I

I REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
I COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AN» RECONSTRUCTION
AND
I MINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC RESOURCES

I WATER AND WASTEWATER FEASIBILITY STUDIES

I FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
I REPORT

I JANUARY 1995

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ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS SAL
I BEIRUT- LEBANON DOC. PROM. H
N· ,24

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REPUBLIC OF LEBANON

I
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

AND

MINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC RESOURCES

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I WATER AND WASTEWATER FEASIBILITY STUDIES
• FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
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• JANUARY 1995

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I V IV 1 Λ ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS
BEIRUT - LEBANON

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I TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface V

A. Executive Summaiy 1

1 B. Policy, legal and administrative framework 7

1 1 National and international regulations and guidelines 7

2 Principle guidelines for wastewater management in coastal areas 8

3 Effluent standards for wastewater discharged into the sea 9

1 C. Project description 11

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1.1
Water Supply

Introduction
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• 1.2 Identification of New Water Sources 11

1 1.3 Reservoirs and Storage Facilities 12

1.3.1 Present Situation 12

1.3.2 Proposed System 12

1 1.4 Water Treatment Facilities 14
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1 1.4.1 Present Situation 14

1.4.2 Future Situation 14

1.5 Water Supply Distribution system 14

I 1.6 Operation and Maintenance of Facilities, Technical Assistance
• and Institutional Strengthening of MHER 14
I• 2. Sewerage System 15

1 2.1 Introduction 15

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I 2.2 Proposed Sewerage System 15

2.3 The Sea Outfall 18

2.3.1 Design Guidelines 18

1 2.3.2 Design of Sea Outfall 19

1 2.4 Implementation of the Scheme 23

D. Baseline data

1 Ecological Characteristics of the project area 25

1 1.1 Terrestrial 25

1 1.1.1 Geomorphology and Geology 25

1.1.2 Ecology 25
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1.1.3 Hydrology 25

1 1.1.4 Conditions of Pollutions 26

1.1.4 .1 Sources of Pollutions

1 1.1.4 .2 Pollution Transfer
26

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1 1.2 Marine Environment 28
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1 1.2.1 Introduction 28

1.2.2 Biology 28
1 1.2.2. 1 Marine Species of the Area 28

1 1.2.2. 2 The Red Sea Influence 29

1 1.2.2. 3 Effects of Pollution on Marine Species 29

1.2.3 Oceanography 30

1.2.3. 1 Description of the Sea Floor 30

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1.2.3.2 Water Temperature and Saliinity 32

1.2.3.3 Currents and Winds 34

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1.3 Sensitive Areas 35

™ 2. Social Characteristics of the Project Area 36

I 2.1 Population 36

• 2.2 Industries 38

2.3 Toristic Industry 38

I 2.4 Petrol Stations 38

I 2.5 Schools and Educational Establishments 38

- 2.6 Hospitals 39

2.7 Land-use 39

I 3 Pollution Characteristics of the Project Area 39

3.1 Definition of Pollution Sources 39

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3.2 Definition of Polluted Areas 44
I E. Environmental Impact 45

| 1. Negative Impact 45

• 1.1 The Sewerage Scheme 45

1.2 Sea Outfall 46

" 1.3 Water Network 46

• 1.4 Relocation of People 46

• 2. Positive Impacts 47

3. Long Term Impacts 48

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F. Analyses of alternatives 49
1 G. Mitigation Measures 51

1 H. Environmental Management and Training 53

1 I. Environmental Monitoring Plan 54

J. Inter-agency, Local Government and Public Involvement 59

1 (k) Annexes

1 1
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List of EA Preparers
Records of Consultations

1 3
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Data and unpublished documents
Cartographic documentation
5 Photographic documentation
1 6 References

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PREFACE
I The presented Environmental Assesment Study has been elaborated within
the frame of international guidelines and follows the terms of references
I defined for this project and the requirements of the Operational Directive
4.01: Environmental Assessment' stated by The World Bank in October
1991.
I The table of contents meets with the requirements of the Water and

I Wastewater Sector Implementation Unit (SIU), Ministry of Hydraulics and

Electric Resources (MHER), Beirut.

I Detailed reports, data collections as well as other publications considered

to be important for the Environmental Assessment Study are listed in the
annex of this study. Citations of any of these follow the numeration in
I annex (k) 6 References.

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I A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I The facts and findings for 'Water and Wastewater Study for Kesrouan Drainage Zone'
Environmental Assessment Study clearly state that there is an urgent need for the
I improvement of the water supply and wastewater management within the project area.

I The project area is the Sub-Regional drainage area of Tabarja, Jounieh and suburbs in the
Caza of Kesrouan, bounded on the north by Nahr Ibrahim and on the south by Nähr el Kalb.
The area lies at about 20 km to the north of Beirut, and is the most densely populated region
I within the Caza of Kesrouan, with an estimated present population of about 190,000.

I The entire region itself partly underwent serious environmental pollution due to the absence
of adequate wastewater discharge infrastructure. This applies especially for the terrestrial
areas. The rock formation is karstic and the wastewaters of the entire region - mountainous
I areas included - are discharged into ditches, natural holes or bore-holes. Penetrating the
karstic rocks with different retention times, these wastewaters finally reach and pollute the
I sources upon which the entire region depends for its water supply.

I The degradation of the marine littoral zones rests at a comparatively low level, a situation
that is adversely changing due to direct discharge of sewage at the shore line. The different
marine habitats show a distribution of species typical for the mediterranean environment. The
I area within the outfall region is a low productivity area, where seagrassbeds (Posidonia
oceanica, Zostera marina) occur only in small, sandy patches of inferior importance and are

I scattered between the rocky terraces that dominate the shelf.

In the context of policy, legal and administrative framework, the national legislative
I authorities of Lebanon, due to the restricted development potentials during the past three
decades had only little opportunity to update the necessary environmental framework
I according to the present demands.

In April, 1993 the Lebanese government created the Ministry of Environment (MOE) with
I the basic tasks of setting out the general policy for matters related to the Environment.
Parallel to this, the Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources (MHER) has already laid
I out the foundation for the establishment of Regional Water and Sanitation Companies
(RWSC), whose main function would be to provide water and sanitation services within the

I territories assigned to each.

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I The facts and findings of the environmental assessment study for the purposes of this report
are discussed along the international guidelines and standards set up by various organizations
(UNEP, UNDP, WHO, World Bank).
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The proposed improvement of both the water supply system and the wastewater disposal
I system represents the best possible solution for the area, aiming at the minimization of
negative impacts on nature and man at the same time.

I The water distribution system consists of adding a major 700mm pipe conveyor to convey
water from the Madiq source to the Jounieh area. This artery will distribute water by gravity
I up to the 100 m elevation, and will feed the area from proposed new reservoirs. The area
above the 300 meter contour will be fed from the same source by pumping. Higher areas,

I which accommodate only about 32% of the remaining population, will be fed during winter
from Nabaa El Assal source by gravity, and from Jiita source by pumping. During Summer
this area will be fed by pumping from Madiq and Jiita sources, and partly from Faraya and
I Hrajel water wells. The major works are the water reservoirs, main pipes and pumping
stations.

I The sewerage system foresees a coastal collector connected to a treatment plant where the
wastewaters are mechanically treated and discharged through a sea outfall near the village
I of Tabarja. The site is characterized by small scale, intensive agriculture. The distance to the
next permanent settlements exceeds 600 m. The area needed for the first phase of

I construction, which includes pretreatment and pumping facilities only, is rather limited, and
shall be made available immediately. Land requirements for the secondary sewage treatment
plant, to be implemented in the second phase of the project, are higher, and shall be provided
I partially through land reclamation from the seashore, and mainly through expropriation of
the necessary lands in the site location. Land reclamation may be deferred to lower the initial
I capital expenditure, but reservation measures have to be enforced immediately to ensure the
availability of land for the second phase of the project.

I The proposed water supply and sewage systems were part of the public discussion that took
place in two public meetings, the first meeting dated 30 Sept. 1994, attended by the heads
I of municipalities and the President of the Union of Municipalities in Kesrouan and the
second meeting was attended by representatives of various activities of the area. In both

I meetings, no specific objection was raised to the proposed site. It should be mentioned that
this site is not populated at present, and when the land is reserved or expropriated within the
immediate future, no relocation or settlement of inhabitants is foreseen.
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I Several alternatives for the collectors schemes have been developed and evaluated. The
topography of the study area is a rather steep mountainous terrain sloping toward the sea
shore. The main coastal collectors serve the densely populated centers and the industrial and
I coastal touristic facilities, and direct the sewage to the waste treatment site at Tabarja. The
area topography does not lend itself to waste stabilization lagoons and this alternative was

I discounted.

The study area is not considered as an agricultural area, existing agricultural practice being
I limited mainly to tent grown vegetables, usually eaten raw. Hence, it is not advisable to
irrigate these crops with treated wastewater. However, reuse of treated wastewater may be
I incorporated into the project, pending more detailed studies, and may be considered for a
restricted number of crops, industrial use, landscaping and other, similar reuses.

I Tender documents for construction shall include clear clauses for possible realignment or
relocation of facilities where historical and cultural monuments are discovered. Monitoring
I and site inspection by a qualified archeologist during construction will be required. In fact,
the general conditions of the tender documents adopted by the Lebanese government impose

I very strict regulations regarding preservation of historical and cultural monuments.

Available data on the characteristics of the sea within the district of Kesrouan is very
I limited. Field investigations performed during the study period were not comprehensive, due
to the available short study period. More data should be collected and obtained during the

I final design stage. Based on the available data, the sea outfall itself is planned to have a total
minimum length of 1200m up to 1400 m. The diffuser section reaches a maximum depth of
80 meters, which represents the limiting depth for economical construction. According to the
I obtained oceanographical data the calculated dilution factor appears to be sufficient not to
cause detrimental effects on the surrounding marine biocenosis or raise the health risks for

I man. According to the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) regulations, secondary treatment
is a requirement for cities with population greater than 100,000. Secondary sewage treatment
coupled with a sea outfall will be the ultimate solution for Kesrouan area, as the design
I population will exceed 400,000 people in the year 2015.

I The proposed sea outfall will achieve its purpose in two stages, depending on the quantity
of sewage discharged and the océanographie conditions. During the first stage, involving
pretreatment only, the dilution capacity of the sea would be depended upon to achieve the
I required objective, and is foreseen to serve up to 2005 or 2010. At about this time, further
sewage treatment will be employed to maintain the same standard of marine environment
I along the beaches. Disposal of heavy and poisonous metals will be subject to MED-POL
and MAP requirements, and to the standards set out by the MOE's recent decree no. 20/B

I dated 1/12/1994 and shall be controlled at the source. Sludge resulting from sewage
treatment shall be dewatered, dried and disposed off within a suitable land fill.

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I Proper operation of the outfall will depend upon two factors: dilution and current action.
Previous studies to the north and south of Beirut (about 25 km south of Tabarja) indicate

I that sea currents in the summer period (JJASON) are generally parallel to the shore line.
Wind induced surface currents directed towards the coast could occur in the summer months
only for a few days, with an intensity of 0.136 m/sec. To avoid contamination on the
I shoreline, the outfall shall be made long enough to ensure adequate mortality before sewage
contaminated sea water reaches the shore.

I The first stage, therefore, will incorporate a pretreatment plant, consisting of screening,
degritting, oil and grease removal, in conjunction with a sea outfall anticipated to have a
I total length of 1200 - 1400 m, reaching a depth down to 80m. Initial calculations indicate
that for T90 > (1.2 - 1.5) hrs and an outfall length of 1350m, the coliform count could

I remain within acceptable limits at the sea outfall site, up to about the year (2005-2010). For
T90 >2 hrs and same outfall length, the acceptable coliform count could be exceeded, and
further sewage treatment and disinfection will be warranted.
I The area around the outfall in Tabarja is neither a classified area nor a sensitive zone, as it

I is a low productivity area of poor plankton, and fish do not find enough nourishment to feed
on. Therefore the sea outfall would very unlikely have any adverse impact on its Fauna and
Flora, but contrary to that, these could actually benefit from the organic matter present in
I the sewage, provided toxic materials are removed at the land source.

I Foreseeing the possibility of installing primary treatment facilities around the year 2005, a
controlled sanitary land fill area will be reserved in a suitable place, not far from the outfall

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site to receive dewatered and dried sludge produced from these facilities. Provision also has
been made in the sea outfall pretreatment works to install a screw press for screenings which
can be packed and sent to the land fill .
I The project, as a whole, is not expected to have any considerable negative impact on the

I environment The sewerage scheme would involve short duration negative impacts resulting
from construction nuisances, road crossings of major highways, passage of sewer lines
through congested downtown areas, and possible odour control problems within pumping
I stations, pretreatment and secondary treatment facilities.

I The environmental impact of the sea outfall on marine life is negligible. Its impact on sea
shore water quality shall be carefully monitored and the coliform count shall be kept within
acceptable standards, to maintain the adjoining swimming beaches open throughout the
I summer season.

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I Noise and odor from pumping stations, pretreatment works and secondary treatment plants
shall be controlled. For the water network, noise levels in areas adjacent to pumping stations
will be kept under control. Choice of reservoir sites should have minimum environmental
I impact on trees and forests.

I The positive impacts of the project include :

Eliminate discharge of sewerage in the sensitive Karstic layers which is contaminating

I the natural springs and the water table.
Elimination of the pollution of the sea shore which is considered a highly prized
I touristic attraction, particularly in the coastal area of Jounieh and Jounieh Bay.
The expansion of the water network will add to the welfare of the people who suffer

I from the lack of proper water distribution and availability at the tap. People are forced
to buy expensive and polluted water by trucks.
Elimination of health risk to the population both from potable water and marine
I environment.
Enhancing the socio-economic conditions of the people by improving touristic projects,

I especially since the general income of the population of Kesrouan is on the low side.

In relation to the expected low negative impact caused by the implementation of the
I proposed systems, detailed mitigation plans with high complexity are considered not
necessary. These are almost restricted to:

I Restoration of surrounding landscaping and containment of land slides where

construction occurs.
I Minimum disruption of traffic by passing the major coastal collectors along the railway
reservation.
I Crossing of major highway and sensitive down town areas to be done by micro-
tunnelling techniques.
Pretreatment works for the sea outfall and consequently the sewage treatment plant will
I have to be covered where necessary to eliminate odor problems, and odor control
equipment will be provided.
I Noise levels for machines in pumping stations and treatment site shall be kept to
acceptable standards.

I Bacterial count on the seashore will have to remain within the MED-POL requirements.
Continuous monitoring of the seashore especially during summer shall be
implemented.
I Mitigation measures, such as additional primary treatment, secondary treatment and
disinfection to be implemented at stages as will be required and evident from the

I monitoring program.

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I Dumping of heavy metals and toxic materials will be subject to MED-POL limits
and shall be controlled at source.

I The training programs concerning basic environmental issues, set up for the staff needed for
the management and the operation of the proposed systems are of utmost importance to

I ensure a cost effective and environmentally safe operation. The main items should therefore
concentrate on basic chemical analysis in the laboratory and in the field as well as on basic
engineering principles of water supply systems and wastewater collection and treatment.
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In addition to these programs, monitoring plans, which include periodical leak detection of
I sewer pipes and sea outfall, periodical effluent analysis of the wastewater treatment plant and
daily quality monitoring of the water supplied to the population are considered to be an
integral, essential framework for the implementation of the planning. In addition, surface
I seawater, too, has to be included into the periodical analysis program in order to detect any
contamination (pathogens, ecotoxins) in its initial phase.
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I B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

I 1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES

It is mainly due to the critical national situation during the past three
I decades that Lebanon in fact had no possibility to establish a sound and
effective national environmental legislation framework as it has been
developing in the other mediterranean countries since years. This does not
I only apply to water quality standards but also to legislative tools for
protection and sustainable use of natural resources.
I However, following the end of the years of strife, the Lebanese government
has embarked on the rehabilitation and expansion of the nation's
I infrastructure to overcome the deficiencies resulting from the wartime
disruption. Parallel to this, Lebanon has actively started to upgrade its
prevailing environmental regulations and laws, and has participated in the
I regional conferences that addressed environmental problems. Lebanon is a
signatory to the convention and protocols produced through the

I Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), and has agreed to support a continuing

research and monitoring programme known as MED POL II. Under this
programme, guidelines have been produced that govern the design of
I marine outfalls which discharge wastewater into the Mediterranean.
Signatories to the MAP convention have established a criteria, whereby
coastal communities with more than 100,000 population should establish
I sewage treatment plants, but no time scale has been set.

In addition, Lebanon has taken part in other action plans set up for the
I Mediterranean region and has to be defined among other Mediterranean
countries as target region for various environmental protection and
I development programmes (UNDP, UNEP, METAP, WHO) of which only
a few publications have been revised representatively for this study (21, 22,
23, 24, 29, 30).
I In April 1993, the Lebanese government created the Minisitry of
Environment (MOE), whose basic task is to set out the general policy that
I governs matters related to the Environment, and to present the necessary
implementation framework, in coordination with other governmental
authorities. MOE has proceeded with its tasks, and has started to draft
I appropriate environmental regulations, and to present the framework
necessary for implementation, in coordination with other government
I authorities.

Also, the Ministry of Hydraulic and Electric Resources (MHER ) has

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started a programme for the reform of the water and wastewater sector.
I This involves the establishment of five autonomous Regional Water and
Sanitation Companies (RWSC). The main function of these entities is to
I provide water and sanitation services to cities, towns and smaller
communities within its jurisdiction.

I Matters related to tariffs, levels of service and the allocation of water

resources will be regulated through a central department of MHER, and the
environmental impact of the RWSC activities will be regulated by the
I Ministry of Environment (MOE).

I The environmental assessment study refers to international guidelines and

standards concerning the evaluation of the present environmental status of
the project area as well as the definition of effluent requirements for
I wastewater treatment plants and in the discussion of negative impacts. In
this respect, MOE in its most recent publication, decree No. 20/B dated
1/12/1994, which has established specifications and special standards to
I protect the environment from pollution.

PRINCIPLE GUIDELINES FOR THE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN

I COASTAL AREAS

I The threat of biological degradation that coastal littoral zones are facing
today has been defined for nearly every coastal stretch on each continent
of the world. Subsequently, guidelines, standards and programmes to
I decrease coastal degradation in order to protect the natural resource
potential of these zones are nowadays clearly definable and proved to be
applicable for most of the existing climates (13, 16, 18, 19, 29).
I The main principle guidelines (among others) can be summarized as
follows:
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the sound and intenstive evaluation of alternatives for wastewater
I discharge prior to the planning and construction of sea outfall
systems (e.g. infiltration or reuse in agriculture)

I the site selection for the sea outfall diffuser based on scientific
(biological, oceanographical, chemical) analysis programmes and data
interpretation.
I the definition of adequate treatment techniques (mechanical, primary,

I secondary, elimination of chemical compounds) based on the

obtained data pool (effluent standards)

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the selection of adequate, safe construction characteristics of the sea
I outfall pipe regarding the local underwater geomorphology and the
local oceanographical conditions.
I the set up of monitoring programmes for the supervision of the cost
effective and environmentally safe operation of the entire system
I EFFLUENT STANDARDS FOR WASTEWATER DISCHARGED INTO
SEAWATER
I Among the principle guidelines listed above, the adequate treatment
technique proves to be the most complex principle. Not only does the
I adequate definition of the wastewater quality discharged into the littoral of
coastal marine areas decide upon the progression of biological degradation
I of most of the planktonic and benthic marine biocenosis1, but also does the
quality of the discharged wastewater influence the resource potential of the
coastal stretch regarding tourism (bathing water quality) and the
I exploitation of marine food species (fish, shellfish) as accumulators of
ecotoxins.

I Of these, the bathing water quality is mainly influenced by the enteric

pathogen load of the discharged wastewater and thus affects the health of

I people in contact with seawater.

If raw wastewater is discharged, the T90 -value (the time - hrs - for 90 %
I reduction of pathogens via mortality or sedimentation) gives a rough idea
about the fate of these pathogen once discharged into seawater.

I The accumulation of ecotoxins in marine food species, too, is a factor with

a high risk potential for the health of the consumers. This applies not only
for inorganic (heavy metals) or organic (bioacids) compounds, but also for
I the accumulation of pathogens organisms especially in filter feeders
(shellfish).
I The World Health Organization expressed clear demands for the quality of
wastewaters that are discharged into the open sea (23, 24, 29) depending
I on the main characteristics of the coastal areas (bathing waters, shellfish
waters).

I The coastal zone of Kesrouan region is poor in shellfish, but its beaches are
extensively used for touristic purposes and swimming.

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The bathing water quality criteria, as recommended in (29, page 10), are
I taken as basic technical recommendation for this project. The values
represent the concentrations in the seawater before and after the discharge
I of wastewater into the littoral marine zone:

Parameter Unit 50 %' 90%2 sampling point

I Faecal coliforms 100 1000 bathing water of the
n/100ml

I Faecal Streptococci n/100ml 100 1000 coastal area

Colour mg Pt-col/1 10 30 plume surfacing point

I Suspendid Solids mg/1 1.3

NV
1.5
NV
NV - normal value
before discharge

I Dissolved oxygen
Nitrogen Ammonia
mg/1
mg/1
6.0
0.05
5.0
0.12
at the surface

Dissolved Phosphate mg/1 0.02 0.05

I ( 1- in 50%, 2- in 90% of the samples taken)

I These dilution standards for bathing waters demand the definition of

effluents standards (29) for the treatment plants connected to sea outfalls:

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Parameter Unit 50% 90% Maximum

I Greases and oil mg/1 25.0 40.0 75

Settleable solids mg/1 1.0 1.5 3
I Turbidity
pH
FTU
--
75
—
100
—
250
6-9
BOD5 mg/1 300 400 600
I Colour * — -- 1:40
(* - to be taken not over 10cm, dilution more than 10%)
I Remark: values given in the table above refer to open coastal areas, for
enclosed areas see publication (29).

I Further engineering criteria (10, 29) as far as they are considered to be

guidelines for the construction of sea outfalls will ensure the
environmentally safe operation.
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I C. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

I The Project consists of a series of discrete and independent components,

covering the water supply and sewerage systems. The project area covers
the coastal strip of Kesrouan completely, extending from Nähr El Kalb to
I Nahr Ibrahim, over a narrow, densely populated coastal plain. On the
southern mountain side, however, the project covers the communities
surrounding the expressway that links the coastal strip to the high
I mountain resorts. The terrain is mostly rugged, with steep slopes, and
elevations reaching an altitude of more than 1200 m in the area of
Faitroun.
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The project area covers also the central part of the Kesrouan District,
I lying between Maameltein and Ghazir. The terrain here is again steep, but
the project area does not cover the more rugged section of this mountain
chain. Ghazir lies at an altitude of only about 520m.
I Although higher reaches within the mountains are not included in the
present project, however, particularly in the case of the sewerage system,
I this system will cater for flows encroaching on the project area from
higher zones.
I 1- WATER SUPPLY

I 1.1 Introduction

The purpose of the present project is the identification of new water

I sources, the creation of reservoirs and other storage installations, and
water treatment facilities, the extension of the existing water supply

I system, the upgrading of operation and maintenance of facilities, and,

further more, technical assistance to the project operating organization
and institutional strengthening of MHER are to be considered.
I 1.2 Identification of New Water Sources

I - Improvement of the existing water sources -mainly natural springs-

through proper development to capture their discharges as completely as

I possible.

