UNIT IV

GREEN BUILDING DESIGN

– RATING SYSTEM

1. LEED,

2. GRIHA,

3. BREEAM ETC., CASE STUDIES.

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GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
It's not easy being green." -- Kermit the Frog, 1972.
A green approach to the built environment involves a holistic approach to the design of
buildings. Producing green buildings involves resolving many conflicting issues and
requirements.
Each design decision has environmental implications.
Measures for green buildings can be divided into four areas:
•Reducing energy in use
•Minimising external pollution and environmental damage
•Reducing embodied energy and resource depletion
•Minimising internal pollution and damage to health
What Makes a Building Green?
A "green" building places a high priority on health, environmental and resource conservation
performance over its life-cycle.
These new priorities expand and complement the classical building design concerns:
 Economy,
 Utility,
 Durability, and
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 Delight.
GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
 Green design emphasizes a number of new environmental, resource and occupant health
concerns:
 Reduce human exposure to noxious materials.
 Conserve non-renewable energy and scarce materials.
 Minimize life-cycle ecological impact of energy and materials used.
 Use renewable energy and materials that are sustainably harvested.
 Protect and restore local air, water, soils, flora and fauna.
 Support pedestrians, bicycles, mass transit and other alternatives to fossil-fueled
vehicles.
 Most green buildings are high-quality buildings;
 they last longer,
 cost less to operate and maintain, and
 provide greater occupant satisfaction than standard developments.
 Thus –
A green building is one which uses less water, optimises energy efficiency, conserves natural
resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a
conventional building.
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What is Green building certification and why is it required?
Whether Green buildings are really green is to be decided against the predefined rating systems.

There are three primary Rating systems in INDIA.

1.GRIHA
2.IGBC
3.BEE
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is India’s own rating system jointly developed by TERI
and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
 It is a green building design evaluation system where buildings are rated in a three-tier process.
 The process initiates with the online submission of documents as per the prescribed criteria followed by on site
visit and evaluation of the building by a team of professionals and experts from GRIHA Secretariat.
 GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria categorised in four different sections. Some of them are
 Site selection and site planning,
 Conservation and efficient utilization of resources,
 Building operation and maintenance, and
 Innovation
Commonwealth Games Village, New Delhi, Fortis Hospital, New Delhi, CESE (Centre for Environmental Sciences &
Engineering) Bldg, IIT Kanpur, Suzlon One Earth, Pune and many
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INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (IGBC)
The Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) is the rating system developed for certifying Green
Buildings. LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), the organization promoting sustainability
through Green Buildings.
LEED is a framework for assessing building performance against set criteria and standard points of references.
The benchmarks for the LEED Green Building Rating System were developed in year 2000 and are currently available
for new and existing constructions.
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) in year 2001.
IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices in CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is
itself a LEED certified Green building.
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green Building Standard from the USGBC.
IGBC facilitates Indian green structures to become one of the green buildings.
IGBC has developed the following green building rating systems for different types of
building in line and conformity with US Green Building Council.
Till date, following Green Building rating systems are available under IGBC
1.LEED India for New Construction
2.LEED India for Core and Shell
3.IGBC Green Homes
4.IGBC Green Factory Building
5.IGBC Green SEZ
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6.IGBC Green Townships
In Maharashtra, near Mumbai in the Thane District, Govardhan Eco Village, a pioneering eco community in India, has
built buildings with Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks, Rammed Earth Technique, Cob Houses(ADOBE Bricks) with
traditional thatched roofs. These buildings have received 5 STAR Rating from GRIHA, an Indian Nationwide Green
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Standards for Buildings, a wing of the famous TERI.[7]
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BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY (BEE)
BEE developed its own rating system for the buildings based on a 1 to 5 star scale.
More stars mean more energy efficiency.
BEE has developed the Energy Performance Index (EPI). T
he unit of Kilo watt hours per square meter per year is considered for rating the building and especially targets
air conditioned and non-air conditioned office buildings.
The Reserve Bank of India’s buildings in Delhi and Bhubaneshwar, the CII Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre and many other buildings have received BEE 5 star ratings.
 Indians were aware of Green Building concepts from the beginning.
 Conventional homes with baked red colour roof tiles and clay made walls is a really good example of energy
efficient structures that are used to keep cool during summers and warm during the winters.
 Most of rural India is still attached to this building technology with naturally available materials like clay,
wood, jute ropes, etc.
 Today we have advanced technologies that create smarter systems to control inside temperature, lighting
systems, power and water supply and waste generation.
 Green buildings might be a bit heavy on the purse but are good for the environment. In this rapidly changing
world, we should adopt the technology that helps us to save precious natural resources. T
 his would lead us to true sustainable development.
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INTERNATIONAL GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMs
1. LEED, The Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design(US)
2. BREEAM, Building Research Establishment’s Environment Assessment Method –
(UK)
3. CASBEE, Comprehensive Assessment System for BuiltEnvironmentEfficiency –
(Japan)
4. Three star system – China
5. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA'S (GBCA) Green star system –
Australia
6. DGNB –German Sustainable Building Council

