frictional resistance of surrounding soil
● Large buildings = steel H-sections,
concrete filled pipes or precast reinforced
or prestressed concrete
● Caissons – similar to piles (consist of plain
or reinforced concrete which is sitecast
into drilled holes)
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PILE FOUNDATIONS
WALL
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATION WALLS
● Typically built of concrete or
masonry
● Must be strong enough to support
the weight of the building
superstructure and resist the
lateral loads of the adjacent soil
● Must be durable enough to
withstand years of exposure to
moisture in the soil
● May be unreinforced or plain or
reinforced with steel bars for
greater strength and load
resistance
TYPES OF
CONCRETE
BLOCKS
TYPES
● HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCKS - voids are filled with lightweight material
● AERATED AUTOCLAVED CONCRETE (AAC) - lighter and bigger version of bricks
● CONCRETE BLOCKS - small rectangular block arrange and piled systematically to
create a rigid wall. Made up of cooked clay or concrete. Usually used in fences and
facades bc it provides good aesthetic and slick look.
● SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS - denser, manufactured to be strong and heavy. More
costly but can withstand more forces compared to bricks
● LINTEL BLOCKS - used in prep for lintel beams serves as a masonry unit and
framework itself.
● PAVING BLOCKS - Rectangular or square box made up of reinforced concrete.
Usually used in paving and road construction.
● STRETCHER CONCRETE BLOCKS - similar to corner block,used to combine masonry
units
FLOOR CONNECTION SYSTEMS

Purpose:
● Provide a level surface capable of supporting occupants, furniture,
equipment and internal partition

Functional requirements:
● Strength and stability
● Resistance to weather and ground moisture
● Durability and free from maintenance
● Fire Resistance
● Resistance to passage of heat
● Resistance to passage of sound
CONSTRUCTION
SITE CAST CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION

SITE CAST CONCRETE


CONSTRUCTION
PRECAST CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION

SITE CAST CONCRETE


WOOD AS A WALL
FOUNDATION
Wood foundations save material costs for new building
constructions which makes it a huge consideration when deciding
whether to use wood or concrete for foundation.
PROS & CONS
PROS CONS

1. sustainable 1. possibility of rotting


2. an be reused 2. insect infestation such as
3. reduces manufacturing, termites
production and labor costs 3. susceptible to water damage
4. less costly
SLAB
FOUNDATIONS
CONCRETE GROUND SLABS
GROUND - SUPPORTED SLABS

● 4” MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS


● SHOULD REST ON STABLE,
COMPACT SOIL WITH NO ORGANIC
MATTER
● DOES NOT CARRY ANY
SUPERSTRUCTURE LOADS
● REINFORCED WITH STEEL MESH
FABRIC (CONTROLS THERMAL
STRESSES, SHRINKAGE CRACKING,
AND SLIGHT DIFFERENTIAL
MOVEENT IN THE SOIL BED
CONCRETE GROUND SLABS
STRUCTURALLY- SUPPORTED SLABS

● USED OVER PROBLEM SOILS


● STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT
ENABLES SLAB TO ACT AS A
MONOLITHIC UNIT WITH FOUNDATION
● SUPERSTRUCTURE LOADS ARE
DISTRIBUTED OVER ENTIRE SLAB
AREA
● REQUIRES ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN
TYPES OF JOINTS

1. ISOLATION OR EXPANSION JOINTS


2. CONTROL JOINTS
3. CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
ISOLATION
OR EXPANSION THESE JOINTS ALLOW
JOINTS MOVEMENT TO OCCUR
BETWEEN THE SLAB AND
ADJOINING PARTS OF THE
BUILDING
● THESE JOINTS INDUCE THE
CRACKING THAT MAY
RESULT FROM TENSILE
STRESSES TO OCCUR
ALONG PREDETERMINED
LINES.
CONTROL
JOINTS ● SPACE CONTROL JOINTS IN
EXPOSED CONCRETE 15’ -
20’, OR WHEREVER
REQUIRED TO BREAK AN
IRREGULAR SLAB SHAPE
INTO SQUARE OR
RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
● PROVIDE A PLACE FOR
CONSTRUCTION TO STOP
AND THEN CONTINUE AT A
LATER TIME.
CONSTRUCTION
JOINTS ● THESE, WHICH ALSO SERVE
AS ISOLATION OR CONTROL
JOINTS, CAN BE KEYED OR
DOWELED TO PREVENT
VERTICAL DIFFERENTIAL
MOVEMENT OF ADJOINING
SLAB SECTIONS
FOUNDATION AND WALL SYSTEM CONNECTIONS

1. INDEPENDENT FOOTING
2. INTEGRAL FOOTING
3. MASONRY WALL
4. WOOD STUD WALL
5. GRADE BEAM
6. THICKENED EDGE SLAB
INDEPENDENT
FOOTING
- IS USED WHEN THE
BEARING PARTITION
CARRIES A HEAVY OR
CONCENTRATED LOAD
INTEGRAL
FOOTING
THE SLAB UNDER A
BEARING PARTITION CAN BE
THICKENED TO SERVE AS A
FOOTING. WIDTH AND
DEPTH OF FOOTING
DEPENDS ON (A) WALL
THICKNESS, (B) LOAD, AND
(C) SOIL CONDITION
MASONRY
WALL
WOOD STUD
WALL
GRADE BEAM
THICKENED
EDGE SLAB
CONCRETE
GROUND SLABS:

FLOOR CONDITIONS
THE SLAB
BED
EXTERIOR
SLAB
SLAB STEPS
SLAB
DEPRESSIONS
EMBEDDED
HEATING
PIPES
HEATING
DUCTS
LEANING TOWER OF PISA

● The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the


most remarkable architectural
structures from medieval Europe.
● The construction of the Leaning Tower
of Pisa began in August 1173
● It was designed as a circular bell tower
that would stand 185 feet high with
eight stories
LEANING TOWER OF PISA
GROUP 1

ALCANTARA, RAIA

ALVAREZ, RYLE

TOLEDO, SOPHIA

YAP, PAULA

YLAGAN, STACEY

BS ARCH 1 - E

SRP DESIGNS

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