- Identify new aquifers which can be tapped through deep wells, e.g.,
I areas around Ghbale, Nahr ed-Dahab, Chahtoul, Qattine, Hrajel, Faraya
and others.

I - Reduce pumping costs during the wet season, through connection of the
water supply system to existing springs reserved during the dry season

I for irrigation purposes.

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- Consider other possible future water resources such as the Chabrouh
I Dam.

1.3 Reservoirs and Storage Facilities

I 1.3.1 Present Situation

I With the existing distribution system, water is delivered to customers

through "orifice gauges", and storage facilities are provided by customers.
I Water is conveyed directly from the sources to the customer's water tank,
at average flow. The existing network does not withstand any peak
demand, and existing storage facilities do not cater for peak demand or
I standby storage for fire fighting. Besides, the quantity of water available
from different springs (in the present situation) is below the water needs
of the communities, and no extra water is available for storage purposes.
I Fig. 1 indicates the present water network on a reduced scale.

I 1.3.2 Proposed System

4

I If water is supplied to consumers without metering, there will be no

definite incentive for the consumers towards adoption of water saving
practices. It is therefore, imperative that water metering be employed in
I the proposed system, so that users are charged for what they actually
consume. This, however, does not justify discarding the present practice

I of using water orifices, otherwise, the system will have to be redesigned

for peak demand, resulting in prohibitive costs. It is, therefore, proposed
to use both devices, an orifice meter to provide consumers with
I continuous average discharge distributed over 24 hours, and a wate r
meter, to ensure that the consumers are charged only for the water they
actually use, thus encouraging water saving practices among the served
I population. This will also have a pronounced impact on the storage
capacity within the system, which will be actually catered for by the

I consumers themselves, instead of the water supply office. However, the

water system will still be required to provide enough storage to cover fire
demand and other unforeseen requirements.
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ROPOSED W A T E R L I N E S
_ PROPOSED W A T E R R E S E R V O I R

A R E A FED FROM A F Q A SOuft.c

AREA FED FROM NABAA EL ASSAl SOURCE

AREA FED FROM JIITA SOURCE

AREA FED FROM MAC'S SOURCE

GHAZIR A R E A

PROPOSED W A T E R L I N E S >
Ο PROPOSED PUMPING STATION > PHASE 1
PROPOSED WATER RESERVOIR J

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—'^T^V' aafff Tanbone

ASSOCIATED CONSLT-TTNC ENCTAFERSt

REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT k RECONSTRUCTION AN'I
MINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC RESOURCES
ISWi
W A T E R AND W A S T E W A T E R STUDY
TOR KESROüAN DRAINAGE ZONE

OVERALL PLAN SHOWING E X I S T I N G

AND PROPOSED WATER LINES
I
I 1.4 Water Treatment Facilities

I 1.4.1 Present Situation

The only available treatment facility at present is chlorination at the

I spring intakes. Since storage facilities are not available in most of the
present networks, traveling time through the transmission line is utilized
I to provide sufficient contact time for the chlorine to react.

1.4.2 Future Situation

I Treatment facilities to be provided in the future include:

I - Sedimentation tanks at the spring intakes mainly for turbid winter

waters (with possible flocculation), to be implemented together with
I the enhancement of the water sources.

- Prechlorination at the spring intakes.

I - Chlorination at inlets to water reservoirs.

I 1.5 Water Supply Distribution System

I As mentioned earlier, the present water distribution system is designed

based on continuous average flow. This concept is to be maintained in the
proposed system, in order to keep capital expenditure to the minimum. In
I addition to this, it is proposed that, during the high flow season (6 to 8
month/year) when the natural springs located in the high mountains
would have enough flow, the demand of the greatest portion of the
I mountainous communities would be satisfied by gravity flow from these
springs, without resorting to costly pumping procedure from the lower
springs. During the low flow season, however, these same mountainous
I communities would have to be fed flow from the lower springs through
pumping. The proposed system would have to be versatile enough so as
I to allow for the two possibilities.

1.6 Operation and Maintenance of Facilities, Technical Assistance and

I Institutional Strengthening of MHER

Present staff in the Kesrouan Water Office (O.E.K.) is below the

I minimum requirements. Staff is to be strengthened to include
electromechanical and civil engineers, and skilled laborers and
I technicians in sufficient numbers. In addition, support from MHER is to
be strengthened.

I
I 14
I
I 2. SEWERAGE SYSTEM
2.1 Introduction
I In the sewerage sector, collection facilities are existing and operational
mainly in the Jounieh area. In other parts of the project area, some
I communities have been supplied with sewage collection systems, but
these are not operational, mainly because final disposal facilities are not
provided.
I Parts of Jounieh area are sewered at present by a system that is being
evacuated through pumping to a short sea outfall located at Tabarja. In
I fact, this Outfall has been severely damaged, probably through wave
action, so that, at present, the sewage is discharged right at the shore line.
I A sewage collector has been provided for the towns and villages located
along the Zouk Mkayel-Aajaltoun-Faraya mountain highway. It starts at
I Faitroun, and extends down to Zouk Mosbeh, where it ends. Likewise,
another line starts at Ghazir and ends just above the coastal highway.
Obviously, both lines are not in operation at present.
I
One of the main purposes of this project, therefore, is to incorporate the
I above components and put them into operation. At the same time, other
portions of the populated areas within the project zone should be provided
with proper sewerage schemes. Fig.2 indicates the present and proposed
I wastewater systems.

The choice of the most appropriate alternative solution for the water
I supply and sewerage systems is closely related to the topography of the
area. Kesrouan is mainly a rugged mountainous district with steep slopes

I and deep valleys. The land rises, within the project area, from sea level to
an altitude of 1200m in less than 10km. In several places, the mountains
reach down into the sea, but even in those cases where there is a coastal
I plain, it is not more than a few hundred meters in width .

2.2 Proposed Sewerage System

I Various alternative solutions for the sewerage system were considered in
order to reach the site of the treatment works by utilizing gravitational
I flow as much as possible. This was achieved completely in the region of
Adma Ed Dafne, Kfar Yassin and Tabarja, due to the compatible
I topography of the area. For the region of the main collector A, as shown
in Fig 2, the most suitable routing followed the coastal plain along the
railway track, in order to achieve the following objectives:
I
I
15
I
 MAIN
COLLECTOR
>-. '»ΛΐΗΛο·"

PROPOSED
L/STN

LEGEND
TREATMENT
E X I S T I N G S E W E R LINE
PLANT
PROPOSED MAIN LINE

EXIST. PRESSURE LINE

PROPOSED PRESSURE LINE

LIMIT OF STUDY A R E A
MAIN
COLLECT

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS ! .!..u.

REPU3LIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

OVERALL SEWERAGE SCHEME

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I
I collect the sewage of all the coastal areas that are densely populated.
to minimize on expropriation.
I to maneuver around the mountainous ridges.
to take advantage of the flat layout of the railway tracks or their mild
slopes, thus avoiding dips in the ground.
I to avoid the congested main autoroute.
to minimize on undesirable environmental impacts during construction.
I The proposed sewerage system shall consist of two main coastal
collectors, A and B.
I In alternative I, Collector A incorporates the existing Faitroun- Zouk
Mosbeh sewage main, which should be extended until it reaches the
I Ouata Nähr Ei-Kalb area. Here, it joins with a coastal collector that
passes along the railroad tracks adjacent to the old Beirut-Tripoli road
I until the Kaslik area, where the line drops towards the location of the
yachting club of the Automobile and Touring Club of Lebanon (ATCL).
It then follows the railroad passing along the seashore, traversing the
I Central area of Jounieh, and then passes along the Beirut- Tripoli railroad
again until reaching a low point in Maameltain. At this location a
pumping station is provided to pump the sewage to Tabarj a through a
I 1000mm pressure line. From there, sewage flows by gravity to the
location of the pretreatment headworks and the sea outfall site. In this
scheme the existing pumping station in Jounieh will be eliminated.
I
In alternative II, a pumping station is provided in the vicinity of the
I ATCL club, which pumps the sewage through a pressure line all the way
to a pumping station in the Maameltein area. This pumping station is
provided to receive the sewage that is collected by gravity from the
I surrounding areas including the flow from Ghazir, in addition to the flow
arriving from the first pumping station at Kaslik, and then pumps the total
through a pressure line that transports the sewage to the same high point
I in Tabarj a as in the first alternative.

I The Jounieh Central district in the alternative II will continue being

served by the present pumping station located downstream of the
Municipal Stadium. Alternative II is the preferred solution for this
I feasibility study.

Collector "B" serves the coastal strip of Kesrouan lying to the north of
I Tabarj a, and is envisaged to provide a connection line to serve parts of the
Jbail district that lies between Nahr Ibrahim and Fidar. On the other hand,
I the flows issuing from the areas north of Fidar and the rest of the Jbail
district should be directed towards another treatment plant to be located at
a point somewhere between Jbail and Batroun.
I
i 17
I
I The proposed sewerage scheme for Kesrouan involves also the erection of
a sewage treatment plant at Ouata Slam near Tabarja. In order to reduce
on expropriation costs, additional land shall be reclaimed from the sea to
I accommodate parts of the treatment units and the pumping station
necessary to discharge the sewage through the Sea outfall
I In the context of sewage treatment, several alternatives were considered.
Although waste stabilization lagoons are considered the most suitable for
I the region due to prevailing climatic conditions, however, due to the
urbanized nature of the project area, and the high cost of land along the
sea coast, this type of treatment is considered environmentally undesirable
I and economically unsuitable. Conventional treatment, involving the use
of activated sludge process, renders itself more suitable for the area under
I question, particularly from the aspect of environmental impact.

Final disposal of the effluent is to be achieved through a sea outfall.

I Several alternative combinations of full treatment and a short outfall, or
pretreatment and a longer outfall were considered. It must be mentioned
that difference in cost between a short or a longer outfall are not very
I high, the major cost being spent on mobilization and construction
equipment. Consequently, and in order to reduce the initial capital cost, it

I was decided to phase the works and to implement the pretreatment works
only in a first phase, together with a long outfall. Then in a second phase
subject to the results of the monitoring plan, primary units will be
I introduced at about the year 2005. Secondary treatment would be subject
to the results of the monitoring plan and the availability of funds, but not
before the year 2015.
I 2.3 The Sea Outfall

I 2.3.1 Design Guidelines

The design criteria adopted for the outfall were those recommended in
I the following publications :
Guidelines of the WHO prepared in 1985 namely for flows from cities
with less then 100,000 people.
I The World Bank technical paper number 77 for ocean disposal option.
The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) technical reports series No.38

I guidelines, for pollutants in the Mediterranean.

SIU-I Water and waste water sector August 1994 -Republic of Lebanon -
CDR/MOE/ MHER
I Terms of Reference for the project.

I
I
18
I
s£S»
I
I It should be noted that based on field investigations for sea currents,
winds, sea water temperature and salinity, T90 die-away time and other
I essential criteria for design of the outfall are based on very limited data
that is not considered comprehensive. Collection of more data will be
needed to be obtained for at least 5 months of the summer season in order
I to be more conclusive in the design of the outfall.

I Some of the data used in the present design were adopted from a study
undertaken by Sogrea and the Beirut Airport Meteorological center in the
vicinity of Beirut in 1965 which were used by ACE for the design of the
I sea outfalls in those areas.
These are shown in Fig 3 and Fig 4.

I 2.3.2 Design of Sea Outfall

I The outfall diffusers will be located at a depth of 70-80 meters below

sea surface, which gives good conditions for initial dilution and
subsequent dispersion. Sea currents are normally parallel to the shore and
I will carry the sewage field away from the shoreline.

If the sea water temperature and salinity in the summer cause

I submergence of the sewage plume, this subsequently will not cause any
adverse surface conditions.

I For the conditions where the flume reaches the surface of the sea at the
discharge point, the dilution and dispersion are very effective, but the
I controlling factor could be the surface currents that direct the sewage
plume towards the sea shore.

I In this condition the controlling factor for the design will be the T90 die-
away time for the bacteria to reach from the discharge point to the
shortest distance at the shoreline namely the vicinity of the sea
I outfall/pretreatment works site.

I The World Bank paper 77 Reports a T90 for Nice, France, as equal to 1.1
hours, for Israel as less than 1.0 hour, and for Istanbul between 0.8 and
1.7 hrs. Recommended practice in the Turkish zone indicated T9o of 1.5
I hours.

Based on the available data, the sea outfall is planned to have a total
I minimum length of 1200m up to 1400 m. The diffuser section reaches a
maximum depth of 80 meters, which represents the limiting depth for
I economical construction. According to the obtained oceanographical data
the calculated dilution factor appears to be sufficient not to cause
detrimental effects on the surrounding
I
I 19
 2ECEMBRE 0 4 - J A N - F E V R I E R 65 - OCTOBRE - NOVE'.'3'fE 61

0 Ο
COURANT MARINS ZONE NORD

INTENSITE DES COURANTS

km : 10 cm /s
MAXIMUM VALUES

.WERftGE VALUES
90·
270°

180°
180"

JUIN - J U I L L E T - 40UT 65
DECEMBRE c 4 - J4NV- F E V R I E R - 6 5 SEPTEMBRE - OCTOBRE - NOVEMBRE 64
0
0 0

270' DIRECTIONS FREQUENCE

270 ι ro 270° lern = 5%
67,3 ' % DE COURANT
NUL

180° 180° ISO-

/OI/65-20.SJE NORD No 87-7/01/65 ZONE NORD Mo 36-7/01/65-ZONE NORD No. 85-7/01/65-ZONE NORD No 80-5/01/65-ZONE NORD No 79 - 5/01/65-ZONE NORD No 7 4 - 4 / 0 1 / 6 5 - ZONE NORD No.73 - 4 / O I / 6 5 - ZONE NORD

Note:
These measurements were
taken by SOGREAH for the south
part of Beirut in 1964 .

1
ι · - q ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS ! BEIRUT

REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

REPARTITION DES VITESSES SUR UNE VERTICALE
ECHELLES DES HAUTEURS : lern. « ΙΟ m. FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE
ECHELLES DES VITESSES lem. * 10cm/s
INTENSITY & DIRECTION
OF MARINE CURRENTS

19(07
F ig. 3
 DECEMBRE 64 NOVEMBRE 64 OCTOBRE 64 SEPTEMBRE 64

AVRIL 65 MARS 65 FEVRIER 65 JANVIER 65

AOUT 65 JUILLET 65
Mil 65

VENTS Note :
These measurements were
taken by Airport Meteorological
FREQUENCE DES DIRECTION^ Center before 1964 .
ET
REPARTITION DES INTENSITE^

LEGENDE
j LîtJ_uj y I jLoj ^L^J I ^j=
ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS ! BEIRUT

% DE VENT NUL
R E P U B L I C OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION
0 '- 1,5 n/i

1=1 2 - 9,0 m/· WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

i%^| 9,5 - 1 5 , 5 m/i FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE
•BU if,,0 - 23 ,0 m/i I N T E N S I T Y DIRECTION
FREQUENCY OF WIND
ECHELLE : 4 mm. = I %

Fig.4
I
I marine biocenosis or raise the health risks for man. According to the
regulations of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) , secondary
treatment is a requirement for cities with population greater than
I 100,000. Secondary sewage treatment coupled with a sea outfall will be
the ultimate solution for Kesrouan area, as the design equivalent
I population will exceed 400,000 people in the year 2015.

The proposed sea outfall will achieve its purpose in two stages,
I depending on the quantity of sewage discharged and the océanographie
conditions. During the first stage, involving pretreatment only, the
dilution capacity of the sea would be depended upon to achieve the
I required objective, and is foreseen to serve up to 2005 or 2010. At about
this time, further sewage treatment will be employed to maintain the
I same standard of marine environment along the beaches. Disposal of
heavy and poisonous metals will be subject to MED-POL and MAP
requirements, and to the standards set out by the MOE's recent decree no.
I 20/B dated 1/12/1994, and shall be controlled at the source. Sludge
resulting from sewage treatment shall be dewatered, dried and disposed
off within a suitable land fill.
I A deep sea outfall will insure proper dilution of the sewage field whilst

I the sea currents running predominantly along the shore line will carry it
away to the open sea. To avoid the impact on the shoreline the outfall
should be long enough so that adequate mortality of bacteria occurs for
I any sewage reaching the shore. A submerged sewage field due to
stratification in the summer months could eliminate sewage reaching the
beach in the vicinity of the sea outfall. Thus a comprehensive data of the
I physical océanographie conditions is essential.

The sea current conditions for the area South and North of Beirut city
I (25 Kms south of Tabarja sea outfall site) indicate that currents in the
summer period (JJASON) are generally along the shore and are rare
I onshore. Surface currents induced by wind flowing towards the shore
line could occur in the summer months for a few days. The intensity of
these currents could reach a value of 0.136 m/sec.
I In the first stage of the sewerage scheme, and judging from the available
data, a pretreatment plant, consisting of screening, degritting, oil and
I grease removal will be installed together with a sea outfall extending to at
least the 70-80 meter depth contour, anticipated to be around 1200 - 1400
I meters away from the shore. The offshore plateau line is rocky and
relatively steep which makes a longer outfall more expensive.

I Surface currents towards the shoreline could induce a critical situation in

the design of the outfall on a restricted number of days during the
summer time. Initial calculations indicate that for T90> 1.5 hrs and an
I
22
I
I
I outfall length of 1400 meters, the coliform count could remain within
acceptable limits at the shoreline within the vicinity of outfall headworks,

I up to about the year 2010. For T9o > 2 hrs and same outfall length, the
coliform count could be exceeded at the vicinity of the sea outfall
headwork and further sewage treatment and disinfection will be
I warranted

Submergence of the sewage field during the summer period could also
I eliminate this critical situation completely. There are no precise data to
predict upwelling at present, but it is most unlikely that this phenomena
could occur in the summer months when stratification is strongest.
I
The above situation will be elaborated more during the final design stage,
I when more océanographie data is made available.

The sea outfall system will certainly improve the present situation in
I which sewage is being discharged along the seashore, causing pollution
of the whole adjoining beaches, and not to the outfall vicinity only, not-
withstanding that this critical situation arises only for a few days per
I year.

I In the immediate vicinity of the proposed outfall there are no swimming

beaches at present. However, even for a few days in summer, if the
coliform count is slightly exceeded due to a strong westerly wind, this
I will impact only the area near the pretreatment works on both sides of the
sea shore ±500 meters from either side. The sea water will remain open
for recreational boating, at all times.
I 2.4 Implementation of the Scheme

I The immediate requirement is to stop pollution of the sea, and of the

ground water aquifers within the area, that are the sources of drinking
I water for Kesrouan district itself, and for Beirut and its Suburbs. Thus, all
sewage disposal to the ground water through deep wells and leaking
septic tanks shall be stopped. Direct discharge of sewer lines on the
I shoreline should be terminated, and sewage be collected and diverted to
the proposed treatment works and sea outfall at Tabarja.

I Accordingly, the first phase works will consist of the following:

I (i) Installation of the proposed sea outfall and pretreatment works at

Tabarja to properly dispose of the sewage, and to prevent sea shore
pollution.
I (ii) Construction of pretreatment and pumping headworks at the site of
the outfall to treat the sewage and pump it through the outfall.
I
23
I
I
I (iii) Sewage collectors described above and their associated pumping
stations shall be completed and/or constructed. Within the project
I area all existing nearby gravity mains, small pumping stations, and
the existing main pumping station at Jounieh (presently pumping
I to the damaged sea outfall) shall be connected to the new system of
collectors and proposed sea outfall.

I (iv) Realisation of local sewerage schemes for the smaller communities,

or for those that cannot be connected to the larger schemes for
physical reasons, and which are presently polluting the ground
I water aquifers, shall be achieved through the 2nd and 3rd year plan
already under way.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
24
I
I
I D. BASELINE DATA

1 ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA

I 1.1 Terrestrial

The landscape which surrounds the greater town area of Beirut is dominated by
I a high mountain ridge that separates a narrow stretch of coastal area.The local
climate is partly triggered by this mountain ridge, and the two main seasons, a
short winter and a long, dry summer are overlain by humid periods which
I locally occur in the coastal regions.

1.1.1 Geomorphology and Geology (05. 11)

I
The rock formations within the project area originate from the Jurassic period
I and their composition is mainly calcareous. They are heavily weathered and
intersected by numerous fissures and cracks. The sedimentary origin of the
rocks and their calcareous composition are typical features for the
I characteristics of the mountainous landscape (see annex (k) 4, maps 3,4).

1.1.2 Ecology
I Regions, areas and sites which kept their original, natural characteristics are,
due to the dense population and construction activities during the last years,
I reduced to the remote regions of the project area. Especially in the coastal
stretch, between the mountain ridge and the Mediterranean sea, construction and
I housing activities restricted any development of natural habitats. Plant
associations are only found in places where the construction of buildings is
impossible, or near terrains which are exploited by agriculture. Even here the
I plant associations are under severe human influence due to the intense use of
agrochemicals.

I 1.1.3 Hydrology (11)

The highly permeable, karstic formations of the mountainous regions are

I characterized by many smaller and bigger rivers that penetrate the strata of the
rocks and form a large number of caves and submerged water courses. These
I waters emerge again in lower areas and thus many freshwater sources are
scattered across the project area. These sources have different yields which
range from 300,000 m3/d in winter to 75,000 m3/d in summer (El Madiq). The
I largest of these sources are exploited for the water supply of the area.

The area under study extends along the sea shore and on the hills and
I mountains lying to the east, up to 1200 m altitude. The prevailing climate is of
the Mediterranean type, characterised by two distinct seasons, a wet winter and
a long dry summer. The average annual rate of rainfall is about 900 mm/year
I on the coast, and about 1300 mm/year on the mountains.

I 25

I
I
I The recorded temperatures show a rather hot tendency, with a yearly average
varying between 9.7 and 21.3°C for altitudes not higher than 650m.

I The region is limited by two important rivers, namely, Nähr El Kalb to the
south, and Nahr Ibrahim to the north, both of which flow throughout the year.
I Other valleys and water courses penetrate the district, but they dry up during
the summer.