INDIAN GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

1. IGBC, INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL
1. GRIHA, Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
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2. BEE, BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
GRIHA –CASE STUDY

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EXAMPLES OF LEED BUILDINGS IN INDIA

• Platinum rated :
CII –Godrej GBC ,Hyderabad
ITC Green Center, Gurgaon
Wipro Technologies, Gurgaon

 Gold Rated :
IGP Office, Gulbarga
NEG Micon, Chennai
Grundfos Pumps, OMR ,Chennai

 Silver Rated : L&T EDRC ,MANAPAKKAM Chennai

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CII –Godrej GBC ITC Green
,Hyderabad Center,
Gurgaon

Suzlon Energy Wipro

Limited Technologies,
Gurgaon

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 Anna
American Centenary
Embassy Library
School, Delhi Building,
Chennai

NEG
IGP Office,
Micon,
Gulbarga
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Chennai31
L&T EDRC , Chennai
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
– Hyderabad

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LEED - CASE STUDY
CII SOHRABJI GODREJ BUILDING

CLIMATE
 It remains fairly warm most of the year.

 Receive less rainfall in the monsoon.

 Temperatures come down in the months of

December and January and the nights
become quite cool in and around the
Hyderabad city.

 During the summer months, the mercury

goes as high as 42° C while in winters the
minimum temperature may come down to
as low as 12° C.

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 Temperature
During the summer months, temperature goes
as high as 42° C while in winters the minimum
temperature may come down to as low as 12° C.

Relative Humidity

Humidity in the morning is very high exceeding

80 per cent from July to September. In the dry
months of March, April and May, humidity is
generally low with an average of 25 to 30 per
cent and decreases to 20 per cent at individual
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GREEN ARCHITECTURE

 Economical

 Energy-saving

 Environmentally-friendly

 Sustainable
development.

 Sohrabji Godrej Green

Business Centre in
Hyderabad. It’s a
commercial building
which consists of office
buildings, research labs
and conference rooms

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 GREEN BUSINESS CENTER Wind Towers

Water Body
Roof garden

Solar PV

Water Efficiency
Sustainable Site
Energy Efficiency
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental
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Quality
 Formation of positive and negative pressure zones when wind flows
around rectangular and circular bodies.
 The pressure coefficient cp can be used with the wind velocity to calculate
positive and negative pressure loads.
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GREEN BUILDING TOUR

 Central courtyard.

 Roof garden - Protects heat

penetration, cuts
down heat-island effect

 High performance glazing to

bring in natural
light while minimizing heat
ingress.

 Usage of light glazing and vision

glazing.

 Jali (Perforated) wall for

bringing in natural light as well
as ventilation .

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 Energy saving system.
  The courtyards act as "light wells," illuminating
COURTYARDS
adjacent work areas.

 When this light is not sufficient, sensors trigger

the deployment of efficient electric lights.

 Dimmers automatically control the illumination

levels, turning the lights off when they're
unnecessary.

 Also, occupancy sensors prevent a light from being

switched on at an unoccupied workstation.

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ROOF GARDEN  Absorbing heat and radiating it into the
building. This is minimized through the roof
gardens covering 55% of the roof area.
Heat absorbed

 Rain water harvesting.

 Seepage into the ground have been installed

in pedestrian areas and parking.
Rain water absorbed used for different
purposes

Rain water

Water filter Outlet for water

Slope given for collection
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the water flow
 NATURAL LIGHTING

Natural light deflection systems

can direct light deep into the room and
ensure better natural lighting provisions.

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REFLECTIVE GLASS (MIRROR)

 This material will most significantly reduce penetration of

radiation from the reflecting side to the non-reflecting side
(penetration of 11-37% of total striking radiation).

 Such glazing is used in this building where it is desir-able to

maintain eye contact with the outside as well as to prevent
penetration of radiation and in areas where it is hot most days of
the year.

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USAGE OF LIGHT GLAZING AND VISION GLAZING

The double glazed glass will just allow the diffused

sunlight to pass through and will radiate the solar
radiation back. It is located in the western direction
because the suns rays is highly radiant when it is
setting.

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DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS

 This consists of two sheets of glass with space in

between, sometimes filled with air or other
gases, or vacuum.

 Variations in thickness have a certain effect, up

to a certain limit, on the percentage of radiation
allowed to penetrate and on thermal
conductance of the composition.

 The main advantage of this type of cross-section

is its ability to reduce heat transfer from one
pane to the other, both by conduction and by
radiation.

