Topic 4-3 Lecture-Rectifiers - Controlled (No Example)

Controlled Rectifiers
301CDE
301CDE Dr. Ming Yang, AAEE, Coventry University 1
Half-wave controlled rectifier with R load
The triggering angle is а, the load current will flow until it is commutated by
reversal of supply at ωt=π.
Vs
π 2π ωt
ωt
Vo
ωt
Once commutated, I
the SCR needs to be
ωt
retriggered.
301CDE
1  1


Average load voltage Vdc  V sin(t ) d (t )  V [  cos(t )  ]
2 2
m m

V
 m (1  cos  )
2
The maximum output

Vm V
voltage is obtained Vmax  (1  cos 0o )  m
when α=0° 2 
301CDE
1     sin(2 )
RMS load voltage VORMS 
2  Vm2 sin 2 (t )d (t )  Vm
4

8
Vm VRMS
when α=0° VORMA  
2 2
   sin(2 )
Vm 
VOrms 4 8    sin(2 )    sin(2 )
PF    2   
Vrms Vrms 4 8 2 4
301CDE
Half-wave controlled rectifier with R-L load
VD VO
301CDE
Vs
π ωt
2π
ωt
α
VD
π+α
ωt
α The inductor
releases
Wave form of I energy.
inductor current ωt
Current
continues to
flow for a
while.
301CDE
Average R-L load voltage VD
1   1
2 
 
VD  V sin(t ) d (t )  V [  cos(t )  ]
2
m m
V V
 m (cos   cos  )  m cos 
2 
Attention: difference between VD and VO
301CDE
Example 1
A half-wave controlled rectifier is used to control the power of 1KW, RMS

voltage 230V, 50Hz heater. Determine the heater power for firing angle of
45°and 90°.
301CDE
Effect of freewheeling diode
This diode is commonly described as a commutating diode as its function

is to commutate load current away from the rectifier whenever the load-
voltage goes into a reverse state.
Vs
I
ωt
π 2π
α
VD VO ωt
VD
ωt
I I I
ωt
For a large inductance , the load
current flows continuously.
301CDE
1  1
Average R-L load voltage VD  
2 
Vm sin(t ) d (t ) 
2
Vm [ cos(t )  ]
V
 m (1  cos  )
2
The maximum output

Vm V
voltage is obtained Vmax  (1  cos 0o )  m
2 
when α=0°
301CDE
Effect of freewheeling diode
1     sin(2 )
2  Vm2 sin 2 (t )d (t )  Vm
4

8
when α=0° Vm VRMS

VORMA  
2 2
301CDE
Full-wave controlled rectifier with R load
301CDE
301CDE
Vs
ωt
α π 2π
ωt
Vo
ωt
301CDE
1  1
 
Vdc  Vm sin(t )d (t )  Vm [ cos(t )  ]
Average load voltage 
Vm
 (1  cos  )

The maximum output

voltage is obtained Vm 2Vm
Vmax  (1  cos 0o ) 
when α=0°  
301CDE
1     sin(2 )
  Vm2 sin 2 (t )d (t )  Vm
2

4
Vm
when α=0° VORMS   VRMS
2
   sin(2 )
Vm 
VOrms 2 4    sin(2 )  sin(2 )
PF    2   1 
Vrms Vrms 2 4  2
301CDE
Full-wave controlled rectifier with R-L load
VD
Current flow path: T1- > L - > R - > T2 - > Vs
301CDE
VD
Current flow path: T3- > L - > R - > T4 - > Vs
301CDE
Vs
π ωt
2π
α
This wave form is
different from that of
ωt
the full wave rectifier, π+α
α
because without being VD
triggered the SCRs can
not be automatically ωt
functioned as a
freewheeling diode.
α to π+ α
The load releases
Integration range the storied energy.
301CDE
Average load voltage for a 1   1

large inductance
VD 
  Vm sin(t )d (t ) 

Vm [ cos(t )   ]
Vm 2Vm
 (cos   cos  )  cos 
 
Average load voltage with Vm

VD  (1  cos  )
a freewheeling diode VD 
301CDE
Using a freewheeling diode will increase the average load voltage, for
example, if α=60°
Average load voltage 2Vm 2Vm 1 Vm

without a freewheeling VD  cos 60   
  2 
diode
Vm Vm 1
VD  （1  cos 60 ）  （1  ）
Average load voltage with   2
a freewheeling diode Vm 3 V
   1.5  m
 2 
301CDE
Power flow (without freewheeling diode)
Rectifier Mode (α<90°) (net power AC  DC)：
• When α=90°, no power flows between the source and the load.
301CDE
α < π/2 π/2<α< π

VD VD
301CDE
Inverter Mode (α>90°) (net power DC  AC) :
• Power is now being delivered from the DC side of the rectifier to the AC
side.
Vs  Vm sin t
301CDE
Inverter Mode (α>90°) (net power DC  AC)
α>90°
VD
301CDE
Example 4
A single phased fully controlled thyristor bridge rectifier supplies a load R-L-
E. (for example a DC motor) The inductance is so large that the output
current can be regarded to be virtually constant. Assume the thyristor to be
ideal with the following data:
VRMS=220V, R=0.5Ω, average load current I=10A. Determine:
(a)Firing angle α , if E= 135V.