I The rocks within the area are constituted, on the surface, of hard permeable and
carbonated rocks, corroded, with developed karstics all over the surface, with
fifty sinkholes and an infinite number of very large faults. This karsitification
I renders the surface very permeable and extremely vulnerable to pollution.

I The main sources within the district and their average flows are as
follows: Jiita (4500 1/s), Hrach (50 1/s), Qattine (251/s), Nahr Ed Dahab (251/s),
and the sources of Ghoshraya-Madiq on Nahr Ibrahim (2000 1/s).
I 1.1.4 Conditions of Pollution (Ό3.11)

I According to recent investigation, it seems that all the water courses are
polluted, without exception. In fact, most of the valleys and water courses
receive all sorts of pollutants, such as domestic wastewater, domestic solid
I wastes, industrial effluent, slaughterhouse wastes, and petrol stations discharges.
In addition, they also receive seepage water from fruit tree gardens and
cultivated areas that hold various compositions of fertilizers and pesticides.
I
As to the underground water, analysis indicate that the raw water of springs
I and wells gives proof of permanent bacteriological pollution.

1.1.4.1 Sources of Pollution (11)

I The sources of this pollution could be traced to several distinct sources:
improperly built septic tanks, located mainly along the high level fissures of the
I karstic formations; the incomplete sewerage systems that discharge into valleys
without treatment, the discharge finding its way eventually into either a body
I of surface water or the underground water through fissures or sink holes; and
the open bottom wells that convey the sewage from a single or several buildings
directly into a karstic void, which makes the well constantly permeable, and
I draining off. Such works accelerate the pollution and the rapid transfer of the
sewage to the underground water, particularly when the well reaches the ground
water itself. These open-end wells create pollution in the newly established
I urban zones which are not yet provided with sewerage systems, such as Adma,
Kfarhbab, Aalmaya, Adonis, Ballouneh, and to a smaller degree, the villages of
Qlaiaat, Aajaltoun, Jiita and Zouk Mosbeh.
I
I 26

I
 The solid wastes problem also emphasizes itself in the area. Whereas Jounieh
and a few other municipalities send their solid wastes to the Bourj Hammoud
dump, located at the sea shore, other communities, such as Faitroun, Qlaiaat,
Balloune, Ghazir and Yahchouch incinerate their solid wastes in place and in
the open air. Their location on a mainly karstic terrain makes their acidic and
highly organic leachate extremely pollutant to the underground water. The
imminent risk due to fermented solid wastes classifies them among the pollution
dangers that require rapid and efficient treatment.

Industrial and agricultural discharges constitute another source of pollution. In

Kesrouan, there are about 50 factories of small and medium size, including food
industries, olive oil presses, pharmaceutical factories, marble and stone saw-
mills, advanced plastic and wood industries, and carton boards, nails and other
such manufactures. None of these industries addresses its wastewater or solid
wastes problems, which are systematically disposed off into the rivers (Nahr
Ibrahim) or into the side culverts running along the roads (Zouq Mosbeh).

Petrol stations impose another category of institutionalized pollution. Car wash

effluent, discarded motor oil and other similar mineral wastes are discharged
into public channels, municipal sewers, or directly into the nature, polluting the
environment and finally arriving to the ground water and rivers.

Another source of pollution is the cattle farms (numbering about 40) that
produce high organic wastes including blood, as in the case of the Chbeir Farm
in Ghosta, whose slaughter house issues forth a stream of blood that flows on
the right bank of the Hrach valley before passing through the cracks into the
ground. The polluted water appears at a distance of 3 km downstream, in the
reputed spring of Hrach.

As to agricultural products, surplus fertilizers and pesticides are washed down

from farms and fruit and olive tree gardens into the ground water, resulting in
increased nitrate and phosphate content of these waters.

Hospital wastes constitute another source of dangerous pollutants in the district.

Their effluent is discharged directly into the available municipal sewers, or into
makeshift permeable septic tanks with no treatment whatsoever.

1.1.4.2 Pollution Transfer (in

Surface pollution, in general, is easy to detect and control. Pollution travelling

below ground, however, is not that easy to discover and rectify. The karstic
configuration of the Kesrouan district renders the pollution problem more
complex. To clarify this problem, it is necessary to understand the structure of
the hydrological karetic system. The feeding zone is essentially formed by the
outcropping on the surface of permeable carbonated rocks which are connected

27
I
I to the subsoil. Feeding is accomplished by rainfall or snow coming into contact
with these rocks, and flowing through them to the lower channels through what
I is called the infiltration zone. In the upper part of this zone, and at a depth of
about 20m, there is a possibility to find an epikarstic zone, which consists of
a layer of corroded rocks with fissures filled up with clay, thereby, the
I infiltration process is obstructed, and a temporary water table can be formed
during rainy weather.

I Further down, the Sunken Karst Zone can be found, whose fissures and voids
are saturated with water travelling at variable velocities, accompanied
I sometimes by turbulence. These conduits collect in one or more drains, that
finally arrive into one axial collector that directs the flow towards the outlet of
the system.
I The pollution arriving at the feeding zone of the karstic system, finds its way
into the epikarstic zone or the infiltration zone, and may be retained there
I temporarily. But with the first heavy rains of the year, a flushing effect is
produced and the stocked wastewaters are directed towards the springs and
I wells.

Open bottom wells in fact constitute a short cut to this system, accelerating the
I phenomena, and providing easy access for faecal pollution to reach water
sources that are allocated, in their majority, for the supply of potable water for
the inhabitants.
I Annex (K)3 includes a separate article on this subject, providing available
bacteriological analyses conducted on several water sources in the area, which
I indicate the degree of pollution that has been reached in the underground water
of Kesrouan.
I 1.2 Marine Environment
1.2.1 Introduction
I There is relatively little knowledge in Lebanon about the physical and biological
oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean. In this report it is attempted in this
I report to provide a more profound and actual view of the available collected
observations of coastal marine conditions in the specific region of Kesrouan.

I 1.2.2 Biology
1.2.2.1 Marine Species of the Area
I The sublittoral of the project area, the northern and southern coastlines, show
a high diversity of Mediterranean species. 472 species have been found
I distributed to 13 major taxa (Phylum) (03). This result perfectly displays the
ecological value of the marine biocenosis. The floral and faunal associations are

I 28

I
I
I living in different habitats of gravel, sandy or rocky substrates [05, Annex (k)
map 6]. Among them some tropical species imported via the Suez Canal, occur
in the region having shifted to autochthonous associations. This applies
I especially t some fish species which dominated local fish used a food.

The plankton which shows a normal Mediterranean distribution has been

I investigated in recent years and is thought to present some peculiarities in
diversity and abundance (01,02,03).

I The presence of seagrass species (Posidonia oceanica, Zostera marina

Cymodocea sp.) and their distribution seems to be of inferior ecological
I significance for the project area.

1.2.2.2 The Red Sea influence (03)

I Studies have indicated that the altitude level difference between the Red Sea
and the Oriental Mediterranean, causes the Red Sea to pour into the
I Mediterranean 10 months out of 12, while in the remaining 2 months (January
and February), the latter's waters pour in the former through the Suez Canal.

I This phenomenon provides the Oriental Mediterranean with an excellent variety

of tropical fauna. In fact, of the 100 species available for fishing along the
coast, 20 originate from the Red Sea and many of these were spotted for the
I first time during the last 30 years.

1.2.2.3 Effects of Pollution on Marine Species (03,11)

I Different pollutants have different effects on organisms. For instance, materials
such as pesticides and heavy metals may be expected to have a generally
I harmful effect on many species. Domestic sewage, on the other hand, may act
as a fertilizer for various algae. The effects of sewage along the Lebanese coast
I where the normal nutrient level of the sea is relatively low, can therefore be
beneficial by raising the level of primary productivity in the area.

I Harmful materials may display subtle, indirect effects on the ecosystem. For
instance, various industrial chemicals, heavy metals and pesticides may lower
the growth rates of phytoplankton, reducing the primary productivity and having
I effects that show up later in the higher carnivore levels (such as fish). The
marine environment must therefore be examined from the point of view of an

I interacting system, with significant synergistic effects, rather than as a collection

of variables whose total effects may be studied independently and generalized
by summation.
I
I 29

I
I
I
I The bay of Jounieh is somewhat polluted due to the discharge of slaughter-
house and tannery wastes. Several sewers terminate along the coast resulting in
drifting and coastal accumulations of oil. However, studies have shown that
I despite the presence of these pollutants, there was no déterminai effect on the
fauna and flora. On the other hand, the continuous presence of a serious
quantity of solid wastes has been observed almost everywhere along the coast,
I due to the improper disposal practices followed by almost all of the coastal
communities of the area.
I 1.2.3 Oceanography (20)

I Bathymetrical investigation within the project area (08) shows the complex
structure of its sea floor and especially in Jounieh bay. Deep intersecting
canyons fall straight down to the continental shelf and evidence was found of
I heavy movements of sediments especially during winter (swell) periods.
Residues of terrestrial plant species have been detected down to a depth of
472m.
I
1.2.3.1 Description of the Sea floor
I Starting from "Nahr-el-Kalb" until the edge of the Jounieh bay, grounds are
sandy silt near the shore and totally limy silt further away. Getting into the bay
I of Jounieh, silt remains dominant far from the shore. However, near the shore,
the configuration changes to an almost symmetrical distribution of rocks and
sand, meaning that at both sides of the bay, rocks dominate, while between
I them, to the interior of the bay, the ground is sandy, the sand spreading
however on several widths. Outside the bay, the rocky shore extends until the
I proximity of "Bouar" and in its second half, a relatively small area of clay
ground replaces mud.

I In the remaining part of the area lying between "Bouar" and "Jbeil", the marine
ground is totally made of sand in spite of the presence of an area of hard shelly
gravel and shell fragments around the city of Jbeil.
I The sea bed in the vicinity of Tabarja was surveyed by a specialized firm
(AUSCON) for the purposes of this report. A Side Scan Sonar was run, and
I results (Fig 5) indicate that for a distance of about 400m from the shoreline, the
bed consists of ridges of outcrop with sandy gullies, then changes into low
I lying outcrop with thin sand veneer that extends over a distance of about 350m.
Further on, the scan indicates the presence of a medium reflectivity sea bed
without relief, interpreted as sands, extending to a distance of about 1250m.
I
I 30

I
I
^^ ·
 r-igr r p l i e f outcrop
TABARjÄ SIDF SCAN
C H A I N A G E S 100 TO ISOO AR t FROM T Hi APPROXIMATL
ndges of outcrop with sandy gullies
POSITION O'' THF C O A S T L I N F

low lying o u t c r o p w i t h occ thin sn^

veneer.
sands

WEST

Ο
en
I
Echo sounding data was obtained at this site also, the results are shown in
I Fig.6. The plan shows seven lines of soundings, a centerline and three lines to
the north and south of the centerline. The line interval is 50 meters and each
line extends to the 100 meter depth contour which is about 1500 meters
I offshore. From the echo soundings it can be seen that underwater bathymetry
closely resembles that of the adjacent above water topography. The underwater
I profile of the centerline shows a fairly even grade from the start of the
soundings out to the 80 meter depth contour, from there the dropoff is quiet
steep. It is also noted that a depression is evident to the south of the centerline
I about 700 meters offshore. The 90 meter depth contour is further offshore on
the southern most line and follows north at a bearing of about 40 degrees.

I 1,2.3.2 Water Temperature and Salinity

The coast under study exhibits a typical mediterranean climate, having relatively
I cool rainy winters and hot dry summers. Water temperature and salinities
respond accordingly with high salinities and water temperatures appearing in
summer and fall.
I The water temperature is dependent upon many factors of which the most

I important is the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature has a

predominant effect on the surface temperature of the sea. Thus we see that
during the colder months, the surface water temperature reaches a minimum
I (17°C in February) while reaching a maximum in the hot months of the years
(32°C in August). However, beyond a certain air temperature, the sea
temperature increases much more slowly than the former, making the difference
I between both temperatures increase progressively.

There is very little thermal stratification in the colder months. During the
I warmer months, however, there is significant stratification. To illustrate this, in
the "Bouar" area, on 15 October 1973, temperatures at the surface and at 145m
I were 27.6° and 16.7°C respectively, while on 20 March 1974 the temperature
was 17°C at the surface and 16.5°C at 145m.

I Water Surface salinity has an average value of 39.6 %o. It is however, slightly
fluctuant on a smaller scale, due to the limited regions where there are outlets
of fresh water coming either from springs or from rivers. In the region of our
I studies, " Nahr-el-Kalb" and "Nahr Ibrahim" are the two main sources of fresh
water, which, along with a number of underwater springs, would locally
decrease the salt concentration by a minute degree of 0.2%o. Furthermore,
I during the hot months, the intense evaporation of water increases even more the
salt concentration of the sea even more to a value of 3.9 %o.

I
I 32

I
I
I
I
"~~i~-
I ll· il·

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
TABARJA - LEBANON

I PROPOSED OUTFALL CENTRELINE

SOUNDINGS - NOVEMBER 1994
Fig.6
I
I
During the océanographie survey conducted by AUSCON, temperature and
I salinity readings were taken on the centerline at the 80 m contour location. The
results are shown in table Dl.

I Although some previous data is available on the proposed outfall site, these,
together with the results of the investigation performed during the study period,
are not considered comprehensive for such a major outfall. More data should
I be obtained during the final design stage.

I TABLE Dl
TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY
I Taken on the centerline of the outfall at the 80 meter contour location.

I DATE TIME DEPTH TEMP SALINITY

I (HR) (m) (c) (ppt)

25 11 94 1005 1 22.0 42.0
I 5
10
20.2
19.2
42.0
42.5
15 20.4 42.5
I 20 20.2
20.5
42.5
25 42.7

I 30
35
20.4
19.8
42.6
42.7
40 20.5 42.7
I 45
50
20.5
20.5
42.7
42.7
55 20.5 42.7
I 60 20.5 42.7

I
1.2.3.3 Currents & Winds
I In this particular part of the Mediterranean, tides are almost nonexistent, and the
tidal range rarely exceeds 30cm. Seasonal changes in sea level due to
I meteorological factors are about 15cm, with a high in February and March, and
a low in August, September and October, the summer evaporation being quite
intense. But that does not prevent the sea from being often very disturbed, and
I the wave movement very powerful.

I 34

I
I
I
The main current of easterly direction coming from the straits of Gibraltar, after
I coasting along the African shores, continues to the North-East towards Lebanon.
This current moves alongshore to the north, around the Ras-Beirut region where
its speed increases considerably. A clockwise current gyre is frequently
I generated in the bays of the coast, notably in the Jounieh bay, by this northward
offshore moving current. Winds varying from the prevailing south-westerlies
I may accent or reverse these bay gyres. Winds in the region of Kesrouan are
most often south-westerly.

I Northly winds blow especially during winter for an average of fourty days.
During spring, winds called "Khamsin", hot and very dry, invade the Lebanese
coast coming from the east and north-east, lasting, however, no more than fifty
I hours. Very hot Southerly winds only dominate in summer from July through
August. Refer to figures 3 and 4 in Section C above.

I 1.3 Sensitive areas

I The sensitive terrestrial areas in terms of habitats and biocenosis, which should
be put under protection de facto, do not exist in the project zone due to the
severe human influence of densely populated areas.
I However, under hygienic aspects, the partly polluted fresh water sources
exploited for water supply gain very high importance. Thus the catchment area
I of the sources may be defined as sensitive in terms of human hygiene.

I Looking at the marine environment, however, the most sensitive area is Jounieh
Bay. Although it represents a wide open bay, the retention time of the waters
is estimated to be very high. In fact the surface currents coming from the
I southern coastal areas, enter the bay by its middle and northern parts loaded
with suspended sediments, turn into the bay, where their speed is reduced, and
are, hence, relieved of their sediment load. Evidence of a circulation system is
I also given by the fact that the sea bottom of Jounieh Bay is mostly silty to
silty-sandy.

I The sensitiveness of Jounieh bay is not to be regarded from the marine-

biological point of view only, but also from the medical-hygienic point of view.
I Representing one of the densest touristic areas, which is still expanding, special
emphasis has to be put on the bathing water quality of the seawater.

I
I
I 35

I
I
I
2 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE PROJECT AREA

I 2.1 Population

I The only two regular censuses in Lebanon took place in 1922 and 1932, during
the French mandate. Due to sectarian reasons, no census was undertaken ever
since. However, Population figures were published by the Directorate General
I of Census during the years 1961 and 1964. At the end of 1961, the number
of officially registered Lebanese was 2,151,884, and at the end of 1964 it rose
to 2,367,141 indicating an average compound rate of increase of 3.23 %. For
I the District of Kesrouan, the population, according to the same source reached
76536 in 31.12.1961, distributed over 95 villages and towns, and rose to 82770
I in 31.12.1964, with a compound rate of increase equal to 2.65%.

In 1982, ACE undertook a study of the Kesrouan area, and carried out a field
I survey of the populations both for winter and summer based on number of
domiciles as obtained from the pertinent municipalities and local authorities.
The resulting Figures for 1982 were 170959 and 208111 for winter and summer
I respectively.

I Recent studies by Khatib & Alami (K&A) for the Ministry of Environment
(MOE), indicate a probable future rate of increase of 2.0% to 2.2%, but their
population estimates are believed to be on the low side, and with no
I differentiation between summer and winter population figures. Consequently,
for the purposes of this report, the 1982 ACE figures were used as base, and
the present and future population estimates were calculated on the basis of the
I K&A rate of increase of 2.0%. The present (1994) summer population obtained
thus is 266119 , the 2015 populations is 401347, and the 2040 population is
655944. The population of the areas within the project limit are 190424,
I 288625 and 473529 for the years 1994, 2015 and 2040 respectively.

I These results are shown in graphical form in Figure (7) below, which indicates
a typical population growth under a compound rate of increase.

I The distribution of population within the District of Kesrouan reflects the

general pattern typical of Lebanese areas.The major cities and large
communities are located mainly along the sea coast, and some are scattered
I along the main mountain highway between Zouk Mosbeh and Faraya. Another
artery of communication branches from the coastal highway towards Ghazir,

I a relatively large community, but because this highway terminates at the

entrance to Ghazir, rapid growth is not noticed within the communities lying
higher above Ghazir. Consequently, the present project is limited to the said
I
36
I
I
I
 Fig. 7

POPULATION FORECAST FOR THE DISTRICT OF KESROUAN

• Seriesl

Series2

SeriesS
w
Series4

LEGEND
Series 1 : Population Estimates
Series 2 : Population Estimates
Series 3 : Population Estimates
Series 4 : Population Estimates
During The Summer Season For The District of Kesrouan
During The Winter Season For The District of Kesrouan
During The Summer Season For The Areas Within The Limits of The Projects
During The Winter Season For The Areas Within The Limits of The Projects
I
areas only. However it is noticeable that the aquifer that serves Kesrouan and
I Beirut and its suburbs, lies within Kesrouan, and is affected by the sanitary
practices adopted within the area. Some communities lying beyond the project
limit may have profound deteriorating environmental effects on the ground
I water aquifers that serve the communities lying within the project limit.

I 2.2 Industries

In Kesrouan, the main industrial area is located between Zouk Mosbeh and
I Zouk Mkayel. Table (dl) lists the number of larger industries in the two towns
and in other parts of the project area. The total present water consumption of
these industries is estimated at about 3300 cu.m per day. Effluent from these
I industries runs by open channel to the sea shore at Nähr El- Kalb, with no
treatment whatsoever.

I 2.3 Touristic Industiy

I The touristic industry is one of the major sources of income within the
Kesrouan District. According to the field survey conducted by ACE during
September 1994, the total number of hotel beds within the project area is close
I to 3000. During the summer season, the occupancy rate is expected to be very
high and may even reach saturation. In addition to hotels, there are 51 summer
resorts distributed between the mountain area and the sea coast. The total
I number of chalets and cabins located within these resorts is about 6230. The
total present water consumption of these establishments is estimated at about
I 4280 cu.m per day.

The project area also includes several restaurants and night-club establishments,
I numbering about 180. These are almost evenly distributed between the sea
coast and the mountain areas. Total estimated present water consumption of
these facilities is about 2025 cu.m per day
I 2.4 Petrol Stations

I A further source of wastewater within the project area is due to petrol

stations, of which there are about 97 with a total estimated water consumption
of about 500 cu.m per day.
I 2.5 Schools and Educational establishments

I The total number of student registered in the project area was found to be about
40665, resulting in a total estimated water consumption of about 1010 cu.m. per
I day, assuming that the number of boarding students out of the above figure
is about 3300.

I
I
I
I
2.6 Hospitals
I The number of hospital beds within the project zone was found to be about 670
beds, resulting in a total estimated hospital water consumption of about 335
I cu.m. per day.

Table (D2) includes a detailed description of the above findings, in addition to

I other useful data.

I 2.7 Land Use

Land use within the District of Kesrouan follows a pattern typical of the
I developed areas within Lebanon. The agricultural land of the coastal strip is
being severely infringed on, and replaced by urban development. Plate
No.5(Annex (k) 4) was prepared by the United Nations Food and Agricultural
I Organization (FAO) Agricultural Department in 1990. The map indicates that
the area extending from Nähr El- Kalb to Jounieh is heavily urbanized, whereas

I the coastal strip north of Jounieh, extending to Kfar Yassin and Adma, was
still reserved for agricultural use. This does not reflect the exact conditions at
present, in which large parts of Kfar Yassin, Adma and Kfar Hbab are now
I heavily built up. Likewise, the area around Tabarja has been subjected to
some degree of urbanization. It is believed that this trend will gain momentum
in the near future, as the touristic industry enjoys more favourable conditions
I 3 POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA

I 3.1 Definition of Pollution Sources

I Severe pollution of the land project area derives from discharged, untreated
wastewater and from solid wastes dumped wherever the landscape allows to do
so. Especially during the rainy seasons, the danger of pollutants washed into the
I karstic underground, made of highly permeable rock formations, contributes to
a high risk potential.