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USE OF TRADITIONAL JALLI

 Jallis or Lattice walls are used to

prevent glare and heat gain
while ensuring adequate day
lighting and views.

 The jalli, used in many historic

buildings such as the Taj Mahal,
gives definition and an aesthetic
appeal to a space.

Jalli [Perforated] for bringing in Natural Light

and also Ventilation

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 FUNCTION OF JALI IN THE RAINS

Rain water
seeps in the
openings. Water
utilized
for the
plants
inside.

Section through the jali

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SOLAR SYSTEM

 Harvesting of solar energy - 20% of the buildings

energy requirement is catered to by solar
photovoltaic
 The Solar PV has an installed capacity of 23.5 KW
Average generation is 100-125 units per day

Solar
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Photovoltaic
The solar panels are placed on the eastern
side and they are sloping which helps
production of energy throughout the day and
as it is a commercial building more amount
of energy is consumed during the working
hours [day] compared to the evenings.

Solar
panel

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WIND SYSTEM

Wind tower with evaporative cooling

 A combination of sensible cooling in the

ground and evaporative cooling with the
flow of air induced by the wind tower can
be achieved by a configuration as shown.
 The heat loss from air results in a
decreased air temperature, but no change
in the water vapour content of the air.

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DAYTIME AND NIGHT TIME OPERATION OF A WIND TOWER
 The hot ambient air enters the tower through
the openings in the tower and is cooled, when
it comes in contact with the cool tower and
thus becomes heavier and sinks down.
 When an inlet is provided to the rooms with
an outlet on the other side, there is a draft of
cool air. After a whole of heat exchange, the
wind towers become warm in the evening.
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 During night the reverse happens; due to warm
surface of wind tower and drop in temperature of
ambient air due to buoyancy effect, warm air rises
upwards.
 As a result, cooler ambient air is sucked into the
room through the window.
 As a bye-product of this process, wind tower loses
the heat that was collected during the day time and
it becomes ready for use in cold condition up to the
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morning.
 Wind tower design with openings on Wind tower design with evaporatively
all four sides cooled system

 Due to the unpredictable wind direction, opening on all four sides are provided with an additional affect due to
wind pressure. The rate of heat transfer mainly depends on surface area with which, the air comes in contact.
 Here the surface area is increased by having vertical conduits, which gives less resistance to air flow. Further, the
effectiveness is increased by having sprinklers tosuspromote
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 WIND DEFLECTORS

 Interior partitions are provided in the

building for various purposes of privacy,
which may not allow openings in the
partition.
 In this region, due to the warm and
humid climate ventilation becomes very
essential, cross – ventilation becomes
the major solution.
 This can be overcome by providing ridge
ventilation or ventilating ducts or shafts
for deeper rooms.

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 The effect of positioning the apertures at various heights above the
floor influences the efficiency of the natural ventilation in a given
space.

 Inlet and outlet are high.

 Airflow only near ceiling.
 No air current at body level
 Good for removing hot air for warm
season.
 Layers of still air at low levels.
 Inlet higher than outlet.
 Good interaction of air layers.
Current at body level.
 Pocket of warm , still air over
the outlet.
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WATER SYSTEM
 Collect rainwater for external use i.e. garden/washing car.

 Use water conserving appliances including toilets, shower, taps, washing machine and
dish washer e.g.. Low flow faucets, water saving dual flush tanks

 Reduce irrigation and surface water run-off .

Root Way Water treatment facility – Natural Way of treating the black and grey water.

Rain water

Water filter Outlet for water

 Zero water discharge building Inlet for water
collection
 System35% reduction in potable water use Slope given for the
 Low flow water fixtures water flow
 Waterless urinals
 Use of storm water & recycled water for irrigation.
 Entire waste water in the building is treated biologically
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SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

 A large amount of energy — and pollution — was also reduced

through choices in the production and transportation of building
materials.

 An impressive 77 percent of the building materials use recycled

content in the form of fly ash, broken glass, broken tiles, recycled
paper, recycled aluminum, cinder from industrial furnaces,
bagasse (an agricultural waste from sugar cane), mineral fibers,
cellulose fibers, and quarry dust.

 The building reuses a significant amount of material salvaged

from other construction sites like toilet doors, interlocking
pavement blocks, stone slabs, scrap steel, scrap glazed tiles,
shuttering material and, interestingly, the furniture in the
cafeteria. A waste management plan ensured that 96 percent of
construction waste was recycled.

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PRINCIPLES FOLLOWED

WASTE REDUCTION

 Select materials using recycled components .

 Design for re-use and recycling.

 Control and reduce waste and packaging.

 Reduce resource consumption.