(b)Firing angle α , if E= -145V.
(c)Which source (AC or DC) is supplying power in (a) and (b).
(d)Draw the load voltage waveform from (a) and (b).
301CDE
3-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with R load
T1 will be forward biased only when VA>VC when α> 30°
+ +
301CDE
T1 will be reverse biased if VB>VA when α> 150°
+ +
301CDE
The T1 connected to phase A cannot be triggered below an angle below

30°or π/6, since it is already reverse-biased by the already conducting T3.
therefore the minimum firing angle is π/6.
Cross-over point
α = 150⁰
A B C
Vs
ωt
π/6 2π
30⁰> α
Vo
ωt
3 150o 3 3
2 
30o
Vm sin(t )d (t ) 
2
Vm  0.827Vm
301CDE
Continuous conduction Discontinuous conduction
mode 0<=α <= 30⁰ mode 30 ⁰ <=α <= 150 ⁰
VO
VO
301CDE
Continuous conduction mode with R load
0<=α <= 30°

Average load voltage
3  150o 3 3
Vdc 
2   30o
Vm sin(t )d (t ) 
2
Vm  cos 
RMS load voltage
3  150o 1 3 3
VORMS 
2   30o
Vm2 sin 2 (t )d (t )  Vm 
2 8
 cos 2
301CDE
Discontinuous conduction mode with R load
30 ⁰ < α ≤ 150 ⁰
3 180o 3Vm
Vdc   30o m       ）]
o
V sin( t ) d ( t ) [1 cos( 30
2 2
RMS load voltage
3 180o 3 5  3 sin(2  600 )

  30o V sin (t )d (t )  2 2 Vm 3 
2 2
VORMS
2 
m
301CDE
Vdc
Average load current I dc 
R
1
Average SCR current I SCR  I dc
3
Maximum voltage
across each SCR VSCR  3Vm
301CDE
3-phase full-wave controlled rectifier with R load
Positive group
VO VO
Negative group
301CDE
Continuous conduction mode with R load
α <60°
3  90o
Vdc 
2    30 o
3Vm sin(t   / 6)d (t )
3 3  120o 3 3

2   60 o
V m sin( t   / 6 ) d ( t ) 

 Vm  cos 
301CDE
3-phase full-wave controlled rectifier with R load
0⁰≤ α ≤ 60⁰, continuous 3 3

conduction mode, average load Vdc  Vm cos 
voltage 
α > 60⁰ discontinuous conduction 3 3

mode, average load voltage Vdc  Vm [1  cos(  60 )]

301CDE
Example 3
A 3-phase half wave controlled rectifier is connected to a 380V line supply.

Find out the average load voltage at firing angle of 0°and 45°, assuming
the SCRs have a forward voltage-drop of 1.2V.
301CDE

Topic 4-3 Lecture-Rectifiers - Controlled (No Example)

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Topic 4-3 Lecture-Rectifiers - Controlled (No Example)

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Controlled Rectifiers

The maximum output

Average R-L load voltage VD

Attention: difference between VD and VO

A half-wave controlled rectifier is used to control the power of 1KW, RMS

This diode is commonly described as a commutating diode as its function

The maximum output

when α=0° Vm VRMS

The maximum output

Current flow path: T1- > L - > R - > T2 - > Vs

Current flow path: T3- > L - > R - > T4 - > Vs

Average load voltage for a 1   1

Average load voltage with Vm

Average load voltage 2Vm 2Vm 1 Vm

Rectifier Mode (α<90°) (net power AC  DC)：

α < π/2 π/2<α< π

Inverter Mode (α>90°) (net power DC  AC) :

Inverter Mode (α>90°) (net power DC  AC)

(a)Firing angle α , if E= 135V.

T1 will be forward biased only when VA>VC when α> 30°

T1 will be reverse biased if VB>VA when α> 150°

The T1 connected to phase A cannot be triggered below an angle below

0<=α <= 30°

RMS load voltage

RMS load voltage

3 180o 3 5  3 sin(2  600 )

0⁰≤ α ≤ 60⁰, continuous 3 3

α > 60⁰ discontinuous conduction 3 3

A 3-phase half wave controlled rectifier is connected to a 380V line supply.

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