The second large pollution source are the wastewaters (municipal and industrial)
which are discharged into the sublittoral areas of Jounieh Bay and at the beach
of Tabarja.
I
I
I
I 39

I
I
 TABLE D2

RESULTS OF THE FIELD SURVEY

CONDUCTED BY ACE DURING SEPTEMBER 1994

Name of Number of Pupolation Schools Hotels Hospitals Touristic No. of No. of Petrol Irrigated
Locality Housing Units Number * Complexes Restaurants Factories Stations Lands
Existing Under Permanent Summer No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of & (m2)
Construction Students Beds Beds Chalets Coffee Shops
& Cabins
_
Aajaltoun 2000 500 _ _ 4 2250 4 400 1 400 „
10 _ 4 2000000
_ _ _ _
Aakaibeh 500 35 5500 8000 3 2350 2 104 3 6 4
Achqout, 1600 160 6000 9000 8 1430 j•^ 135 1 70 2 50 9 15 4 100000
Beit Eid, Jouar
el Bawachek
_ _ _
Adma ed Defneh 355 5000 5000 2 700 1 120 _ „
1 1 1 40000
_ _ _ _ _ _
Ain Rihani 350 60 2000 200 2 500 _ „ _ 35000
_ _
Aintoura 600 50 2800 2800 2 3600 _ . _ « »
2 „.
650000
As Safra 573 - - - 1 - 1 - - - 4 618 - 3 5 200000
* These figures were obtained from municipal sources and eldermen. They were used only for comparison puiposes with the figures adopted
in the graph shown in (fig. 7)
 TABLE D2 (Cont'd)

RESULTS OF THE FIELD SURVEY

CONDUCTED BY ACE DURING SEPTEMBER 1994

Name of Number of Pupolation Schools Hotels Hospitals Touristic No. of No. of Petrol Irrigated
Locality Housing Units Number Complexes Restaurants Factories Stations Lands
Existing Under Permanent Summer No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of & (m>)
Construction Students Beds Beds Chalets Coffee Shops
& Cabins

Ballouneh 1600 250 6500 8000

_
_ _
. _ . . 12 8 2 20000

Batha 70 12 1300 1300 1 150

_
_ _ _ . ι
J 6 1
Bouar 600 60 6000 6000 1 250
_
_ . _ 2 50
_
3 1 500000

Bzommar 15 500 2 80 1 160 _ _ _ 1 1 1 3500

_ _
Daraya 100 50 2000 2500
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ . 3 200000
Daroun 750 20 5 670 1 30 - - - 2 5 2
Harissa

Feytroun 2600 40 9000 4000 4 630 ο

J 180 . . 1 550 5
_
4
Ghazir, (part of 1600 200 8000 8000 7 1085 4 177 - - 6 160 2 4 8 300000
Kfar Hbab and
Maameltein)
 TABLE D2 (Cont'd)

RESULTS OF THE FIELD SURVEY

CONDUCTED BY ACE DURING SEPTEMBER 1994

Name of Number of Pupolation Schools Hotels Hospitals Touristic No. of No. of Petrol Irrigated
Locality Housing Units Number Complexes Restaurants Factories Stations Lands
Existing Under Permanent Summer No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of & (m*)
Construction Students Beds Beds Chalets Coffee Shops
& Cabins
_ _
Ghosta 900 100 4000 4000 6 1120 _ 1 60 _,
*>
j _ 1 150000
.b.
to Jiita, Mazraat 700 70 3500 3500 1 250 - - - - - Jiita 10 3 4 800000
el Ras Cave
**
Jounieh, Sarba, 11000 55000 80000 12 14900 23 1020 j 136 27 1550 41 slaughter 30 40000
Haret Sakhr, house
Ghadir, 1
Maameltein
Sahel Alma
Kfaryaseen 275 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 3
 TABLE DKCont'd)

RESULTS OF THE FIELD SURVEY

CONDUCTED BY ACE DURING SEPTEMBER 1994

Name of Number of Pupolation Schools Hotels Hospitals Touristic No. of No. of Petrol Irrigated
Locality Housing Units Number Complexes Restaurants Factories Stations Lands
Existing Under Permanent Summer No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of No. No. of & (m2)
Construction Students Beds Beds Chalets Coffee Shops
& Cabins
_
Qlaiaat 1600 500 5000 12000 2 550 2 140 _ _ _ 3 . 2
_ _ _
Reyfoun 600 100 1000 5000 5 500 _ _ _ 25 . 2
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Shaileh 850 75 5000 5000 _ . 1 4 50000
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Tabarja 323 » 2 1285 4 . 2 700000
_ _
Zouk Mkayel 3500 350 30000 25000 6 2500 1 65 2 650 15 10 6 500000
1
Zouk Mosbeh, 3800 400 25000 27000 3 7650 1 60 - - j 1212 28 120 6 125000
Adonis, Wata
Nahr el Kalb

(TOTAL 36846 3047 183100 216300 72 40665 51 2987 6 666 51 6229 179 191 97 6413500, J
I
3.2 Definition of Polluted Areas
I So far, only parts of Jounieh Bay with its characteristic oceanographical
structures and its importance for the local population, have to be defined as
I polluted to a mean degree.

I The sediments of the bay are to a certain extent already anaerobic, with a
thickness of 45 cm for the upper silty sediments (08).

I At present, no significant risks are arising from the present pollution degree
within Jounieh Bay. This applies not only for the pollutant concentration in
marine food organisms (15) but also for the bathing water quality within
I Jounieh Bay (14). However investigations from other Lebanese coastal areas
(09) show the existing risk potential which may be measured by the shifting of
populations of marine organisms with a high importance for the ecological
I equilibrium in the marine environment.

I Recent tests taken from sea water samples collected in Bay of Jounieh and
Kesrouan Coastal area, indicate high levels of pollution as number of fecal
coliforms per/100 ml. Refer to table 4a (Annex K3 page 7) of this report.
I This is due to the discharge of wastewater from industrial, domestic, and
tourist installations. The limited sewerage system of Jounieh City is becoming
I overloaded and extra sewage is sometimes discharged at outlets to the Bay
directly. The pumping station in Jounieh is still pumping at present the raw
sewage to Tabarja area, and the sewage is discharged along the shore directly.
I
I
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I
I 44

I
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I E. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

I 1. NEGATIVE IMPACT

I The expected negative impacts of the project as a whole on human settlements,

local population and the land and marine environment are considered in a very
low range, as compared to other coastal areas in the Mediterranean region, and
I will not have any serious negative impact on the Environment.

1.1 The Sewerage Scheme

I
Due to the dense distribution of town areas in the region, the construction of the
I collector systems will not harm any natural landl habitats, apart from small
garden locations, if any.

I The trunk lines execution will cause minimum interruption to traffic, as the
major collectors A & B are located mostly along the railway reservation. This
will also minimize possible expropriation problems.
I Where a trunk line passes for a short distance in a busy street, construction
I procedures are required to minimize sound nuisance by utilization of sound
mufflers on machinery, dust control equipment, and restrict traffic disturbance
to the minimum. In one or two critical situations, micro tunneling to cross the
I major high way will be specified.

The branch sewers in the towns and villages will be shallow due to good slopes
I and will have minimum negative environmental impact on the communities
surrounding them.

I Treatment plant site in Tabarja is located partly in the gardens used to plant
some vegetables, and partly on the seaside where a rocky strip of rugged rock
I formations will be reclaimed to provide additional area for the treatment plant,
and to allow for the launching of the sea outfall. There are no surrounding
houses presently in that area, and the land is exclusively used for farming. In
I order not to cause any environmental nuisance from the pretreatment works of
the outfall, these works will be covered and odor control measures will be
applied.
I Extreme care will be exercised in the design of the future treatment plant to
I implement noise and odor control measures, including covering of the various
elements of the plant that could constitute a source of odor.

I
I
45
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I 1.2 Sea Outfall

The outfall will discharge at a level of 70-80 meters below sea level. According
I to available oceanographical data the calculated dilution factor appears to be
sufficient not to cause environmentally undesirable effects on the surrounding
marine biocenosis, or inflict health risks to man.
I The Kesrouan Coastal region in general is poor in plankton, and thus the fish

I population does not have sufficient nourishment. The area around the outfall is
not classified as a protected area, where fish or other forms of marine life would
be adversely affected by the sea outfall. In fact reasonable amounts of domestic
I sewage discharge will increase the productivity level of the area.

Dumping of heavy and poisonous metals will be subject to the MED-POL, and
I MAP and MOE requirements and to other regulations effective in the
Mediterranean basin.

I The bacterial count on the sea shore will have to remain along those standards
outlined by the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) for swimming standards.
I This will be controlled in the future by the degree of treatment required at the
pretreatment works and will be controlled by continuous monitoring.

I The pumping station along the trunk lines will be located near vacant areas, and
low noise motors will be specified. Surroundings of the proposed pumping
station buildings will be well landscaped.
I
1.3 Water Network
I The water network, as well as the reservoir construction, will not have any
negative impact on the Environment, and no major structures will be required at
I the first implementation stage. The tapping of more water from the existing
water sources, and driving a few additional wells, shall not have any appreciable
negative impact on the Environment.
I
Pumps & pumping stations for the water supply, where used, are mostly isolated
I and the noise level kept to a minimum, with no resulting negative impact.

1.4 Relocation of People

I No relocation of people will take place as a result of the implementation of the
water and wastewater projects. The proposed site is not populated at present,
I and if the land is reserved or expropriated in the immediate future, no
relocation or settlement of inhabitants is foreseen.

I
I
46

I
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I 2. Positive Impact

The positive impacts of the water and wastewater projects will be immense, and
I include:

1. The present practice of pumping sewage directly to the sea shore along the
I beaches cease to exist.

I 2. The network downtown of Jounieh is overloaded at present and overflows

sometime directly to Jounieh Bay. This will sometimes come to an end.

I 3. The industrial area in Zouk Mikhael discharges its sewage directly along
the internal road storm channels, which flow eventually to the sea shore.
Again this will be stopped.
I 4. Samples taken from various locations along the shoreline and from Jounieh
bay indicated elevated levels of fecal coliforms, rendering the beaches
I unsafe for swimming. The project will end this undesirable situation.

I Recent sampling and testing was carried by ACE in September near the major
swimming beaches along the coast. These results indicate that the trend is
changing from what has been reported in 1985 for degrees of pollution in
I Jounieh Bay (14). Table 4a, in Annex K3, Page 7, shows the results.

The Construction of the Coastal Collectors will immediately stop the discharge
I of the sewage directly on the shoreline at the coastal areas of Kesrouan, which
constitutes at present the largest touristic stretch north of Beirut, and attracts
I more than 70,000 people in one summer day.

The level of pollution of the shoreline as well as that of Jounieh bay will reach
I very serious levels if the Coastal Collectors are not implemented and the sea
outfall constructed.

I Some of the major water sources that supply Metn and Kesrouan region at
present are being polluted by sewage. Refer to Annex K3 Table 5 and 6 which

I shows the extent of this pollution.

The discharge of sewage into the Karstic formation, either by deep sewer wells,
I or shallow septic tanks,
springs that are feeding
is polluting the underground water and the water
the area. This source of pollution will be stopped only
by the construction of all the secondary sewer lines, the main lines and
I collectors.

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47

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I The expansion of the water network will add to the welfare of the people who
suffer from the lack of continuous water at the tap, and are obliged to buy water
by tankers from dubious sources, which are mostly untreated and probably
I contaminated.

I The health risk is now great, but implementation of the project will bring the
overall conditions to acceptable standards.

I The touristic potential of Jounieh Bay and Kesrouan beaches is expected to

reach very high levels, thus improving the socio-economic conditions of the
area, as well as the level of local and national income. This can not be sustained
I without full and adequate water and sewage schemes.

I 3. LONG TERM IMPACTS

1 Sludge resulting from the sewage treatment plant shall be dewatered, dried
I and disposed off within a suitable land fill.

2 In our study area the present sewerage scheme collects waste water from all
I the major populated areas by mountain collectors which are directed to the
coastal collectors, the water is then pumped to the sewage treatment plant
I site at Tabarja. This treated water in the future will be discharged into the
sea through the sea outfall and will not have any adverse impact on the
ground water. However, reuse of treated waste water may be
I incorporated into the project, pending more detailed studies.

3 Outside the area of this study, and at some of the mountainous villages that
I have no access to the proposed sewerage scheme, waste water treatment
plants will be constructed to treat the raw sewage. The size of these plants is

I rather small, and disinfection of the treated water will have to be restored to
prior to discharge of sewage into valleys or rivers.

I
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48
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I ANALYSES OF ALTERNATIVES

Both the water supply and the wastewater systems are composed of several
I distinct components. In both systems, some of the components are existant and
sometimes in service. Evidently, for these existing components, no alternatives
can be investigated, except in extreme cases, where they conflict with the
I proposed new system. As to the latter, i.e., the new system, an extensive
reconnaissance survey was conducted, to determine the possible alternative

I courses that can be followed.

In the case of the water supply system, the topography of the area, and the
I location of the water sources and the communities they serve dictated the
general layout of the system. Nevertheless, several layouts were investigated
and studied, and eventually, two alternatives were retained for final appraisal
I on both alternatives. The main design concept was to endeavour to satisfy the
demand of the higher elevation communities by gravity as much as possible. It
is envisaged that during the high flow of the water sources, pumping will be
I limited to the minimum. The higher areas will be fed from Nabaa Al-Aassal
and Afqa, by gravity, as is the case with the lower areas which shall be
I supplied by Madiq source. In Alternative No.l, however, a quantity of 10000
mVday is assumed to be drawn from Chabrouh Dam, to supplement the dry
weather flow of the sources, but since implementation of this dam is not
I scheduled yet, Alternative No. 2 was proposed, in which the quantity withdrawn
from Madiq Source, equivalent to 51500 m3/day in Alternative No.l, was
increased to 61500 m3/day in Alternative No.2, the difference being utilized to
I supply the higher reaches of the project area which, in Alternative 1, were
supplemented from Chabrouh Dam. This involves the installation of an

I additional pumping station in alternative No. 2, to elevate the water from

Aajaltoun to the Qlaiaat reservoir.

I Evidently, Alternative No.2 shall be retained as the more appropriate solution,

at least for the present time, since construction of Chabrouh Dam is not
scheduled for the foreseeable future. In addition, financial analysis has indicated
I that Alternative No.2, is economically more feasible than Alternative No. 1,
whose overall cost includes a certan proportion of the estimated cost of the
dam. In the sewerage system, again several possible routes for the passage of
I main collectors were investigated.

I The area through which the first main coastal collector will pass, between Nahr
El Kalb and Tabarja, is densely populated and there is a general slope towards
the sea coast. Consequently, it is advantageous that the main collector be
I located as near to the sea shore as possible, in order to collect the greatest
amount of sewage, by gravity. For this purpose, that runs along the railroad
tracks the old Beirut-Tripoli road, in most of its stretches, renders the most
I advantageous path for the proposed collector. Other possible alternatives were

I 49

I
I
I investigated but proved inadequate, due to dense structure of houses and roads
within the project area, and the unavailability of another suitable path along the
coast line lower than the proposed path, to allow for better evacuation of
I sewage by gravity.

The two alternatives for the sewerage system have already been described in
I section C above. Both alternatives impose minimum environmental impacts.
The second, however, imposes less negative impacts than the first. In the latter,
the main collector flows under gravity through the central area of Jounieh town
I falling to appreciable depths. Thus, its construction will result inuisance, and
propagation of dust in the town centre with its sophisticated shops and stores.
I In Alternative II, however, this gravity trunk line is replaced with a pressurised
pipeline which can traverse the town centre through more appropriate, less
congested routes. All of the negative impacts are thus circumvented, resulting
I in an environmentally more acceptable solution.

In the case of the location of the sea outfall, serious consideration was given to
I possible alternatives. The 1982 report by ACE already discussed three possible
outfall locations, at Tabarja, Safra and El Aaqaibe. The last two proved

I unsuitable , the Safra site because of its short length, and the Aaqaibe location
because of irregularities in the sea bed along the proposed outfall route. In
addition, a fourth location was investigated within the framework of the present
I project. According to the "Reconnaissance Map of the Lebanese Coast"
published by the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture (Drawing No-6, Appendix
K4), the sea coast between Tabarja and Jbail was investigated for the purpose
I of locating a suitable site for the proposed outfall and its headworks.

A possible location was defined about 1.5 km to the north of Nahr Ibrahim's
I mouth, where a sandy layer seems to offer for the proposed outfall of a
possible length of 2.25km prior to arriving to the limit of 60m depth below the
I sea.

Field reconnaissance, however, did not achieve positive results. The area itself
I is densely built up, on the one hand, and there is no available land to
accommodate the headwork structures between the old Beirut- Tripoli road and
the sea shore, on the other hand. If this site is to be chosen, then expropriation
I costs would rise to prohibitive levels. Consequently, the ensemble of the
environmental and economical conditions at the proposed site in Tabarja
represents the best possible solution.
I
I
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I 50

I
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I G. MITIGATION MEASURES

In general, the water supply and waste water projects for Kesrouan, in their overall
I nature will not impose any serious negative environmental impact on the area.

Mitigation measures will be required in locations where natural water springs,

I such as Nabaa El Aassal, are being polluted by neighbouring winter resorts,
and villages that discharge their sewers into valleys without any treatment.

I Although the said spring is outside the project area, yet it feeds one of the
major towns within it. A sewerage system and a small wastewater treatment
plant will be required immediately in order to stop pollution of this spring.
I This scheme will best be executed under the proposed NERP 2nd & 3rd year
plan which is scheduled to take place prior to this project.

I The same measures could be implemented for the villages situated on the north
side of Nähr Ei-Kalb valley and located within the water shed of the Jiita
Water Source which constitutes the main source for the water supply of Beirut
I City.

I Sewers that are being discharged at present along the open sea shore, will be
collected by the proposed coastal trunk lines and pumped to the sea outfall
pretreatment site. At the pretreatment site, and in order to contain any odor
I problems, the works will be covered and odor control measures will be taken.

The major coastal trunk lines will be laid along the railway track which will
I minimize interference with traffic during construction.

I When the trunk line passes through a congested section of a street within the
central part of Jounieh, trenchless techniques will be implemented. Such a
situation could arise, for example, near the Lady of Lebanon's Hospital,
I Although the sewerage treatment plant is not scheduled for execution within
the framework of this project, however, enough land shall be reserved at the
I outfall headworks site to accommodate an activated sludge treatment plant in
the future, in accordance with the MAP requirements..

I To minimize on Expropriation, part of the sea shore will be reclaimed to a

width of about 150 meters. Reclamation works, however, will be executed
I according to the scheduled requirements.

Sea water quality shall be monitored at the sea shore to evaluate the impact
I of the installation of the sea outfall with pretreatment only. Use shall be made
also of other sea outfall monitoring data, such as in the Ghadir Outfall south
of Beirut, which will provide data on the performance of sea outfalls in
I general, prior to placing the Tabarja outfall in operation.

I 51

I
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I From available data and the design criteria reported in literature for similar area in
the Mediterranean, a sea outfall with pretreatment of raw sewage should be an
adequate and economical solution for the near future. Actual available marine data,
I and the océanographie study performed during the course of the present project are
not considered comprehensive enough. It is, hence, imperative that such data be
made available during the final design stage.
I
Installation of primary and secondary treatments units are considered as long term
I mitigation measures. However, these and other long term mitigations shall be based
on the performance of the sea outfall and its headworks as observed through the
environmental monitoring plan. Needless to mention that the success of the
I monitoring plan itself will be a result of the successful implementation of the
environmental management and training programmes adopted during the final
design stage.
I The site of the treatment plant shall be well landscaped, and surrounded as much
as feasible with evergreen trees. Units that are liable to emit obnoxious odors shall
I be so designed as to minimize this effect through adoption of odor control
measures. Likewise, the same measures shall be taken for pumping station
I locations, in addition to provision of noise control equipment. The later measures
shall be also incorporated in the design of the water supply pumping station, to
minimize their environmental negative impacts on the adjacent areas.
I When primary or secondary treatment are introduced, a certain quantity of sludge
is expected to be produced. If this sludge is not properly disposed off, it will
I impose a negative impact on the environment. It is, therefore, proposed to dewater
and dry the resulting sludge, then convey it to a suitable landfill site at a location
I close to the outfall site.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I 52

I
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• H. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING
The necessity of environmental management and training for the project area is
obvious. In view of the increasing population figures expected during the next two
I decades, the pollution problems will multiply, if environmental measure are not
applied towards the improvement of wastewater management. This does not apply

I to the technical installations and their degree of effectiveness only, but also to the
periodical control of the water quality of natural and supplied waters. This control
demands not only adequate facilities, such as basic laboratory equipment for rapid
I professional assessment, but also a staff trained in control and analysis works.
The basic demands for proper environmental management and training should
I incorporate:
- training of engineering and laboratory staff for the water supply and wastewater
systems by adequate training personnel (senior engineers, environmentalists from
• various institutions and universities).
- the training of this staff is considered to be most effective if initiated at the start
I of the construction works of both the water supply and wastewater systems. As
such, the staff will be very familiar with the environmental monitoring
I requirements of the systems when these are in operation, as provided in the next
section.
- Information exchange through regular meetings between the various institutions,
I including the staff of the water supply and sewerage systems, concerning such
subjects as:
I 1. ecological degradation : members of institutions involved in terrestrial and
marine biological studies, should convene regularly to discuss and exchange
I information regarding environmental risks.
2. health risks associated with marine food: members of governmental and
I private medical institutions, colleges and universities, should be involved in
regular meetings to discuss risks arising from consumption of marine food.

I 3. health risks arising from touristic activities, to be the subject of regular

meetings of the environmentally concerned parties in the country, including
governmental agencies, to exchange information and statistics on the subject.
I The concerned governmental agencies and institutes should maintain close
contact with the international agencies involved with the terrestrial and
I marine environmental programmes, particularly those involved with the
Mediterranean area, including the UNEP, UNDP and MAP. This will keep
the local authorities aware of international and regional standards regarding
I environmental and hygienic conditions, and will provide them with prompt
information pertaining to changes in international regulations, standards and
guidelines.
I
I 53

I
I
I I. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

I The basic characteristic of the environment monitoring plan for the water
supply and the waste water systems should be directed towards:

I - the maintenance of sufficient water quality standards for the water

supply systems
- the maintenance of effluent standards for the wastewater discharged
I via the sea outfall.

I In fact these characteristics will decide upon the probability of raising

health risks within the served populace, and occurrence of biological
degradation conditions.
I In order to keep the defined and demanded standards, several periodical
control activities are considered to be necessary:
I - control of drinking water quality: microbiological analysis demand
at least twice a week, and general analysis for other pollutants at least
I twice a month.

I - control of collected wastewater: general analysis for toxic

pollutants at least twice every month; BOD, TSS/VSS, daily; and
temperature, pH and Degradable Organics, continuous/on-line
I readings.

- control of effluent from wastewater treatment facilities: analysis

I for the standardized parameters at least twice during one month for
chemical analysis and on daily basis for BOD
I - control of seawater at different beach areas of Jounieh Bay:
microbiological analyses for coliforms and faecal coliform bacteria:
I at least once a week.

- control of marine biocenosis in the sublittoral of Jounieh bay and

I the Tabarja area: diversity and abundance (e.g. eutrophcation by mass
development of the algae Ulva latuca) at least twice a year preferably
I during the two main seasons.