HEALTH AND WELLBEING

 Meet the basic physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the occupants
 Consider healthy lighting, color and sound, controlled temperature and humidity and good indoor
air quality to enhance the living environment
 Reduce formaldehyde emissions and use pollution fighting indoor plants
 Apply an integrated wiring system for lighting, power, security, fire alarm and audio facilities.
 Design a safe and user-friendly space.

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 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

 Design-Orientation for maximum day

light.

 Avoiding Green wall and Green roof.

 Use of neutral glass to reduce heat

gain.

 Usage of energy efficient white goods.

 Use of Zero CFG refrigerators in

refrigerators and air-condition.

 Online monitoring system to monitor

the energy performance.

 Establishing baseline data for energy

Use of eco friendly electric car for transport and traveling consumption.
within the premises helping in preventing pollution.

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ACHIEVEMENTS

 The building boasts of lighting energy savings of 88 percent compared to an

electrically lit building of the same size.
 Vegetation that was lost to the built area was replaced by gardens on 55 percent
of the roof area.
 The building achieves a 35 percent reduction of municipally supplied potable
water, in part through the use of low-flush toilets and waterless urinals.
 Thirty percent of users have shifted to alternative modes of transportation:
carpools, bicycles, and cars that run on liquefied petroleum gas, a low-polluting
alternative to conventional gasoline and diesel.
 95 percent of the raw material was extracted or harvested locally.
 An impressive 77 percent of the building materials use recycled content.
 A waste management plan ensured that 96 percent of construction waste was
recycled.
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LEED CASE STUDY: ITC GREEN CENTRE

 Location: Sector 33, Gurgaon, India.

 Climate: Humid, subtropical climate

 A LEED PLATINUM certified building with 56

points

At 170,000 sq feet, ITC Green Centre is the

world’s largest 0% water discharge, non-
 One of the strongest aspects of ITC Green
commercial Green building, and compared
Centre is its design.
to similar buildings, ITC Green Centre has a
 All systems are integrated in a way so that
30% smaller carbon footprint
they can function as naturally as possible.
with the use of sensible technologies.

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 DESIGN
The central atrium allows a column of glare-free
natural light to form in the heart of the building,
thereby reducing the use of artificial light

 It also ensures that one part of the façade is

always in the shade, preventing too much heat
 The L-shaped plan of the building serves from entering the structure.
more than one function in more than
 The cooling effect is supported moreover by the
one area of the immediate environment.
discreet bodies of water placed in front of the
building

 The atrium also connects the various parts of the

building to each other, both horizontally and
vertically,it encourages interaction between the
various parts, and more, it promotes a sense of
community.
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WATER EFFICIENCY

 Harvest 100% of the rain that falls on the

building, and recycle 100% of all the water
used in the building including waste water.

 Use of waterless urinals in the building.

 The urinals use biological blocks containing

particular bacteria that reduce odour
problems and blockages in the urinals that
saves 3 lakhs litres of water per annum.
 Annually, storm water pits recharged
ground water by around 5500 kilolitres, and
sewage treatment plant recycled 6900
kilolitres of water in total, limiting costs but
more importantly water use tremendously.
Interlocking tiles placed across the
landscape of the building to harvest
rain water through the grass that grows
between the tiles while ensuring 0%
surface run-off.

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ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE

 The high albedo roof coating reduces the amount of heat absorbed
by reflecting over 90% of visible and infra red radiations away from
the building. reduces the roof surface temperature by 30 degrees.

 250mm thickness of the building’s walls, the double glazed

windows and high performance glass reduce the amount of solar
heat entering the building by more than 65%.

 A commercial building the size of ITC Green Centre usually

consumes about 620,000 kilowatts per hour per annum, whereas
ITC use 130,000 kilowatts per hour per annum.

 With a consumption of 11.4lakhs kilowatts per hour against an

estimated 2.33 lakhs kilowatts per hour ITC saved 51% of their
total budget: 81% on lighting, 40% on Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) and 40% on hot water annually.

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MATERIALS AND RESOURCE

 Over 40% of the materials used in the construction of ITC Green Centre
was available within 800 kilometres of the building site, which is not
only cost effective but also offers the chance of easy renewal
 More than 10% of materials used to make work-stations, cabinets,
conference tables, wall panels and door frames was refurbished or
salvaged from other building sites.
 Over 10% of our construction material, such as glass, ceramic tiles, steel
and aluminium, used in the building are recycled.
 There are storage bins on every floor of ITC Green Centre for recyclable
materials like paper, cardboard, glass, plastic and metals, affirming
commitment to ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ and making it a point of
everyday practice.

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CONCLUSION

 ITC is the world’s largest ‘Water Positive’ corporation. The amount of rainwater harvest
regularly exceeds the total amount of water consumed by the company’s units.

 The ‘zero discharge’ objective helps reduce fresh water intake.

 It minimises energy consumption, brings down indirect CO2 emissions and eliminates
effluent pollution.

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