Question 1.

Let V o = V 1 + V 2, where V 1 and V 2 are due to 10-V and 2-A sources respectively. To
find V 1 , we use the circuit below.

1

0.5 V 1
2

10 V + V1
_ _

0.5 V 1
2 1
- +

+
+ i V1
10 V 4
_ _

-10 + 7i – 0.5V 1 = 0
But V 1 = 4i
`10  7i  2i  5i 
 i  2, V1  8 V
To find V 2 , we use the circuit below.

1

0.5 V 2
2

4 V2
2A
_

0.5 V 2
2 1
- +
+
+ i V2
4V 4
_ _

- 4 + 7i – 0.5V 2 =0
But V 2 = 4i
4  7i  2 i  5 i 
 i  0.8, V2  4i  3.2

V o = V 1 + V 2 = 8 +3.2 =11.2 V
 Question 2.

Convert the voltage sources to current sources and obtain the circuit shown below.

10  0.6 20  0.4
3A 40 

1 1 1 1 = 5.7143
5.714 Ω
    0.1 0.05  0.025  0.175 
 RReq
eq 
Req 10 20 40

I eq = 3 + 0.6 + 0.4 = 4
Thus, the circuit is reduced as shown below. Please note, we that this is merely an
exercise in combining sources and resistors. The circuit we have is an equivalent circuit
which has no real purpose other than to demonstrate source transformation. In a practical
situation, this would need some kind of reference and a use to an external circuit to be of
real value.

5.714 

22.856 V
+
4A 5.714  _
Question 3.

To find R Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20 
30 
10  20  a b
30  30 
a b
10 10  10 
10 
10 

(a) (b)

20||20 = 10 ohms. Transform the wye sub-network to a delta as shown in Fig. (b).
10||30 = 7.5 ohms. R Th = R ab = 30||(7.5 + 7.5) = 10 ohms.

To find V Th , we transform the 20-V (to a current source in parallel with the 20 Ω resistor and
then back into a voltage source in series with the parallel combination of the two 20 Ω resistors)
and the 5-A sources. We obtain the circuit shown in Fig. (c).

10 V
10  10 
+
a + b

10  10 
i1
i2 10 
+ +
30V 50V
 

(c)

For loop 1, -30 + 50 + 30i 1 – 10i 2 = 0, or -2 = 3i 1 – i 2 (1)

For loop 2, -50 – 10 + 30i 2 – 10i 1 = 0, or 6 = -i 1 + 3i 2 (2)

Solving (1) and (2), i 1 = 0, i 2 = 2 A

Applying KVL to the output loop, -v ab – 10i 1 + 30 – 10i 2 = 0, v ab = 10 V

V Th = v ab = 10 volts
Question 4.

To get R Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10I o 2
10I o 2 +
+ Io +
Io + V Th
4
4 V 
2A
 1A

(a) (b)

From Fig. (a), I o = 1, 6 – 10 – V = 0, or V = -4

R eq = V/1 = -4 ohms

Note that the negative value of R eq indicates that we have an active device in the circuit since we
cannot have a negative resistance in a purely passive circuit.

To solve for VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

Io = 2, VTh = -10Io + 4Io = -12 V

Question 5.

With no independent sources, V Th = 0 V. To obtain R Th , consider the circuit shown

below.

4 1
vo io
ix
+ +
– 2  1V
10i x

i x = [(1 – v o )/1] + [(10i x – v o )/4], or 5v o = 4 + 6i x (1)

But i x = v o /2. Hence,

5v o = 4 + 3v o , or v o = 2, i o = (1 – v o )/1 = -1

Thus, R Th = 1/i o = –1 ohm