The monitoring control, especially at Tabarja and Jounieh Bay, should be

I intensified during the summer season, when the number of tourists increase.
With respect to other important touristic areas, a standard iteration time of
sampling is considered as once a week.
I
I
54
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I
I The proposed monitoring scheme is considered to be sufficient for the project
area. However, it may turn out that a monitoring plan, with these characteristics,
I can only be effective when it is carried out in cooperation with various
institutions, such as the Lebanese Marine Institute located in Jounieh, and the
Ministry of Environment.
I In this respect, the proposed structures of both 'Environmental Management and
Training1 (chapter h) and the 'Environmental Monitoring Plan' are considered
I mutually interactive, in such a way that neither of them can operate
independantly without losing effectiveness.
I It is proposed to have 3 staff members operating at the Tabarjah Sea Outfall Site
laboratory, one of them shall be the laboratory head technician, having sufficient
I experience (above 5 years) in the field of bacteriological and chemical testing,
with two skilled workmen.

I The site laboratory shall depend on larger, more advance and better equipped
laboratories, or a central laboratory, if available, for guidance, follow up,
I uniformity and standardization purposes. The latter could possibly be the site
laboratory at North Beirut Sea outfall in Dora.

I The Site Laboratory shall perform part of the tests listed for samples collected
from potable water, raw waste water and sea water, and mainly the frequent
ones, such as the continuous/ on-line and the daily ones, and any further tests
I that need to be performed promptly, such as bacteriological and BOD tests. The
rest of the tests shall be performed ai a more central laboratory.

I A summary of potential impacts, mitigation and monitoring is shown in table 1-1.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 55
 TABLE 1-1 - SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION AND MONITORING

Resource Components Impact Mitigation / Enhancement Cost Action / Monitoring Cost

Land Water Supply Land taking and conversion to Proper compensation to original US$ Pumping Stations to be Included in
Requirements Pumping Stations, Reservoir and owners. No resettlement and 1,570,000 monitored for possible noise Initial cost
well sites relocation necessary as land propagation
chosen to be vacant
Empty spaces around pumping US$
stations & reservoirs to be 300,000
properly landscaped

Sewerage System Land taking and conversion to Proper Compensation to original US$ Pumping stations and us$
pumping stations, pretreatment and owners. No resettlement and 8,750,000 pretreatment sea outfall 500,000
sea outfall headworks. relocation necessary as land headworks to be monitored for
chosen to be vacant. noise and odor control.

Empty spaces around pumping US$

stations & pretreatment and sea 406,000
and sea outfall headworks to be
properly landscaped.

56
 TABLE 1-1 (Cont'd) - SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION AND MONITORING

Resource Components Impact Mitigation / Enhancement Cost Action / Monitoring Cost

Terrestrial Water Supply • Depletion of available present • Enhancement of water sources to US$ • Sampling and subsequent included in
Ground Water discharge increase discharge within the 720,000 chemical and bacteriological cost of
Resources scope of the Kesrouan project testing operation &
maintenance

Sewerage • Pollution of Nabaa Al-Aassal • Construction of sewerage Outside • Monitoring the water quality Included in
System systems and small sewage scope of of Nabaa Al-Aassal cost of
treatment plants to serve the present operation &
small communities causing the project maintenance
impact, within the context of the
2nd and 3rd NERP

• Pollution of Jiita waters and the • Construction of the proposed US$ • Monitoring the water quality Included in
aquifers within the project area Kesrouan se\verage system and 45,452,360 of Jiita and other natural cost of
sea outfall within the scope of the sources and artificial wells operation &
Kesrouan project. within the project area. maintenance

• Production of primär)' and • Construction of primary and US$ • To be designed for in the final Outside scope
secondary sludge secondary treatment, and 29,865,000 design stage. of present
dewatering and drying of sludge, project
then burying in a suitable land
fill, in phase II of the project.

57
 TABLE 1-1 (Cont'd) - SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS, MITIGATION AND MONITORING

Resource Components Impact Mitigation / Enhancement Cost Action / Monitoring Cost

Marine Sewerage System • Pollution of sea shores. • Construction of Pretreatment US$ • Monitoring of sea water Included in
Environment works and sea outfalls 23,2280,500 quality at the shoreline. operation &
maintenance

Roads and Water Supply • Excavation for lines will cause • Avoid main streets wherever included in • Monitored by supervision Included in
Highways and Sewerage traffic congestions, propagation of possible, use trenchless initial cost consultant cost of final
dust and noise. techniques at especially design
congested crossings, use of
silenced equipment.

Social Resources Water Supply • Relieve the consumers from the
necessity of buying water by trucks.
• Encourage water saving practices.
• Extension of the water supply US$ • Implementation of the Included in
system (1st phase) 20,539,080 Kesrouan water supply project. operation and
maintenance
• Provision of water orifices and • Implementation of Kesrouan
water meters (1st phase) water supply project.

Sewage System • Better quality of potable water. • Construction of the sewerage US$ • Monitored by supervision Included in
system and pretreatment 45,542,360 consultant cost of final
• Safe sea water quality for headworks and sea outfall design
swimming and yachting. (1st phase).

58
I
I INTER-AGENCY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

In accordance with the World Bank' Operational Directive 4.01, ACE conducted
I a sequence of meetings with the local government agencies, affected groups, and
local nongovernmental groups, in the presence of representatives of CDR and SIU.

I The first meeting was held at the town hall of Zouk Mkayel, on Friday, 30
September, 1994 with the Union of Municipalities of Kesrouan. Present were the

I heads of Municipalities of most of the towns and villages located within the Project
Zone. The scheme was presented to the attendants, and project description and
objectives were offered, and a discussion followed in which the heads of
I municipalities voiced their opinions on the proposed scheme, with no apparent
objections.

I A second meeting was held with the President of the Industrial Syndicate in
Kesrouan in his offices in Zouk Mosbeh, on 5 October, 1994. Again a quick
description of the project was offered, and a discussion followed, circling around
I the proposed sewerage scheme, and its extreme necessity, particularly for the
industrial zones in Zouk Mosbeh and Zouk Mkayel.
I Several other meetings were held with owners and/or presidents of several of the
largest firms and industries in the area. Some of these industries are: Colortex and
I Filitex, from the textile industry, NINEX, napkins and toilet paper industry, STIP,
a large tannery and HENKEL Lebanon, a detergent factory. The general opinion
voiced regarding the proposed schemes was positive.
I Finally, a third general meeting was held, on 23 Oct. 1994, at the town hall of

I Zouk Mkayel, attended by the Qaim-maqam the president of the Kesrouan Union
of Municipalities and representatives of the official, economical and social activities
of Kesrouan, during which a description of the project was provided. Specific
I objection was raised against the proposed system, or the site location of the outfall.

I
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I
I 59

I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I (k) ANNEXES

• 1 List of EA preparers

2 Records of Consultations

3 Data and unpublished documents

• 4 Cartographic Documentation

• 5 Photographic Documentation

6 References

I
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I
I ANNEX (k) l LIST OF EA PREPAREES

I Supervising Team Dr. Lothar Schillak, Marine Biologist/Ecologist, GKW

Consult, Germany
I Dr. Horst Niemes, Environmentalist/Economist, GKW
Consult, Germany
I Mr. J.Naufal, Environmentalist/Sr. Civil Engineer

I Terrestrial Ecology Dr. Bahzad Hakim, Lebanese University, Beirut, and

Ministry for Environment, Beirut, Lebanon
Marine Ecology Dr. Ismat Boulos, Director of Fisheries and Wildlife,
I Ministry of Agriculture, Beirut, Lebanon

I Chemical Analysis AWWAD Chemical Laboratories - Etudes & Recherches

Scientifiques, Broummana, Lebanon

I
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I
I
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I
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I
I ANNEX (k) 2 RECORDS OF CONSULTATIONS

| Date : Specifications / Participants :

25.09.1994 Final visit of the project area

1 /
Mr. J.Naufal (Director of ACE),
I Dr. L.Schillak (Sr. Marine Biologist/Sr.Ecologist, Supervisor EA)
' Mr. S.Manes (Sr. Sanitary Engineer, ACE),

26.09.1994 Final discussions concerning the status report of the

marine environment in the project area prepared by Dr.I.Boulos
I Dr. L.Schillak (Sr. Marine Biologist/Sr.Ecologist, Supervisor EA)

I Dr. I.Boulos (Sr.. Marine Biologist)

Mr.J.Bouzerdan (Water Supply Engineer, ACE)

I 27.09.1994 Final discussions concerning the status report of the

terrestrial environment in the project area prepared by
- Dr.B. Hakim
I Mr. J.Naufal (Director of ACE)
Dr. L.Schillak (Sr. Marine Biologist/Sr.Ecologist, Supervisor EA)
I Dr. B. Hakim (Sr. Terrestrial Ecologist)

I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
• ANNEX (k) 3 DATA AND UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS

I
Marine Environmental Assessment Report for Kesrouan Project
I (prepared by Dr. Ismat Boulos, Ministry of Agriculture, Beirut, Lebanon)

I Evaluation of the status of the environment for the area of Kesrouan

* (prepared by Dr. B.Hakim, Ministry of Environment, Beirut, Lebaanon)

I
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I
u^iÄ^^^äss^^
I
I MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR KESROUAN PROJECT
I By Dr. Ismat Boulos

I First of all, it is necessary to state that there is relatively little knowledge in

Lebanon about the physical biological oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean.
I This present report is meant to provide a collection of observation giving a more
profound and actual view of the Lebanese coastal marine conditions in the specific
region of Kesrouan, that is between "Nahr-el-Kalb" and the coastal village of Fidar.
I
Description of the coast:
I Let us start by a description of the general coastal marine configuration.

I Starting from "Nahr-el-Kalb" to the edge of the Jounieh bay, grounds are sandy silt
near the shore and totally lime silt further away. Getting into the bay of Jounieh,
silt remains dominant far from the shore. However, near the shore, the
I configuration changes to an almost symmetrical distribution of rocks and sand.
Meaning that at both sides of the bay, rocks dominate, while between them, to the
I interior of the bay, the ground is sandy, the sand spreading however on several
widths. Outside the bay, the rocky shore extends until the proximity of "Bouar"
and behind its second half, a relatively small area of clay ground replaces mud.
I In the remaining part of the area lying between " Bouar" and "Jbeil", the marine
ground is thoroughly made of sand in spite of the presence of an area of hard
I shelly gravel and shell fragments around the city of Jbeil.

Water temperature and Salinity:

I
The coast under study exhibits a typical mediterranean climate having relatively
I cool rainy winters and hot dry summers. Water temperatures and salinities
respond accordingly with high salinities and water temperatures appearing in the
summer and fall.
I The water temperature is dependent upon many factors, of which the most
important is the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature has a predominant
I effect on the surface temperature of the Sea. Thus we see that during the colder
months, the surface water temperature reaches a minimum (17 °C in February)

I while reaching a maximum in the hot months of the years (32°C in August).
However, beyond a certain air temperature, the sea temperature increases much
more slowly than the latter, making the difference between both temperatures
I progressively increase.

I
I
I
There is very little thermal stratification in the colder months while there is
I significant stratification in the warmer months. To illustrate this , in the "Bouar"
area, on 15 October 1973, temperatures at the surface and at 145m were 27.6°C and
I 16.7°C respectively, while on 20 March 1974, the temperature was 17°C at the
surface and 16.5°C at 145m.

I Water Surface salinity has an average value of 39.6%o. It is however, slightly

fluctuant on a smaller scale due to the limited regions of the outlet of fresh water
coming either from springs or from rivers. In the region of our studies " Nahr-el-
I Kalb" and "Nahr Ibrahim" are the two main sources of fresh water, which along
with a number of under water springs would locally decrease the salt concentration
I by a minute degree of 0.2%o. Furthermore, during the hot months, the intense
evaporation of water increases even more the salt concentration of the sea to a
value of 39.8%o.
I Currents & Winds:

I In this particular part of the mediterranean, tides are almost nonexistant, and tidal
range rarely exceeds 30 cm. Seasonal changes in sea level due to meteorological

I factors are about 15 cm, with a high in February and march and a low in August,
September and October, the Summer evaporation being quite intense. But that does
not stop the sea from being often very disturbed and the wave movement very
I powerful.

The main current of easterly direction coming from the straits of Gibraltar, after
I coasting along the african shores, continues to the North- East towards Lebanon.
This current moves alongshore to the north, around the Ras-Beirut region where its
speed increases considerably. A clockwise current gyre is frequently generated in
I the bays of the coast, notably the Jounieh bay, by this northward offshore moving
current. Winds varying from the prevailing South-westerlies may accent or reverse
I these bay gyres. Winds in the region of Kesrouan are most often south-westerly.

Northly winds blow especially during winter for an average of fourty days. During
I spring, winds called "Khamsin", hot and very dry, invade the Lebanese coast
coming from the east and north-east, lasting however no more than fifty hours.
Very hot Southerly wind dominate only in summer form July through August.
I The Red Sea influence:

I Studies have indicated that the altitude level difference between the Red Sea and
the oriental mediterranean, causes the Red Sea to pour into the Mediterranean 10
I months out of 12, while in the remaining 2 months, (January and February), the
latter waters pour in the former through the Suez canal. This phenomenon provides
the Oriental Mediterranean with an excellent variety of tropical fauna. In fact, of
I the 100 species available for fishing along the coast, 20 originate from the Red

I
I
I
I Sea and many of these were spotted for the first time during the last 30 years.
Three of these species are for the time being the most common:

I - UPENEUS MOLUCCENSIS
- SIGANUS LURIDUS
I - SIGANUS RIUULATUS

Pollution:
I Different pollutants have different effects on organisms. For the instance, materials
such as pesticides and heavy metals may be expected to have a generally harmful
I effect on many species. Domestic sewage, on the other hand, may act as a
fertilizer for various algae. The effects of sewage along the Lebanese coast (where
the normal nutrient level of the sea is relatively low) can therefore be beneficial by
I raising the level of primary productivity in the area.

I Harmful materials may display subtle, indirect effects on the ecosystem. For
instance, various industrial chemicals, heavy metals and pesticides may lower the
growth rates of phytoplankton, reducing the primary productivity, and having
I effects that show up later in the higher carnivore levels ( such as fish). The marine
environment must therefore be examined from the point of view of an interacting
system, with significant synergistic effects, rather than as a collection of variables
I whose total effects may be studied independently and generalized by summation.
Pollution effects may be masked by normal variability in the environment over
I short periods of time. That is, pollution at one specific region does not give any
idea about the nearby regions, which might be more, less or not polluted.
I Furthermore, the degree of pollution might not be constant with time. It might
change throughout the year for several reasons which also the organisms
themselves may affect the polluting materials by absorption and degradation.
I Pollutants have general effects on the following types of plants and animals:
1. Interstitial fauna(beaches and benthos),
I 2.
3.
Littoral (algae and fauna from rocky shoreline),
Benthic microphone,
4. Plankton ( phytoplankton and Zooplankton),
I 5. Neusten (organisms from surface films).
Experimental work has been carried out, in laboratory and field, to examine the
I effects of polluting materials on grovvth,reproduction and survival of these various
organisms. The writer has taken some studies in 1982.

I The marine sampling consisted of samples taken from various marine habitats. The
general procedure has been to select several stations along the coast under
investigation (Nahr-el-Kalb, Kaslik, Tabarja, Nahr-Ibrahim, Halat). After these
I permanent stations were established, a regular program of sample collection was

I
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I
I initiated. After the work was completed and the samples analysed, the results of
this research program concerning pollution were as follows.

I The bay of Jounieh is somewhat polluted due to the dumping of slaughter house
and tannery wastes. Several Sewers terminate along the coast resulting in drifting
and coastal accumulations of oil. However, the study showed that despite the
I presence of these pollutants there was no detrimental effect on the fauna and
flora. However, a somewhat serious quantity of garbage has been spotted almost
every where along the coast, due to the lack of disposal methods, other than
I throwing these wastes into the sea. Furthermore, this garbage problem seams very
much to be a constant and hard to deal with issue.

I List of all the marine species present in the area of our study, fauna and flora.

Phytoplankton:
I Rhizosolenia calcar-avis, Pinnularia lata, Lauderia annulata, Halosphaera viridis,
Anabaena circinalis, Thalassiosira decipiens, Chaetoceros subsecundus,
I Asteromphalus robustus, Conscinosira polychorda, Asterolampra grevillei,
Actinoptychus undulatus, Thalassiosira rotula, Coscinodiscus exentricus,
Planctoniella sol, Corethron pelagicum, Asterom phalus flabellatus, Guinardia
I flaccida, Gossleriella tropica, Lauderia borealis, Dactgliosolen mediterraneus,
Actinocyclus ehrenbergi, Rhizosolenia firma, Rhizosolenia acuminata,
I Thalassiothrix frauenfeldi, Liemophora flabellata, Bacteriastrum delicatulum,
Nitzschia seriata, Bacteriastrum mediterraneum, Bacteriastrum elongatum,
chaetoceros convolutus, chaetoceros didymus, chaetoceros lauderi, Lithodesmium
I undulatum, biddulphia regia, ceratium massiliense, Eucapia, zodiacus, peridinium
brochi, Asterio-nella notata, Rhabdosphaera styliper, Sqracosphaera mediterranea,
Homozygosphaera fagei, calciosolenia sinuosa, Discosphaera tubifer, Peridinium
I divergens, Hermesinum Adriaticum, Dictyochafibula, Oodinium poucheti,
porocentrum micans, Pyrocystis lunula, Exuviella compressa, Porella globulus,
Phalacroma acutum, Cechridium globosum, Dinophysis recurva, Dinophysis ovum,
I Histioneis longicollis, ornitho cercus splendidus, Parahistioneis sphaeroidea,
Citharistes regius, Amphisolenia infiata, Triposolenia depressa, Triposolenia
I truncata, Erythropsis pavillardi, Gyrodinium contortum, Grymnodinium herbaceum,
Cochlodinium strangulatum, Cochlodinium constrictum, Nematodinium armatum,
Hemidinium mediterraneum, Peridinium diabolus, Kofuidinium velelloides,
I Goniaulax digitale Heterodynium leiorhynchus, Heterodinium richardi, Phrocystis
cunula, Goniaulax birostris, Heterodinium mediterraneum, Amphidoma steini,
Goniaulax ceratocoroides, Ceratium praelongum, Goniodomapolyedricum,Ceratium
I buceros, ceratium platycome, Micracanthodinium setiferum, Podolampas elegans,
Oxytoxum milneri, Cladopyxis brachiolatum, Syracosphaera Pulchra, Ceratocorys
I horrida, Ceratocorys gouretti, Goniodoma sphaericum.
Most of these phytoplaktons are dinoflagellates and some of them are diatoms, the
I rest being various.

I
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I
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Valonia Utricularis, Dasycladus
I Clavaeformis, Acetabulria mediterrane a, Codium tomentosum, Ectocarpus
siliculosus, Scytosiphon lomentaria, punctaria latifolia, Petalonia fascia, cutteria
multifida, Sporochnus pedunculatus, Arthrocladia villosa, Sagassum vulgäre,
I sargassum hornschuchi, Halopteris Scoparia, Cladostephus verticillatus, Halopteris
filicina, Dictyopteris membranacea, Dictyota dichotoma, Padina pavonia,
I Cystoseira abrotanifolia, Cystoseira spicata, Gelidium crinale, Gelidium
Sesquipedale, Phyllophora crispa, Hypnea musciformis, Peyssonnelia squamaria,
Corallina mediterranea, Nitophyllum Punctatum, Dasya hutchinsiae, Laurencia
I Pinnalifida, Porphyra Umbilicalis, Vidalia Volubilis.

Marine Angiosperms:
I Cymodocea Nodosa.

I 200 PLANKTON
FORA MINIFER PELAGIQUE
I - Heliozaires
- Colledaries
- Acanthaises
- Spumellaries
- Nassellaires - Phoeodaries.
I Sponges (Porifera):

I Class Calcarea: Sycon raphanus

Class Demospogiae: Oscarella lobularis, Suberites domuncula, Axinella Verrucosa,
Mycale massa, Spongia officinalis, Ircinia fasciculata.
I
Phylum Cnidaria:
I Class hydrozoa: coryne pusilla, Hydractinia echinata, Eudendrium rameum,
Bougainvillia ramosa, Obelia geniculata, campanularia hincksi, Physalia Physalis,
I Halistemma rubra, Velella velella, Porpita unbella.
Class Scypozoa: Charybdea marsupialis, Pelagia noctiwca, Aurélia aurita,
Rhizostoma pulmo.
I Class Anthozoa: Antipathes subpinnata, Cerianthus membranaceus, Epizoanthus
arenaceus, Peachia hastata, Condylactis aurantiaca, Actinia cari, Anemonia sulcata,
I Aiptasia mutabilis, Anthopleura balli, Amphianthus dohrni, Adamsia palliata,
Sagartiogeton undata, Cayophyllia clavus, Cladocora cespitosa, Dendrophyllia
remea, Parerythropodium coralloides, Eunicella verrucosa, Paramuricea
I chamaeleon, Pennatula phosphorea.

I
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I Phylum Ctenophora:

Class Tentaculata: Bolinopsis infundibulum, Hormiphora Pulmosa.

I Class Atentaculata : Beroe Cucumis.

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms):

I
Class Tubellaria: Convoluta convoluta, Monocelis lineata, Thysanozoun brocchii.
I Phylum Nemertina (Ribbon worms):

I Tubulanus annulatus, Cerebratulus fuscus, Micrura aurantiaca, Oerstedia dorsalis,

Amphiporus lactifloreus, Tetrastemma melanocephalum, Drepanphorus spectabilis.

I Phylum Annelida (Segmented worm):

I Aphrodite aculeata, Hermione hystrix, Lepidonotus clava, Polynoe scolopendrina,

Acholoe astericola, Syllis proliféra, Exogone gemmifera, Autolytus pictus,
Kefersteinia cirrata, Nereis pelagica, Nereis diversicolor, Nereis fucata, phyllodoce
I lamelligera, phyllodoce paretti, Eulalia viridis, Eulalia Sangainea,
Convoluta, Eunice harassii, Marphysa bellii, Marphysa sanguinea, Ophryotrocha
Glycera

puerilis, Scolecolepis fuliginosa, Nerine Cirratulus, Polydora ciliata, Magelona

I papillicornis, chaetopterus variopedatus, capitella capitata, Arenicola marina,
Euclymene lumbricoides, owenia fusiformis, sternaspis scutata, Sabellaria
alveolata, Pectinaria koreni, Amphitrite gracilis, lanice conchilega, Sabella
I pavonina, Potamilla reniformis, Bispira volutacornis, Myxicola infundibulum,
Serpula vermicularis, Hydroides horvegica, Mercierella enigmatica, pomatoceros-
I triqueter, Filograna implexa, Protula tubularia, Spirorbis borealis.

Phylum Echiura: Bonellia viridis.

I Phylum Sipuncula : Sipuculus nudus, Golfingia elongata.

I Phylum Mollusca :

I Class Polyplacophora: Chitona Squamosus , Ischnochiton albus.

Class Gastropoda: Haliotis lamellosa, Haliotis tuberculata, Emarginula elongata,

I Emarginula reticulata, Diodora italica, Acmaea virginea, Patella coerule, Patella
lusitanica, Gibbula divaricata, Gibbula adansoni, Monodonta turinata, Clanculus
corallinus, Leptothyra sanguinea, Littorina neritoides, Truncatella subcylindrica,
I Turritella Communis, Turritella triplicata, Vermetus gigas, Cerithium vulgatum,
Capulus hungaricus, Psecudosimnia carnea, Erronea pirum, Clathrus clathrus,
Dolium gales, Mursx Brandaris, Murex trunculus, ocenebra erinacea, Pyrene
I scripta, fusus rostratus, Mitra ebenus, Presicula miliaris, Conus Mediterraneus,

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Elysia viridis, Pleurobranchus membranaceus, Peltodoris atromaculata, Limacia
I clavigera, Gadinia garnoti, Phytia myosotis, Nucula nucleus, Glycymeris pilosa,
Mytitus edulis, Lithophaga lithophaga, Pinna nobilis, Linna rudis, Ostrea edulis.
I Pecten jacobaeus, Chlamys glabra, Spondylus gaederopus, Lima lima, Myrtea
spinifera, Cardita trapezia, Chama gryphoides, Cerastoderm-edule, Dosinia lupinus,
Venus verrucosa, venus fasciata, venerupis rhomboïdes, Mactra corallina, Donax
I vittatus, Tellina distorta, Scrobicularia plana, Ensis siliqua, Solen marginatus,
Hiatella arctica, Teredo navalis, Thracia papyracea.

I Class Cephalopoda: Sepia officinalis, Sepia elegans, Loligo vulgaris, Ommastrephes

sagittatus.

I Class Crustacea : Scalpellum scalepellum, Verruca stroemia, Chthalamus stellatus,

Balanus perforatus, Acasta spongites, Pyrgoma anglicum, Nebalia bipes, Squilla
I mantis, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Leptomysis mediterranea, Paramysis helleri,
Sphaeroma serratum, Idotea baltica, Ligia oceanica, Grammarus locusta, Orchestia
gammarella, Jassa falcata, Hyperia galba, Lucifer acestra, Hippolyte varians,
I Hippolyte prideauxiana, Synaipheus laevimanus, Leander Squilla, Crangon vulgaris,
Aegeo cataphractus, scyllarides latus Scyllarus arctus, Nephrops norvegicus,
Porcellana platycheles, Porcellana longicornis, Paguristes oculatus, Pagurus arrosor,
I Dorippe lanata, Ethusa mascarone, Ilia nucleus, Lissa chiragra, Lambrus massena,
Lambrus angulifrons, Xantho rivulosus, Pachygrapsus marmoratus.
I Phylum Echinodermata:

I Class Asteroidea : Luidia ciliaris,luidia sarsi, Ceramaster placenta, Hacelia

attenuata, Anseropoda placenta, Asterina gibbosa, Echinaster sepositus,
Marthasterias glacialis, Concinasterias tenuispina.
I Class Ophiuroidea : Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra, Amphiophomis
squamata, Ophioderma longicauda, Ophiura texturata.
I
Class Echinoidea : Stylocidaris affinis, Arbacia lixula, Sphaerechinus granularis,
I Paracentrotus lividus, Echinus acutus, Echinus melo, Echinosyamus pusillus,
Spatangus purpureus, Echinocardium cordatum, Echinocardium pennatifidum,
Brissopsis lyrifera, Brissus unicolor.
I Class Holothuroidea : Cucumaria elongata, labedoplax digita.

I Phylum Chordata :

I Class Ascidiacea: Ascidia mentula, Phallusia mammillata, styela plicata.

Class Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinus canicula, Squalus acathias, Raia Miraletus.

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I Class Osteichthyes : Sardinella aurita, sardina pilchardus, Engroulis encrasicholus,
Conger conger, Belone belone, Sphyraena sphyraena, Mugil auratus, Phycis
blennoides, Dicentrarchus labrax, Serranus cabrilla, Serranus scriba, Epinephelus
I aeneus, Epinephelus alexandrinus, sciaena aquila, Trachurus trachurus, Mullus
barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Upeneus moluccensis, Diplodus sargus, Boops salpa
Boops boops, Pagrus pagrus, Dentex dentex, oblada melanura, Chrysophrys aurta,
I Pagellus erythrinus, Siganus rivulatus, Siganus luridus, Scomber Scombrus, Sarda
sarda, Euthynnus allteratus.
I
Summary of Fauna & Flora Presence
I It should be noted that in the Kesrouan coastal area, the Flora and fauna is rich in
number of species mentioned above. However the total number present is very
I small which explains the lower productivity of this area, and hence cannot be
classified as a sensitive Zone.
I Temperature :

I At a depth of 100 meters, the temperature takes a somewhat constant value

between 15°C and 16°C, with a tendency to slightly increase to 17°C-18°C during
the months of August and September. However, when we reach 300 meters in
I depth, temperature stabilises at 14°C to 15°C. This is a list of the surface
temperatures recorded in the Jounieh area throughout the year:

I Jan: 17.4, Feb: 16.6, Mar: 16.2, Apr: 19.8, May 21.5, Jun:26.1, Jul: 28.0, Aug:28.5,
Sep: 27.6, Oct: 26.3, Nov: 22.9, Dec 21.1.
I Salinity:

I Sea water's salinity which would normally be 39.7%o in August, decreased and
reached, around the 20th of September, a value of 35.4%o. These changes would
endure for approximately 20 days. Thus we see that the flood waters of the Nile
I constituted one of the most important elements determining surface waters' salinity.

I However, since the construction of the Assouan dam, the matter isn't as it used to
be. In fact, while the salinity in September 1962 was 35.4%o, it went up to 37.3%o
in 1964 and 38.2%o in 1966. The higher the dam was raised, the poorer was the
I supply of fresh water to the mediterranean and the more constant the water salinity
became (See temperature & Salinity graphs). This evolution had its harmful effects
on the general oceanography of the oriental mediterranean, by lowering the
I productivity of the Lebanese water and changing the habits of the coastal species
in general.

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I Conclusion:

The Kesrouan region is in general quite poor in plankton and thus, the fish does
I not find enough nourishment to feed. Furthermore, the area around the outfall in
Safra is not classified as a protected area where fishing of other forms of marine
life constituting food for the fish is prohibited. Therefore, a sea outfall would very
I unlikely have any adverse impact on its fauna and Flora.

In the case of bacterial pollution, the outfall should be properly designed to have
I the required dilution techniques. Therefore, a reasonable dumping of domestic
sewage would increase the productivity level in the area by enhancing the primary
I productivity.

Care should be taken to avoid the dumping of heavy and poisonous metals, a
I matter which shall be subject to regulation in the mediterranean basin.

I
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I EVALUATION
OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
IN KESROUAN
I
By Dr. Bahzad Hakim
I
I (Pollution of Water : Main origins of Pollution, Mechanism and Condition of
this Pollution).

I INTRODUCTION
This study covers 37 Towns and Villages of the Caza of Kesrouan - Ftouh.
I It includes all the coastal urban centers of this Caza (from Nähr El Kalb up to
Aakaibeh); as well as all the villages located between the Sea shore and the
I Important Village of Faitroun, and is limited in the south by the river of Nähr El
Kalb (Tables la to Id).

I The concerned surface area is of the order of 66.42 km2.

I. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
I I.I Climate

I The area under study extends mainly along the sea shore and on
the hills and mountains up to 1200 m altitude.

I The climate all over is of the Mediterranean type, characterized by

two different seasons, a wet winter and a long dry summer.

I Rainfalls due to South West winds are of the "Orographie Type". Their total
amount reaches:

I * 900 mm / year on the coast

* 1300 mm / year as an average, on the mountains, (table 2).
I TABLE 2 : ANNUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL IN CERTAIN URBAN CENTERS OF KESROUAN

I Station Zouq Mkayel Ghazir Ghosta Rayfoun Qlaiaat

Altitude in meter 70 410 650 1050 1050
I Annual Average Rainfall in mm 900 1110 1225 1270 1220
Number of Years of Recording 28 22 22 22 28
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I They are mainly in the form of "Rain" and the snowy days are rare at low
altitude and do not exceed 10 days in Faitroun.

I The temperatures recorded in certain stations (table 3) show a rather hot

tendency of the Mediterranean climate with a yearly average varying between
I 10.7 and 21.3 °C.

TABLE 3 : AVERAGE TEMPERATURES IN CERTAIN STATIONS OF KESROUAN

I Station Zouq Mkayel Ghazir Ghosta

I Altitude in meter
Average temperature of the coolest
70
14.4
410
9.8
650
9.7
month (January) in °C
I Average temperature of the hottest 28.6 24.2 23.6
month (August) in °C
I Annual Average temperature in °C 21.3 17.5 16.7
(B. Hakim, 1975)
I 1.2 Surface Hydrology

I The region under study is limited by two important rivers :

Nähr El Kalb in the South.
Nahr Ibrahim in the North.
I
It includes the entire catchement basin of Wadi Hrach, a large part
I of Wadi Ghazir as well as the mouth of many minor valleys of
Ftouh Kesrouan (we mention in particular Wadi El Ghamiq).

I All these elements are perpendicular to the coast line and are
parallel among themselves.

I They are narrow valleys and consist of Karstic Canyons with

embanking exceeding 500 m.
I The water courses running at the bottom of these valleys are
seasonal and absolutely dry during a long time of the year, only
I Nähr El Kalb and Nahr Ibrahim have a permanent discharge in
their downstream end parts, corresponding to the well known
sources of Jiita and Madiq - Ghoshraya which flow generously
I through the whole year.

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I 1.3 Lithology and Geomorphology

The rocks, on the surface, are constituted of hard permeable and

I carbonated rocks, (limestone, dolomites, calcareous dolomites and
calcareous marls).

I They are extremely corroded with signs of very developed karstics

all over the surface (Fields of weathered surface rocks dolines and
I lapies especially at Faitroun) as well as in depth (Jiita Cavern:
8000 m horizontally developed, and fifty sinkholes and an infinite
number of very large faults) this karstification renders the surface
I very permeable and extremely vulnerable to pollution.

1.4 Geology and Hydrogeology

I
The structure is articulated around the Western-Fault of Lebanon,
I in a sub-meridian direction. It divides the area into a Jurassic
Field at the East and a medium Cretaceous at the west.

I The Jurassic Field is formed by around 1000 m of carbonated

rocks well karstified. It is crossed by the impermeable layers of
the lower Cretaceous (800 m of sandstone, clay and marls, etc.),
I rearranged upright by the above mentioned fault, and having a
vertical drop distance of 2000 m at Jounieh.

I The canyons which trench this field, following the cross-wise

fault lines, basically drain the Jurassic aquifer, which is exhibited
I by a line of sources, not far from the Fault.

These sources are: Jiita ( 4500 1/s) Hrach ( 50 1/s), Qattine ( 25

I l/s), Nähr Ed Dahab ( 25 1/s) and the sources ofGhoshraya-
Madiq on Nahr Ibrahim ( 2000 1/s).

I The field of medium Cretaceous bends down with a regular

manner towards the sea. It is constituted by at least 800 m of
I dolomites, limestones and, sometimes, marls pertaining to the
Cenomano-turonian (C4-5) and which are all directly connected to
the sea.
I The medium Cretaceous aquifer appears on the surface through
small fountains located at Batha, Kfour, Hillaneh and at
I Khodaireh. It discharges mainly in the sea creating coastal springs
at Aaqaibeh, Safra, Tabarjah and Jounieh.
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I The Exploitation by drilled wells (300 m minimum depth), is a
common practice on the hills located between Nahr Ibrahim and
Jounieh.
I Certain wells have produced brackish water and even saline
water. The sea water intrusion is accelerated in the absence of an
I impermeable barrier between the sea and the Cenomano-Turonian
aquifer, and in the presence of a network of widened fissures and
the karstic voids, capable of passing water in two directions.
I
Finally we should note that the presence of a cushion of sub-reef,
I Miocene limestones at the south of Jounieh, and at the mouth of
Nähr El Kalb. It lays in discordance over the more ancient layers
of the Senonian, (Co) the Turonian (Cs) and the Cenomanian (Cs),
I (see fig. 2)

The limestones are aqueous and directly connected to the sea, in

I serial cuts. Their exploitation by drilling wells at Mokhadah -
Nähr El Kalb shows that the salinity starts to appear as soon as the
I surface river stops flowing.

II. THE HUMAN CONTEXT

I During the past history, the coastal sector of the project area has known a
high concentration of population. .
I
The coastal plain, narrow but well irrigated, constituted a field where
I orange trees prospered in the past decades, but has receded appreciably
under the onslaught of urbanization.

I The limestone mountain that is predominant at high levels, has always

been a repulsive sector due to its rude and torn aspect, and due to the
absence of water on the surface (the sources are gathered at the bottom of
I canyons). This is why the villages were not important and the dry, purely
Mediterranean cultivations were distributed on the famous 3 poles of
Wheat, Vine, and Olive; with a wide range of plantations which are able
I to survive during the long dry season.

I Traditional cultivation in the mountain followed the typical mountain

terrases that lined the sides of canyons.

I At present, however, the agriculture is clearly declining against the cruel

urban expansion. The coastal plain was quickly occupied by commercial
centers, beach complexes and industrial zones. (Zouk, Kaslik, Sarba,
I Jounieh, Maameltein, Sahel Alma, Hboub, Adma, Tabarjah, Safra,
Aaqaibeh).
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I The small mountain villages were transformed into "dormitory-villages"
(Jiita, Ballouneh, Ajaltoun, Harissah, Ghazir, etc.). Urbanization is
therefore rapidly developing and "saturated sectors" are already noticed
I over a large area.

The Present Resident Population reaches over 130630 inhabitants and the
I basic density appears to be 130630 -f 66.42 kms = 1967 persons/km2.
However, the various activities offered by Jounieh and the touristic
I complexes call for a temporary population in the order of 190424. The
Socio-Economie Report will give more precise information regarding this
subject.
I III. PRESENT FINDINGS ON THE POLLUTION

I An alerted observer discovers quickly that all the water courses are
polluted, without exception, even those originating from the cleanest
sources.
I In fact, our valleys and water courses receive all sorts of aggressive
materials starting with domestic waste water, domestic solid waste,
I industrial waste water, slaughterhouses of farms and petrol wastes etc.
They receive also surface waters coming from fruit tree gardens and
I cultivation areas that hold all kinds of fertilizers and pesticides.

The flow from some well known sources carry, upon their emergence on
I the surface, waste waters from the restaurants and coffee-shops situated
along these rivers, and receive wastes from illegal swimmers and
drinking cattle stock at the source.
I Regarding the underground water, analyses have shown that the raw
water of the sources and artesian wells provide proofs of permanent
I bacteriological pollution. In fact the laboratory analyses carried out on
the samples of water extracted from some sources show bacteriological
pollution as shown in Table 4. As for the laboratory tests carried out on
I sea water, refer to table 4a.

TABLE 4: RECENT LABORATORY ANALYSES OF SPRINGS WATER

I
Source Name Faecal Coliforms Total Coliforms
I 1 - Al Madiq (Yahchouche)
MPN/lOOml
1 Colony
MPN/lOOml
2 Colonies

I 2- El-Khodeira (Maameltein)
3- Nabaa Farah (Al Qattine)
1 Colony
< 1 Colony
9 Colonies
4 Colonies

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I TABLE NO. 4a

I LABORATORY TEST RESULTS OF SEA WATER ANALYSES AT

SOME POINTS OF KESROUAN BEACHES

I
Faecal Total NH 4 + NO 3- P
I Coliforms Coliforms

I MNP/100 ml MNP/100 ml

Sample No. (1) 56 colonies 200 colonies 0.04 2 0.01

I mg/1 mg/1/ mg/1/

I Sample No. (2) 34 colonies 350 colonies 0.04 5 0.02

I mg/1 mg/1/ mg/1

Jounieh (Sea outfall) 602500 106 colonies 24.1 27.3 29

I Raw sewage colonies mg/1 mg/1 mg/1

Sample No. (3) 170 colonies 750 colonies 0.06 7 0.03
I mg/1 mg/1 mg/1

I Sample No. (4) 280 colonies 800 colonies 0.04

mg/1
5
mg/1
0.02
mg/1

I IV. NATURE AND ORIGIN OF POLLUTION

I Facing these facts and in order to protect our water resources field
surveys and investigations have been undertaken, in order to locate the
pollution points on a 1/10,000 scale map, and to understand their origin
I and their transportation mode over the surface and towards the subsoil.

I By means of this field survey we can classify the origins of the pollution
in the sector under study as follows:

I 1-
2-
Pollution due to domestic waste water.
Pollution resulting from household refuse.
3- Pollution caused by industrial and agricultural discharges.
I 4- Pollution caused by the thermal electric power station of Zouk.

I
I
I
I IV. 1 POLLUTION DUE TO DOMESTIC WASTE WATER

I
3
As an average, 20000 m of waste water are discharged daily by
the inhabited regions of the area under study. The disposal is
made by different manners; as shown below.
I IV. 1.1 Septic Tanks:

I This is the most commonly used procedure. The strict

construction rules of a septic tank are rarely applied. The

I promoters and contractors, mainly look for the high level

fissures of the karst in order to locate their septic tanks that
can be considered as "Permeable"; these are filled up very
I seldom.

However, when the soil is rather impermeable, they get

I filled up quickly and start overflowing, causing damage to
the environment. Certain septic tanks are directly

I discharged into the irrigation channels, as in Sahel Alma

(into the water coming from the source of Batha).

I IV. 1.2 The Sewerage Networks

Certain active municipalities have constructed complete or

I partial sewerage networks since the sixties. The most
important ones are in Jounieh and its suburbs, Zouk
Mkayel, Ghazir and the coastal agglomerations such as
I Adonis, Kaslik, Maamelein, Tabarjah, El Bouar and
Aaqaibeh..

I The outfalls discharge mainly into the sea, but some of

them discharge into the neighboring valleys where they
I form polluted water courses which soon infiltrate through
the fissures, connecting to the subsoil karst.

I This originally incomplete infrastructure suffered from the

war effects; because of the lack of maintenance, and

I because certain parts were directly hit by military action.

The concept of the network is of the separate system

I (waste water separated from the storm water). However the
system works practically as pseudo-separate because of
the illegal connections and the opening of waste water
I manholes during heavy storms.

I
I
-ι, ·-<.--:·'< ï^^-.\'yJ&£^rï^i£Éi^fc2'-^tiai:'£
I
I The Network is capable of collecting large quantities of
water upstream, but will necessarily overflow in the streets,
at the downstream side (Jounieh).
I IV. 1.3 The Open Bottom Wells

I Every well is intended to receive waste water from one

building or a group of buildings. The execution is carried
I out by means of a percussion or rotary machine and the
drilling stops at the location of a karstic void which makes
the well bottom constantly permeable and draining off.
I Such works accelerate pollution and encourage rapid
transfer of pollutants towards water springs and
I exploitation wells.

I These open-end wells create pollution in newly established

urban zones which are not provided yet with a sewerage
network; particularly in the areas of Adma, KfarHbab,
I Aalmaya, Adonis, Ballouneh and on a smaller degree the
villages of Qlaiaat, Aajaltoun, Jiita and Zouq Mosbeh.

I IV.2 POLLUTION DUE TO HOUSEHOLD REFUSE

I Solid wastes in Kesrouan - Ftouh, as every where else, are

collected and thrown in a primitive way, in public but inadequate
discharge points located near the residential buildings.
I A large number of municipalities, (including that of Jounieh )
send their solid wastes to the disposal site at Bourj Hammoud,
I located at the sea-shore.

I The discharges from Faitroun, Qlaiaat, Ballouneh, Wadi Trach,

Ghazir, Yahchouch, etc. incinerate their solid waste in place and
in the open air. Their location on a mainly karstic terrain, makes
I their leachate (resulting liquid) acid and highly organic, and
infiltrate quickly to the aquifer.

I The imminent risk due to fermented wastes leads to their

classification among the pollution dangers that need a rapid and
efficient remedy.
I
I
I
I
I
I IV.3 POLLUTION DUE TO INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL DISCHARGES

Under this heading we mention factories, petrol stations,

I fertilizers, pesticides and the breeding farms, etc.

IV.3.1 Factories
I
Factories of small and medium size found in the study area,
I count 50 Nos. approximately. They tend to be grouped
within "industrial Zones" at Zouq Mosbeh and Nahr
Ibrahim.
I We mention in particular food industries, olive oil-presses
(jiita), pharmaceutical factories (Zouq, Shaileh, etc.),
I marble and stone saw-mills ; advanced plastic and wood
industries, carton boards, nails and certain other
I manufactures.

We realize with regret that none of these factories worries

I about its waste waters or solid wastes. These are thrown in
their raw state, anywhere and in any condition into the
rivers (Nahr Ibrahim) or in the channels running along
I roads (Zouq).

I IV.3.2 Petrol Stations

These count 97 numbers of stations. Their fuel tanks

I represent a big danger because they are situated on a
fissured karst; this danger is worsening by car wash waste
waters and motor oils that are discharged in the public
I channels, in the nature or in the municipal sewerage
network.

I IV.3.3 Breeding Farms

I The number of cattle farms (sheep, cows or pork) exceeds

40. This activity must definitely be encouraged in order to
increase the production of meat, milk and eggs. However,
I the problem is due to the absence of all sanitation
conditions outside the farms.

I The different waste water lines discharge their sewage in

its raw condition, and the situation becomes critical in the
I farm slaughterhouses.

I
I
I
I The most harmful example is the one of Chbeir Farm in
Ghosta whose slaughterhouse produces a stream of blood
I that flows on the right bank of the valley of Hrach and
follows the thalweg before entering into the cracks in the
ground. The polluted water reappears at a distance of 3
I kms, down at the reputed source of Harsh.

IV.3.4 Fertilizers and Pesticides

I Agriculture is declining in the whole of the project area.

I The used fertilizers tend to increase the rate of nitrates and

phosphates in the underground waters. The usage of DDT
has always been a common practice and constitutes a major
I risk.

No analysis has ever been undertaken on the rate of

I pesticides in the water. Our Lebanese laboratories are not
well equipped for such analyses.

I IV.3.5 Hospitals

I The 6 hospitals (3 in the mountains : Hage, St. Georges

and St. Charbel [under renovation]; and 3 in Jounieh:
Notre Dame du Liban, Pasteur and St. Louis) direct their
I waste water straight into the municipal sewers or in
permeable septic tanks.

I Again, no single, solid waste incinerator, is serving these

hospitals.
I V. WAYS OF POLLUTION TRANSFER

I Every polluted water, of whatever origin, runs first on the surface of

impermeable grounds and joins the surface water courses. Such a
pollution is easily discovered and controlled.
I
As soon as rocks become permeable, particularly the carbonated karstic
I rocks, the problem becomes more complex.

We give below an outline on the karstic hydrogeological system

I structure, and the manner by which the waste waters flood into the
underground reservoirs.

I
I
10
I
I
I V.I STRUCTURE OF THE HYDRQGEOLOGICAL KARSTIC SYSTEM

I The hydrogeological karstic system is presented in the following

manner.

I A. Feeding Zone

It is essentially formed by the outcropping on the surface of

I permeable carbonated rocks which are connected with the
subsoil. Feeding is accomplished by rainfall (water +
I snow) directly coming in contact with these rocks, or the
impermeable grounds above the river and water courses, as
well as irrigation channels that can carry additional water
I quantities.

B. Infiltration Zone
I Water coming from the feeding zone infiltrate along the

I fissures, sinkholes and slopes. The water circulation is

predominantly vertical (downwards). The circulation is
double phased (water + air) and can be fast or slow
I depending on the void sizes through which it passes and on
the clogging condition encountered.

I In the upper part of the infiltration zone, there is a

possibility to find an epikarstic zone which would be
located at 20 meters from the surface. It consists of a layer
I of corroded rocks which fissures can be filled with clay
originated from the decarbonation of other deteriorated
I materials. The infiltration is therefore obstructed here and a
water table that is temporary and "standing by" can be
easily constituted in rainy weather, close to the surface.
I C. Zone of Sunken Karst

I It is a saturated zone where all fissures and voids of the

karst are saturated with water. The circulation is single
I phased (water only) and is only horizontally oriented.

The nature of subsoil flowing water in the saturated zone is

I complex. It is a function of the predominant geological
structure and of the dimension of voids at the interior
(fissures slightly widened or big karstified galleries).
I
I
11
I
I
I The flow velocities are variable and are accompanied
sometimes with turbulence and circulate under pressure.

I In any case, the underground flow tends to organize itself

in one or many drains (true water collectors) connected to
annex cells.
I The axial drain collects this way the flow from the whole
annex cells that are "Capacities" of the karst, and directs
I them towards the outlet(s) of the system.

I D. Outlet Zone
It is materialized by the karst sources which are of different

I kinds (discharge, overflow, artesian or composite). It can

show up in the various exploitation wells, or even, in the
water ways diverting towards another system.
I V.2 THE MECHANISM OF POLLUTION WAVES INGRESS INTO THE KARST

I The pollution which reaches the feeding zone of the karstic

system finds itself finally within the flooded zone and at the
outlets. The municipal waste water collectors concentrate their
I flow in a definite point of the terrain, which reaches very quickly
the open fissures and the slopes of the karst which ensure the
transfert of this flow up to the flooded zone.
I The industrial discharges, petrol stations, farm wastes, and the
"permeable septic tanks" pollute, one by one, the karst in point
I flows.
The polluted water is directed therefore slowly towards the
I interior of the epikarstic zone or infiltration zone and stays there
temporarily.

I But with the first heavy rains of the year, the effect of flushing is
produced and the stocked waste waters are directed towards the
springs and wells.
I Open bottom wells, make the "short cut" and discharge sewage
water to the bottom of the flooded zone. They accelerate this way
I the phenomenon and favour the quick access of faecal pollution to
the springs allocated, in their majority, for the supply of potable
I water to the villages and towns. This barbarian practice is a
deliberate aggression against the water tables. It reaches a
critical step in our region.
I Finally the solid wastes provide a large variety of pollutants which
hit directly the natural water quality.
I
12
I
.^•a^a
I
I IV.3 THE JTTTA CASE
In order to clarify better our opinion, we have established the
I diagrammatic model of the Jiita hydrogeological system (fig. 1).
The purpose is to show the different losses, the inter-actions of the
I surface water with the underground water and to monitor the
feeding that takes place starting from the remote areas (Hrajel for
example).
I Some important agglomerations (Jiita, Sehaileh, Balloune,
Aajaltoun, Qlaiaat, Raifoun, Faitroun, etc.) are gathered directly
I in the "Feeding Zone" of Jiita. The waste water of these large
villages join the underground karst in a rapid way.
I The diagrammatic model (fig. 1) as well as the profiles of figure 2
reveal another problem. In fact, the underground river of Jiita
I develops in parallel to the surface river of Nähr El Kalb. Its
downstream end siphon is located precisely at 141 m of altitude.
The water course of Nähr El Kalb is at 320 m of altitude at the
I location of the siphon.

This situation seems therefore very delicate because any pollution

I to the external river can potentially reach the hydrogeological
system of Jiita, and its underground river.
I It becomes even more dangerous due to the direct relations,
proved by color tracing, between the water course and the Jiita
I cavern (table No.10 B. Hakim, Karkabi & Soiselet, 1988). The
fluoresceine discharged at the water leak of Dair Chamia is
recovered at the source of Jiita after 29 h 30 min.
I
Two other colorations, one in 1913 (undertaken by the British)
I and the other one in 1923 (by the French) have proved a
connection between the leaks of Wadi AbouRaqaa- Hrajel and
the source of Jiita cavern (time of traveling is 6 days and a half).
I II. POSSIBLE ACTIONS

I Remedies are easy to formulate, but the important issuer is to find the
means of executing them.

I The most acute problem seems to be that of the waste water. The
municipalities discharge their raw sewage anywhere in nature and on the
I beach. The permeable septic tanks cover a large area. The open bottom
wells communicate directly with the infiltration zone and the flooded
zone. Irrigation channels and road shoulders carry a blackish water flow.
I
13
I
I
I Waste waters are responsible for 70% of the present pollution in the
project area. It is necessary to treat them and reuse them for irrigation in
I the dry karstic zones.

I Regarding domestic solid wastes, it is necessary to provide, in the

short term, adequate sanitary land fills, but in a medium term,
screening and recycling centers must be created for the treatment
I of these wastes.

Regarding the economic activities which require a licenese in

I advance, it is easy to put regulations for their waste discharge.
Otherwise the licence should be withdrawn.
I Factories of all kinds, petrol stations, and breeding farms should
provide adequate treatment of their wastes, in accordance with the
I prevailing regulations and as dictated by the Ministry of
Environment, prior to discharging them into nature or in sewerage
networks.
I
The situation can be easily corrected due to the absence of
I chemical and heavy industries.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
14
I
I
I BIBLIOGRAPHY

. GHORRA. M-Gri985):

Karstic Aquifer Pollution of Central Lebanon. Ph. D. in Pharmacy of

• Paris-Sud University 347 pages, 25 figures, 50 tables, 8 annexes.

HAKIM,. B (1975):

Research in Karstic Hydrogeology and Geomorphology in Central

_ Lebanon.

Thesis at Aix-en-Provence, 172 pages, 46 figures, 27 tables, 27 plates of

• photographs, 2 annexes, 2 maps.

HAKIM. B (1985):

™ Research in Hydrology and Hydrochemistry on some Mediterranean

B karsts: Lebanon, Syria, Morocco.

Lebanese University Publications, Beirut 701 pages, 106 figures, 54

ta tables, 7 annexes, 6 coloured maps under separate file.

HAKIM B. (1993):

• Study of Pollution Origins in the catchment basin of Nähr El Kalb, Fanar

and Antelias with a detailed cartography scale 1/20000, for "O.E.B." 72 p,
I 7 fig, 4 tables, 6 annexes, 1 coloured map.

• HAKIM B.: KARKABI S. and LOISELET J. (1988):

Colouring of Jiita underground river and the surface leak of Wadi Nähr Es
• Salib.

Al Ouatouate, Lebanese magazine of speleology and karstology, Beirut

I No. 3; pages: 3 to 17, 6 figures, 3 tables, 11 photos, 1 coloured map.

I
I
I
I
15
I
LIST OF TABLES

I
Table 1: Population estimates during the summer season for areas
I within the limits of the project area.

Table 2: Population estimates during the summer season for the district
I of kesrouan.

Table 3: Estimated summer population within areas contributing to the

I sewerage system elements.

I Table 3a: Summer population estimates applicable to the sewerage

" system for the total project area, Kesrouan and Jbail.

• Table 5: Bacteriological Analyses of some springs.

Table 6: Bacteriological Seasonal Analyses of Jiita waters, and other

I water locations (laboratory of Dbayeh Station).

I Table 7: Coloration Signal List for Dair Chamra - Jiita

(B. HAKIM, KARKABI et J. LOISELET, 1988)

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I LIST OF FIGURES

I Figure 1: Schematic representation of the hydrogeological system of Jiita.

_ Figure 2: Longitudinal profile of the underground river of Jiita in

I comparison with that of Nähr el Kalb.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
17
I
I
I
• TABLE 1
Population Estimates
1 During The Summer Season
For Areas Within The Limits of The Project Area
I Town YEAR
or Village 1982 1994 2000 | 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040

Aachqout 6300 7989 8997 9934 10968 12110 13370 16298 19867

1 Aajaltoun
Aqaibe/ Bqaq Ed Dine
8750
2418
11097
3066
12497
3453
13797
3812
15233
4209
16819
4647
18570
5131
22636
6255
27594
7625
13468 14870 16417 18126 20013 24396
I Adma - Ed Dafne/
Kfar Yassine/ Tabarja
9430 11959 29738

•
Ain ErRihane 910 1154 1299 1434 1584 1749 1931 2354 2869
Aintoura 2100 2663 2999 3311 3656 4036 4456 5432 6622
Balloune 4060 5149 5798 6402 7068 7804 8616 10503 12803

1 Batha
Beit Eid
840
840
1065
1065
1199
1199
1324
1324
1462
1462
1614
1614
1782
1782
2173
2173
2649
2649
Bouar 2660 3373 3799 4194 4631 5113 5645 6881 8388
Bzoummar 875 1109 1249 1379 1523 1681 1857 2263 2759
Daraaoun/ Harissa 3500 4438 4998 5519 6093 6727 7428 9054 11037

1 Darayia
Faitroun
840
4850
1065
6150
1199
6926
1324
7647
1462
8443
1614
9322
1782
10293
2173
12547
2649
15295

I Ghadir/ Haret Sakher/

Sarba
40765 51699 58222 64282 70972 78359 86515 105461 128557

Ghazir 5950 7546 8498 9382 10359 11437 12627 15393 18764
I G hosts 3290 4172 4698 5187 5727 6324 6982 8511 10375
•
Jut a 2835 3595 4049 4470 4935 5449 6016 7334 8940

1 Jouar El Bawashiq
Ouata Nähr El Kalb
303
2982
384
3781
432
4259
477
4702
527
5191
582
5732
643
6328
783
7714
955
9404

1 ûlaiaat
Raifoun
6650
3430
8433
4350
9497
4898
10486
5408
11577
5971
12782
6593
14113
7279
17204
8873
20971
10816
Safra 2375 3012 3392 3745 4134 4565 5040 6144 7489
SahelÄalma 2370 3005 3384 3737 4126 4555 5029 6131 7474
Sehaile 1645 2086 2349 2593 2863 3162 3491 4255 5187

1 Zouk Mikayel
Zouk Mosbeh/Adonis
20000
9190
25364
11655
28564
13125
31537
14491
34820
16000
38444
17665
42445
19503
51741
23775
63072
28981

I
w· TOTAL 150158 190424 214447 236768 261413 288625 318667 388457 473529

1
__ KS-POPSN.XLS

1
I
I TABLE 2
Population Estimates
I During The Summer Season
For The District of Kesrouan *

I Town
or Village 1982 1994 2000 2005
YEAR
2010 | 2015 2020 | 2030 2040

I Aabra
Aachqout
98
6300
124
7989
139 154
8997 9934
170
10968
188
12110
207 253 309
13370 16298 19867

I Aajaltoun
Aqaibe/ Bqaq Ed Dine
8750
2418
11097
3066
12497 13797
3453 3812
15233
4209
16819
4647
18570 22636 27594
5131 6255 7625
Aramoun 924 1171 1319 1457 1608 1776 1961 2390 2913
I Aazra
Adma Ed Dafne/
840 1065 1199 1324 1462 1614 1782 2173 2649

Kfar Yassine/
I Tabarja :
- Domestic Areas 3300 4185 4713 5203 5745 6343 7003 8537 10406

I - Touristic Areas 6130

Ain Er Rihane 910
7774
1154
8755
1299
9666
1434
10672 11783
1584 1749
13009
1931
15858 19331
2354 2869
Aintoura 2100 2663 2999 3311 3656 4036 4456 5432 6622
I Ayoun Es-Siman 2100 2663 2999 3311 3656 4036 4456 5432 6622
Balloune 4060 5149 5798 6402 7068 7804 8616 10503 12803
I Batha
Beit Eid
840
840
1065
1065
1199
1199
1324
1324
1462
1462
1614
1614
1782
1782
2173
2173
2649
2649

I Biqaatet Aachqout
Biqaatet Qenaane
1351
434
1713
550
1929
619
2130
684
2352 2596
755 834
2867
921
3495 4260
1122 1368
Bizhel 399 506 569 629 694 766 846 1032 1258
I Bkirki
Bouar
20
2660
25
3373
28
3799
31
4194
34
4631
38
5113
42
5645
51
6881
63
8388

I Bqaatouta
Bzoummar
1400
875
1775
1109
1999
1249
2207
1379
2437 2691
1523 1681
2971
1857
3621
2263
4415
2759
Chahtoul 910 1154 1299 1434 1584 1749 1931 2354 2869
I Chnanaair
Chouane
420
98
532
124
599
139
662
154
731
170
807
188
891
207
1086
253
1324
309

I Daraaoun/ Harissa
Darayia
3500
840
4438
1065
4998
1199
5519
1324
6093 6727
1462 1614
7428
1782
9054 11037
2173 2649
Dlebta 1120 1420 1599 1766 1949 2152 2376 2897 3532
I * P= Po(1 +i)n , where Po is the 1982 populations as in ACE Final Report on " the Sewerage Scheme
and Sea Outfall for the District of Kesrouan", April, 1983, "i" is the percentage rate of increase in

I population, taken here as 2% after K & A report; "Lebanon's Staged Wastewater Program, Sept. 1994",
Section 3.6.2 and n the number of years after 1982

I
I
I
I
I TABLE 2 (Cont'd)

Town YEAR
I or Village 1982 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040

25 31 35 39 43 48 53 64 78
I Eghbe
Faitroun 4850 6150 6926 7647 8443 9322 10293 12547 15295
Faraiya/ Chaoieh 6860 8700 9797 10817 11943 13186 14558 17747 21633
I Fatqa 445 564 635 701 774 855 944 1151 1403
Ghadir/ Haret Sakher/ 40765 51699 58222 64282 70972 78359 86515 105461 128557

I Ghazir
Sarba
5950 7546 8498 9382 10359 11437 12627 15393 18764
Ghbale 1575 1997 2249 2483 2742 3027 3342 4074 4966
I Ghidrass 350 443 499 551 609 672 742 905 1103
Ghine 2275 2885 3249 3587 3960 4373 4828 5885 7174
I Ghosta 3290 4172 4698 5187 5727 6324 6982 8511 10375
Hiyata 595 754 849 938 1035 1143 1262 1539 1876

I Hrajel
Hsain(EI)
6475
210
8211
266
9247
299
10210
331
11273
365
12446
403
13741
445
16751 20419
543 662
Jdaidet Ghazir/ Qattine 2380 3018 3399 3753 4143
I Jiita 2835 3595 4049 4470 4935
4574
5449
5051
6016
6157 7505
7334 8940
Jouar El Bawashiq 303 384 432 477 527 582 643 783 955
I Jouret Bedrane 665 843 949 1048 1157 1278 1411 1720 2097
Jouret Et Termos 1400 1775 1999 2207 2437 2691 2971 3621 4415

I Kaslik
Kfour
1125
2100
1426 1606
2663 2999
1774
3311
1958
3656
2162
4036
2387 2910 3547
4456 5432 6622
Kharayeb Nahr Ibrahim
I Maaisra
138
455
175
577
197
649
217
717
240
792
265
874
292
965
357
1177
435
1434
Maarab 350 443 499 551 609 672 742 905 1103
I Mayrouba 3129 3968 4468 4934 5447 6014 6640 8094 9867
Mazraat Kfar Zebyane 8400 10653 11997 13245 14624 16146 17827 21731 26490

I Mradiye
Nabaa EI-Laban
350
600
443
760
499
856
551
946
609
1044
672
1153
742
1273
905
1552
1103
1892
NahrEz Zahab 125
I Nammoura 700
158
887
178
999
197
1103
217
1218
240
1345
265
1485
323
1810
394
2207
Ouata Ej-Jaouz 135 171 192 212 235 259 286 349 425
I
I
I
I
I
I TABLE 2 (Cont'd))

Town YEAR
I or Village 1982 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040!

I Ouata Nähr El Kalb

Qarsa
2982
225
3781
285
4259 4702 5191
321 354 391
5732 6328
432 477
7714
582
9404
709
Qlaiaat 6650 8433 9497 10486 11577 12782 14113 17204 20971
I Raachine 1960 2485 2799 3090 3412 3767 4159 5070 6181
Raifoun 3430 4350 4898 5408 5971 6593 7279 8873 10816
I Safra
Sähet Aalma
2375 3012 3392 3745 4134
2370 3005 3384 3737 4126
4565 5040
4555 5029
6144
6131
7489
7474

I Sehaile
Yahchouch/ Ghoshraya
1645
2100
2086 2349 2593 2863 3162
2663 2999 3311 3656 4036
3491 4255
4456 5432
5187
6622
Zaaitre 875 1109 1249 1379 1523 1681 1857 2263 2759
I Zaitoun 420 532 599 662 731 807 891 1086 1324
Zouk Mikayel 20000 25364 28564 31537 34820 38444 42445 51741 63072
I Zouk Mosbeh/Adonis 9190 11655 13125 14491 16000 17665 19503 23775 28981

[TOTAL
I 210678 266119 299195 329939 363878 401347 442712 538810 655944 |

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-νίώΐίί;"·"ν:·"ι&-·^
 TABLE 3
Estimated Summer Population
Within Areas Contributing To The Sewerage System Elements

Line
• · '
Contributing YEAR
Town or Village 1982 1994 | 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040

"A" Ouata Nähr El Kalb 2982 3781 4259 4702 5191 5732 6328 7714 9404
Adonis 5000 6341 7141 7884 8705 9611 10611 12935 15768
Part of Zouk Mikayel 7416 9405 10591 11694 12911 14255 15738 19185 23387
Sarba 18000 22828 25708 28384 31338 34600 38201 46567 56765
Kaslik 1125 1426 1606 1774 1958 2162 2387 2910 3547
Part of Ghadir 12274 15566 17530 19354 21369 23593 26049 31753 38707
Part of Haret Sakher 8974 11381 12817 14151 15623 17250 19045 23216 28300
Beaches Area (Maameltain) 6130 7774 8755 9666 10672 11783 13009 15858 19331
TOTAL 61901 78502 88407 97609 107767 118986 131368 160138 195209

" A1 " Part of Faitroun 3050 3868 4356 4809 5310 5862 6473
7890 9618
Part of Raifoun 2990 3792 4270 4714 5205 5747 7735 9429
6345
Aajaltoun 8750 11097 12497 13797 15233 16819 18570
22636 27594
Balloune 4060 5149 5798 6402 7068 7804 10503 12803
8616
Sehaile 1645 2086 2349 2593 2863 3162 4255 5187
3491
Part of Jiita 1075 1363 1535 1695 1871 2066 2281
2781 3390
Zouk Mosbeh/Adonis 4190 5313 5984 6607 7294 8054 8892 10839 13213
TOTAL 25760 32668 36789 40617 44844 49514 54668 66639 81234
. . . . . . i - ... . ^ , . . ..

" A2 " Adma - Ed Dafne/ 3300 4185 4713 5203 5745 6343 7003 8537 10406
Kfar Yassine/ Tabarja

" A3 " Part of Jouret Et Termos 700 887 999 1103 1218 1345 2207
1485 1810
Chine 2275 2885 3249 3587 3960 4373 4828
7174 5885
Kfour 2100 2663 2999 3311
3656 4036 4456 5432 6622
Jdaidet Ghazir 2000 2536 2856 3153 3482 3844 4244 5174 6307
Ghazir 5950 7546 8498 9382 10359 11437 12627 15393 18764
Maameltain 846 1072 1208 1334 1472 1626 1795 2188 2667
TOTAL 13871 17589 19809 21870 24147 26661 29435 35882 43741
I
I
TABLE 3 (cont'd)
1
Line Contributing YEAR
1 Town or Village 1982 1994 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040

1 " A3a Chahtoul

Part of Hiyata
910
495
1154
627
1299
706
1434
780
1584
861
1749
951
1931
1050
2354
1280
2869
1561
Qattine 380 481 542 599 661 730 806 983 1198
1 TOTAL 1785 2262 2547 2813 3106 3430 3787 4617 5628

1 " A3b ' Part of Hiyata

Aramoun
100
924
126
1171
142
1319
157
1457
174
1608
192
1776
212
1961
258
2390
315
2913

1 TOTAL 1024 1297 1461 1614 1782 1968 2173 2648 3228

" A4 " Dlebta 1120 1420 1599 1766 1949 2152 2376 2897 3532
1 Chnanaair 420 532 599 662 731 807 891 1086 1324
Sahel Aalma 2370 3005 3384 3737 4126 4555 5029 6131 7474

1 Part of Haret Sakher

TOTAL
726
4636
920
5877
1036
6618
1144
7309
1263
8069
1395
8909
1540
9836
1878
11992
2289
14619

1 "A4a" Part of Ghosta 2740 3474 3913 4320 4770 5266 5815 7088 8640

1 A4a1 Part of Batha 427 541 609 673 743 820 906 1104 1346

1 "A4a2' Part of Ghosta & Ain Warak 92 116 131 145 160 176 195 238 290

1 A4a3 Part of Batha 413 523 589 651 719 793 876 1068 1302

A4a4 Part of Ghosta 458 580 654 722 797 880 972 1184 1444
1
" A5 " Part of Raachine 1500 1902 2142 2365 2611 2883 3183 3880 4730

1 Part of Jouar El Bawashiq

Bzoummar
200
875
253
1109
285
1249
315
1379
348
1523
384
1681
424
1857
517
2263
630
2759

1 Part of Harissa/ Daraaoun

Bkirki
1500
20
1902
25
2142
28
2365
31
2611
34
2883
38
3183
42
3880
51
4730
63
Part of Ghadir 726 920 1036 1144 1263 1395 1540 1878 2289
1 TOTAL 4821 6111 6882 7599 8390 9264 10229 12469 15201

1
1
 TABLE 3 (cont'd)

Line Contributing YEAR

Town or Village 1982 1994 2000 2005 2010 I 201 5 2020 20301 2040

Γ A5a " Part of Aachqout 300 380 428 473 522 576 636 776 946 |

" A6 "Ain Er Rihane 910 1154 1299 1434 1584 1749 1931 2354 2869
Aintoura 2100 2663 2999 3311 3656 4036 4456 5432 6622
Part of Zouk Mikayel 12584 15959 17973 19843 21909 24189 26707 32555 39685
TOTAL 15594 19776 22271 24588 27149 29974 33094 40341 49176

I Grand Total System " A " 137122 173881 195821 216206 238710 263560 290993 354721 4324101

" B1 "Fatqa 445 564 635 701 774 855 944 1151 1403
Safra 2375 3012 3392 3745 4134 4565 5040 6144 7489
Bouar 2660 3373 3799 4194 4631 5113 5645 6881 8388
TOTAL 5480 6949 7826 8640 9539 10533 11629 14176 17280

I-B2- Yahchouch/ Ghoshraya 2100 2663 2999 3311 3656 4036 4456 5432 6622 |

" B2a " Nammoura 700 887 999 1103 1218 1345 1485 1810 2207
Aqaibe/ Bqaq Ed Dine 2418 3066 3453 3812 4209 4647 5131 6255 7625
TOTAL 3118 3953 4452 4915 5427 5992 6616 8065 9832

1
B2b " Zaitoun 420 532 599 662 731 807 891 1086 1324
Kharayeb Nahr Ibrahim 138 175 197 217 240 265 292 357 435
TOTAL 558 707 796 879 971 1072 1183 1443 1759

Part of Jouret Bedrane

" B2c " 465 589 664 733 809 893 986 1202 1466
Aazra 840 1065 1199 1324 1462 1614 1782 2173 2649
Zaaitre 875 1109 1249 1379 1523 1681 1857 2263 2759
Maaisra 455 577 649 717 792 874 965 1177 1434
TOTAL 2635 3340 3761 4153 4586 5062 5590 6815 8308
I
I
TABLE 3 (cont'd)
I
Line Contributing YEAR
I Town or Village 1982 | 1994 2000 2005 | 2010 | 2015 2020 | 2030 2040

" B2d " Part of Jouret Bedrane

I Mradiye
200
350
253
443
285
499
315
551
348
609
384
672
424
742
517
905
630
1103
Bizhel 399 506 569 629 694 766 846 1032 1258
I TOTAL 949 1202 1353 1495 1651 1822 2012 2454 2991

I I Grand Total System " B " 14840 18814 21187 23393 25830 28517 31 486 | 3838546792 |

I I Grand Total Outfall A + B 151962 192695 217008 239599 264540 292077 322479 393106 479202

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 TABLE 3a
Summer Population Estimates Applicable to the Sewerage System
For The Total Project Area, Kesrouan & Jbeil
Including Population Eguivalents of Industries, Touristic
Establishements and Community Services

AREA Year
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2005 2010 2015 2040

Line A 173881 177359 180906 184524 188214 191979 195818 216206 238710 263560 432410

Line B 18814 19190 19574 19966 20365 20772 21187 23393 25830 28517 46792

Kesrouan Total A + B 192695 196549 200480 204490 208579 212751 217005 239599 264540 292077 479202
Population
Equivalent 76333 77860 79417 81005 82625 84278 85963 94910 104789 115695 189810

Total Kesrouan 269028 274409 279897 285495 291204 297029 302968 334509 369329 407772 669012

Line B 6000 6159 6322 6490 6662 6839 7020 8000 9118 10392 20000
Jbeil Pop. Eq. 1000 1068 1140 1217 1299 1387 1480 2400 3800 6200 10000

Total Jbeil 7000 7227 7462 7707 7961 8226 8500 10400 12918 16592 30000

Grand Total 276028 281636 287359 293202 299165 305255 311468 343909 382247 424364 699012

KS-POPUL.XLS
 Table 5 : Bacteriological Analyses of some springs

Spring or source of Altitude Aquifer and Date of sample Temperature Conductivity Total Coliforms in 100 ml of Faecal Coliforms in Faecal Streptococcus
water in m geology Extraction in°C micro S/cm water 1 00 ml water in 100 ml water
1- Nabaa el Maghara 1215 Limestones of 29/07/1993 10.9 508 Dbayeh Lab Ghorra Lab >80 Ghorra Lab
(Hrajel) (J6) >80 260 100

2- Nabaa el Aassal 1570 Limestones and 29/07/1993 5.3 200 9 2 0 0

dolomies of (C4)

3- Nabaa el Labane 1640 29/07/1993 5.1 200 42 5 0 0

4- Jiita Cavern 61 Limestones (J4) 3/08/1993 16.3 487 >80 35 17 10

I
I Table 6: Bacteriological Seasonal Analyses of Jiita Waters,
and other water locations (laboratory of Dbayeh Station),
I
Spring or Date of Sample Temp Conductivity Total Coliforms in Feacal Coliforms in
I Cavern
well Extratcion
28/07/92
°c
16.5
M S/cm
462
100 ml of water
>80
100 ml water
0

I source 12/10/92
27/10/92
16
-
490
-
17
20
0
2
13/01/93 - 474 0 0
I 14/04/93 - 437 25 0

I Nabaa Qachqouch
3/08/93
28/07/92
16.3
16.5
487
477
>80
>80
17
>80

I 3/08/93 16.4 499 >80 5

Nähr AI Kalb 28/07/92 20 332 >80 >80

I Upstream of Jiita
Nabaa El Aassal 12/10/92 - 216 >80 0

I 27/01/93
5/04/93
-
-
263
273
4
6
0
0

I 29/0793
4/08/93
5.3 200
198
9
4
0
0
Well of Dar Ali
I (Faraiya) 12/10/92 - 543 >80 0
25/01/93 - 656 >80 0

I Well of Coin Vert

22/07/93
12/10/92
- 565
515
>80
35
2
0

I (Faraiya)
permissible Max : <15
25/01/93 524 524 0

permissible Max : <2

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I Sheetl
Table 7: Coloration Signal List for 'Dair Chamra - Jita
(B. HAKIM, KARKABI et J. LOISELET, 1988)

INJECTION
Location Name Leakage Loss at Deir Chamra on Nahr es-Salib
1:20000 scale map Bikfaiya (L-5)
Lambert Coordinates X= 148.240km
Y = 223.61 Okm
Z = 440 m
Work done by Members of S.C. LEBANON
Date 23-Jul-1971
Hour 19 hours
Material Tracer Fluorsceince (Uranine)
Geology Limestone Kesouan (Jurassique moyen - J4)
Conditions of injection Undelectable water loss in Nähr es Salib water course
Water flow in l/s 100 l/s

REAPPEARANCE
Location Name Exit of Jiita Cavern
1:20000 scale map Bikfaiya (L-5)
Lambert Coordinates X= 142.120km
Y = 223.020 km
Z = 60 m
Date and hour of the first reappearance 25/07/1971 aOhSO
Water flow 2940 l/s
Geology Limestone of Kesrouan (medium J4)

RESULTS

Theoretical distance 6150

Difference of level in m. 380
Theoretical slope % 6.2
Time of Appeaarance in hrs. 29h30
Theoretical Velocity of Appearance in m/h 208.5
Duration of the tracer restitution in h 52
Modal tim in h 42
Theoretical Modal Velocity in m/h 146.5
Average theoretical Velocity in m/h 133.7

COLOR-SI.XLS
_Fiq.1 j_„ Schematic representation of the hydro-geological system of Jiita

•Hra jel
 Alt.in m
leakage
400-
oss from
Deir Chamra

300-

200-
Terminal
Jiita siphon
cavern •I
I
100- Qashqoush j I
Spring |
Annexe cells
I
îmbarcation I
Wharf
6 6'.4 km
10 12 'km
(distance
to sea)

Fig.2: Longitudinal profile of the underground river of Jiita in coparaison with

that of Nähr el Kalb
I
I ANNEX (k) 4 CARTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

I
DWG No. 1 : Proposed Study Area
I DWG No. la: Proposed Modified Study Area

I DWG No. 2 : Satellite Image

DWG No. 3 :
I Detailed Geological DWG

DWG No. 4 : Transsection of Karstic Rock Formation

I DWG No. 5 : Land Cover DWG No.

I DWG No. 6 : Coastal Area Reconnaissance DWG No.

DWG No. 7 : Current Regime (surface) in the Project Area

I DWG No. 8 : Figure 1 : Distribution Patterns of Wastewater discharged
I into Seawater

DWG No. 9 : Figure 2 : Principle Effects of Wastewater discharged

I into Seawater

DWG No. 10: Drainage Areas

I
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I
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COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

PROPOSED STUDY AREA

 JLX

ASSOCIATED CONSUU1NG ENGINEERS !

REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

PROPOSED MODIFIED STUDY AREA

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COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

SAT IMAGE MAP

I
I LEGEND
DETAILED GEOLOGICAL MAP

1
- - · - · · - - - · -

Signes conventionnels:
r/lntniifi r7*n//i/i*'iitt{t

!- (/Srection ti /jeni/xyt
•f couches Jionizonts/cs

1 T
— ccvcAts vtrtica/et
gis t ment Je ffo/ssans fosii/es

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/' / / ff*» 1 -r LI i ·
WÊÈ
/* / ' / Γ * u J i
peu fossilifères , 1000m calcaires marnenx finement Hlés. ocre clair
SEßUANIEN -KIMMER1DG1EN MrvaJIaMMa «'•"Idf.

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Nêrinées.Acte'onelles,

JURASSIQUE TERMINAL CENOMANIEN

PÜÜaP P^$S
- . · Λ . · WKÎVO»

/•ij2(tfjv </·.· Bf/ffryir : calcaire massif bleuté Ma/vut1· Afa/MS/mr ffo (s'Artz.ff
JURASSIQUE TERMINAL CÉNOMANIEN TERMINAL

SI// ** S?/ · /// „ / . ^J>ef,

BASE du CRÉTACÉ '/IttvMafifar fÎi>//u/it/i Thoma.i eLPeron
^^ . TURONIEN
ΓΐΗΧΛΡί-Ι L, qîsements d llippuriies
^îiUf^Ai· à Or/>iJfi/ina nmeif/fa'-i/Ârrj'u/m &.Cn·»*. " uArntnoniieJ

| Partie inférieure:
~jrès. argiles ei/i'»///«»/ (calcaire oolilhiipe ocre)
flcfaraj-fer oMrwytki· il Opltignv
livôêBSl
[H(^^|
/lf(r/*/n>r /i/atic/if'.r t/<> C/vMfrt
BARRÊMIENFAPT1EN INFÉRIEUR (toftrn wiw/,»·,, l.'n.k
,ςκνπΝίρμ

SHr ,> « r^,W^ V/>,w//,v.

Rrbie supérieure : l*3oHS»l r-nniMi : dunes fixées

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- grès type grès à lignite ou argile
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Γ-α-^τΙ
^^
JBH
,
terrasses dallurions
e'ioulis
MeMiuyMr J'OiJ,. QUATERNAIRE
APTIEN SUPERIEUR

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-/irtsitie tt-fixft/JuM : calcaire deinlique ocr«
^'"^t^^'My^T^^ '''
moules internes de
Lamellibranches et Gastéropodes

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REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

DETAILED GEOLOGICAL MAP

1 3
jlig.3 ; Schematic representation of the Karstic hydrogeological
v
system and its modes of pollution

Rainfall

Polluted Gas
Water Station
Domestic
Source
Solid
Factory Waste
~_~~— -Impervious Layer
Septic
Feeding tank.
zone

Epikars-t
(or suspended
Karst)

Open-Bottom Well

Infiltration
zone

Outfall
I . Impervious -substratum -j=j ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS ! im.u.

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TRANSSECTION OF KARSTIC
ROCK FORMATION
I LAND COVER LEGEND
LEGENDE DE LA CARTE D'OCCUPATION DU SOL

I URBAN AREAS FOREST AND OTHER WOODED AREAS

ZONES URBAINES FORET ET AUTRES ZONES BOISEES

I Urban areas (built up)

Zones urbaines (habitées)
Forest Coniferous
Forêt de conifères

I Urban areas (non-built up, e.g. industrial areas, airports, quarries, etc.)
Zones urbaines (non habitées - zones industrielles, aéroports, carrières, etc.)
Broadleaf forest (deciduous and evergreen)
Forêt à large feuille (caduque et persistante

Scrubland and other types of degenerate for

6c

I
Zones arbustives ou de forêt dégénérées
ANNUAL CROPS
CULTURES ANNUELLES

Horticulture

I Horticulture

Field crops and fallow land (irrigated and unirrigated)

UNPRODUCTIVE LAND
TERRES IMPRODUCTIVES

Champs agricoles (irrigués et non irrigués) et jachères Barren rocks

I TREES AND PERENNIAL CROPS

Roches nues

Highly dissected and eroded land

Terres fortement érodées
VERGERS ET CULTURES PERENNES

I Olives
Olives
Beaches
Plages

I Vineyards
Vignes WATER BODIES
PLANS D'EAU
Deciduous fruit-trees
Arbres fruitiers à feuillage caduc Swamp vegetation

I Citrus or bananas
Citrus ou bananes
Végétation de zones marécageuses

Water bodies
Plans d'eau

I GRASSLAND (UNIMPROVED LAND)

PATURAGES (TERRES NON AMELIOREES)

I
Grassland and (orbs from ooon In closed, or abandoned fields or old fallow? >
agricultural areas Mixod units
Pnti/rages et zones herbacées ι couvert ouvert à fermé) ·' '.'i/tés mixtes
ou bien, dans ronps agricoles, champs abandonnée ou jachères anciennes

I Sparse grassland and forbs in mountains or desertic areas

Pâturages et zones herbacées à faible couvert
dans zones de montagnes ou désertiques

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
 El Aaqaybe

El Bware

El Maameltayne

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LAND COVER MAP

 Vaso-sableux ou
JB&IL

Gravier coquille dur de Coyu//Jes et c/e

Cor*',!

Cor&//(gène.

c/atfioereuse-a/& n

ΓΤΤΤΓΓΠπΓΠΤΠΤΠΤΤΤΤ Cote rocheuse

Fata ne.

Ct3/c<3tre compact

C<3/carre do'om/t/yue avec mar

M<arne crayeuse tendre

4//Î/V/O/75, limons , dunes

Grès tendre et

JDAID

:
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WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

COASTAL AREA
RECONNAISSANCE MAP
I
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(Source : 01, dashed lines: underwater canons)
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R E V I S I O N S

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS i .E.BUI

I
REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
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WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

I CURRENT REGIME (SURFACE )

IN THE PROJECT AREA

I
I
I
I With no current

I
A m b i e n t less dense lhan cloud

I
A m b i e n t more dense lhan ciouo

I
I Discharge pipeline

\ Seabed

I
I With a weak current

I
! Ambient less
dense than cioud

Ambient more

I dense than cloud

I
1
DWG No. 8 : Figure 1 : Distribution patterns of wastewater discharged into seawater

I (Source : 10)

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I
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1
Water column physical and chemical properties

I J '· Waler column biological properlies

(including fisheries)

I LU
DO
c
Sediment physical and chemical properlies

I Sediment biological properties

(including fisheries)

I
- 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 10 12

I Months after initiation of discharge

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I DWG No. 9 : Figure 2 : Principle effects of wastewater discharged into seawater
(Source : 10)

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MAP L E G E N D :
Boundary Of LEBANON

Internationa] Boundary

Rivers Of LEBANON

Watershed Basin

Watershed Boundary

Existing Sewers

Sewer Lines

Outfall

Sewer Treatment Plant (STP!

Pumping Station

Service Area Boundary

-(
.! Excluded Service Areas

2015 Design Population

1 to 100

101 to 1000

1001 to 5000

5001 and greate

ASSOCIATED CONSULTING ENGINEERS : «t,.u

REPUBLIC OF LEBANON
COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RECONSTRUCTION

WATER AND WASTE WATER STUDY

FOR KESROUAN DRAINAGE ZONE

DRAINAGE AREAS
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• ANNEX (k) 5

PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

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Photograph 1 , 2 : Location for the treatment plant
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Photograph 3, 4 : Location for the sea outfall
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Photgraph 5 : Existing sea outfall, Tabarja
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I Photograph 6 : Jounieh Bay, view from the north

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I ANNEX (k) 6 REFERENCES
(existing documents and publications revised for the presented summary)
I
(01) ABBOUD-ABI SAAB, M.. 1985 : Etude quantitative et qualitative du
I phytoplancton des eaux côtières Libanaises; Lebanese Science Bulletin, vol.1, no.: 2,
197-200, 1985
I (02) ABBOUD-ABI SAAB. M., 1989 : Distribution and ecology of tintinnids in the
plankton of Lebanese coastal waters (eastern Mediterranean); J.Planc.Res., vol. 11,
I no.: 2, 203-222, 1989

(03) BOULOS, I. 1994 : Marine Environmental Assesment Report Jounieh Bay;

I Report prepared for the Kesrouan project, 1994, 11 pp

1 (04) CAMP DRESSER & McKEE INC. . KHATIB & ALAML 1982 : National
Waste Management Plan: Masterplan for wastewater management, Part I - VIII,
prepared for the Council for Development and Resconstruction, Republic of Lebanon;
UNDP LEB/77/033; WHO LEB/BSM/001

(05) EMERY. K.P.. GEORGE, C.J.. 1963 : The shores of Lebanon, The American
I University of Beirut, Miscellaneous papers in the natural sciences, no.: 1,
Contribution no.: 1385, 1963, 14 pp

(06) GANOULIS, J.. 1992 : Dispersion et disparition des bactéries coliformes dans
la baie de Thessaloniki, Grèce; Revue des Sciences de l'Eau, 5, 541-554, 1992
I (07) GOEDICKE. T.. 1971 : Submarine Canyons on thé central continental shelf of
Lebanon; in monogr. The Mediterranean Sea', Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross Inc.,
I USA, 1971

(08) GOEDICKE, T.. SAGEBIEL. S., 1976 : Sediment movements in Lebanese

1 submarine canyons; Acta Adriatica; vol. XVIII, no.: 8, 117-128, 1976

(09) COWING, M.M.. HULINGS. N.C.. 1976 : A spatial study of the meiofauna
I on a sewage-polluted Lebanese sand beach; Acta Adriatica, vol. XVIII, no.: 21, 341-
362, 1976

(10) GUNNERSON. G.G. (ed.) 1988 : Waste management for coastal cities, the
ocean disposal option; UNDP Project management re
port No.: 8/World Bank technical paper no.:77, 397 pp, 1988

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(11) HAKIM. B.. 1994 : Evaluation de l'état de l'environnement dans une partie de
Kesrouan; report prepared for the Kesrouan project, 1994, 34 pp

(12) HANNON - Revue Libanaise de Géographie. 1966 : Recueil des travaux du

département de Géographie, Volume I - 1966, 142 pp

• (13) INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESERACH

AND CONTROL & EUROPEAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ASOCIATION. 1992 : Wastewater management in coastal areas; proceedings of the
international conference 'Wastewater Management in Coastal Areas' held in
• Montpellier 31.03. - 03.04.1992, 423 pp

(14) KOUYOUMJIAR H.H.. BELIANJ., 1985 : Recreational water quality in

• Jounieh Bay, Lebanon; Lebanese Science Bulletin, vol.1, no.: 1, 59-64, 1985

(15) KOUYOUMJIAR H.H., MOVSESSIAN. M., NAJJAR, E.. 1986 : Levels of

Mercury, Cadmium and Copper in fish from Lebanon; Lebanese Science Bulletin,
• vol.1, no.: 2, 57-63, 1986

(16) KULLENBERG, G. (ed.) . 1986 : The role of the oceans as awaste disposal
option; NATO ASI Series C, vol. 172, 1986

I (17) MUELLENDORF, W.P., SOLDATE, A.M., BAUMGARTNER, D.J..

SCHULDT. M.D., DAVIS, L.R.. FRICK. W.E.. 1985 : Initial mixing characteristics

I of municipal ocean discharges, vol.1 : Procedures and applications; EPA/600/3-85/-

/073a, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., 1985

OECD (ed.), 1993 :

(18) Coastal zone management: integrated policies; monogr. OECD, Paris, France,
1993

(19) Coastal zone management: selected case studies; monogr. OECD, Paris,
1 France, 1993

1 (20) SOCIETE GRENOBLOISE D'ETUDES ET D'APPLICATIONS

HYDRAULIQUES (SOGREAH). 1965 : Etude du débouche en mer des egouts de
Beyrouth, campagne de mesures, 1965, 25 pp

(21) UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP). 1990 : L'état

et la gestion de l'environnement au Liban; UNDP publication no.: LEB/90/ENV/DSS,
I December 1990, 105 pp

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I (22) UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP). 1990 :
Common measures adopted by the contracting parties to the convention for the
protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution; Mediterranean Action Plan
I (MAP) Technical Reports Series No.: 38, 1990, 101 pp

(23) WORLD HEALTH ORGNIZATION (WHOVUNEP, 1977 : Health criteria and

I epidemological studies related to coastal water pollution; WHO Regional Office
Europe, 1977
I (24) WHO/UNEP. 1980 : Third report on coastal quality monitoring of recreational
and shellfish area; Mediterranean Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme,
I WHO Regional Office Europe, 1980

WHO/UNEP, 1983 :
I
(25) Publication a : Determination of total colifoms in sea-water by the membrane
I filtration
rev.l, 1983
culture method; Reference methods for marine pollution studies, no.: 2,

I (26) Publication b : Determination of feacal-coliforms in sea-water by the mebrane

filtration culture method; Reference methods for marine pollution studies, no.: 3,
rev.l, 1983
I (27) Publication c : Determination of faecal streptococci in sea-water by the
membrane filtration culture method; Reference methods for marine pollution
I studies no.: 4, revl, 1983

I (28) Publication d : Long-term programme for the pollution monitoring and

research in the Mediterranean Sea, UNEP/WG. 91/6, 1983

I (29) WHO, 1994 : Long term Programme of Pollution Monitoring and Research in
the Mediterranean Sea (Med Pol Phase II) : Guidelines for submarine outfall
structures for Mediterranean small and medium-sized coastal communities; United
I Nations Environmental Programme EUR/ICP/CEH/ 047, 1994, 35 pp

I (30) WORLD BANK, 1990 : The Environmental Programme for the Mediterranen,
Preserving a Shared Heritage and Managing a Common Resource; monogr. The
World Bank / The European Investment Bank, Washington D.C., USA / Luxembourg,
I 1990, 94 pp

(31) WORLD BANK. 1991 : The Wold Bank Operational Manual: Manual
I Transmutai Memorandum, Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assessment;
World Bank, Washington D.C, USA, Oktober 1991

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