Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3. Titles used with the names of people. I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.
Do you know Professor (
Adams yesterday.
1 person I Me
2 person You Singular You
3 person She, he, it Her, him, it
1 person We Us
2 person You Plural You
3 person They Them
A FRIEND OF POSSESIVE
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
A possesive pronoun is
A possesive adjective is used
used alone, without a noun
only with a noun following it.
following it.
himself
f on the park bench
self at the fair
Nouns
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
Singular Plural
subject verb
The sun shines
(noun) (verb)
subject verb
Plants grow
(noun) (verb)
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns are used as adjectives.
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
Flower garden
Adjective Noun
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
ANOTHER
Mary is eating one apple. If she is still hungry after that, she can eat
Another means "one more out of a group of similar items, one in addition to the one(s) I've alr
Another is a combination of an + other, written as one word.
THE OTHER
The girl is eating one apple. The boy is eating the other (apple)
The other means "the last one in a specific group, the only one that remains from a
given number of similar items".
Another and the other can be used as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., apple, one)
Another and the other can also be used alone as a pronoun (Then he ate another).
Adjective Pronoun
Singular another apple another
Plural other apples others
Singular Plural
Count noun a chair chairs
one chair two chairs
three chairs
some chairs
several chairs
an apple a lot of chairs
many chairs
a few chairs
Noncount noun furniture
some furniture
a lot of furniture ø
much furniture
a little furniture
A clothing B Homework
equipment Housework
food Work
fruit
furniture C Advice
garbage information
hardware news
jewelry
machinery D history
mail literature
makeup music
money poetry
cash
change E English
postage Arabic
scenery Chinese, etc
stuff
traffic
Liquids
Solids and semisolids
beer milk bread
blood oil butter
coffee shampoo cheese
cream soup ice
gasoline tea ice cream
honey water lettuce
juice wine toast
air weather
fog rain
oxygen snow
pollution lightning
smog thunder
smoke humidity
steam darkness
Abstractions
Noncount noun
Glass Windows are made of glass.
Hair Rita has brown hair.
Iron Iron is a metal.
Light I opened the curtain to let in some light.
Paper I need some paper to write a letter.
Time
How much time do you need to finish your homework?
two cups
Unit of measure
one piece of
a cup of
Container
a bowl of
a pound of
Amount
a quart of
a bar of soap
Shape
a sheet of paper
GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
Using A or ø
Singular count nouns A dog makes a good pet.
Generalization A banana is yellow.
A pencil contains led.
Some, any, many, much, a lot (of), a few, a little, two, a couple (of), three, several, etc.
In general:
Any = used in negative sentences.
Some = used in affirmative sentences.
ADJECTIVES
opposite
Absent
Accurate innacurate
Angry
Bad good
Bald
Beautiful ugly
Big little small
Bright
Busy
Calm
Certain uncertain
Cheap expensive
Clean dirty
Clear unclear
Cold hot
Comfortable uncomfortable
Common uncommon
Complete incomplete
Convenient inconvenient
Cool warm
Dangerous safe
Dark light
Dead
Deep shallow
Delicious
Delightful
Dependent independent
Different same
Difficult simple
Direct indirect
Dizzy
Dry wet
Early late
East west
Empty full
Essential
Fair unfair
Familiar unfamiliar
Famous
Fast slow
Fat thin
First last
Flat
Foolish
Foreign
Free
Fresh
Funny
Glad
Great
Handsome
Happy sad/unhappy
Hard easy soft
Healthy ill sick/unhealthy
Heavy light
High low
Humid
Hungry
Important unimportant
Intelligent stupid
Interesting uninteresting
Kind unkind
Large little small
Lawful unlawful
Lazy
Left right
Legal illegal
Logical illogical
Long short
Mad
Messy neat
Modern old-fashioned
Narrow wide
Native
Necessary unnecessary
Nervous
Nice
Noisy quiet
Normal abnormal
North south
Old new young
Pleasant unpleasant
Polite impolite
Poor rich
Possible impossible
Pretty
Private public
Proper improper
Proud
Rapid
Rational irrational
Real unreal
Regular irregular
Responsible irresponsible
Right wrong
Ripe
Rough smooth
Round
Serious
Sharp
Short tall
Sorry
Sour sweet
Special
Strange
Strong weak
Sure unsure
Terrific
Tough
True untrue
Unique
Usual unusual
Various
Visible invisible
Whole
Wild
Wise
Wonderful
To make most nouns plural, add -s
If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change the "y" to "i" and add -es. (Note: If -y is preceded by a
vowel, add only -s: boys, days, keys.)
If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the ending to -ves. (Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs.)
The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -oes and sometimes -os.
oes: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes, mosquitoes
os: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos
oes or os: zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadoes/tornados
Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (Note: The singular form of people can be person, woman,
man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.)
The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.
The SUBJECT is a noun. Sun is a noun and it is the subject of the verb shines.
The OBJECT of a verb is a noun. Water is the object of the verb need.
d an object of a preposition.
used as adjectives.
orm, NOT plural.
Another Another
NONCOUNT NOUNS
Individual parts
Count nouns
Chairs
Tables
Beds
Letters
Postcards
Bills
Pennies
Nickels
Dollars
Apples
Bananas
Oranges
Rings
Bracelets
Necklaces
F grammar
slang
vocabulary
G corn
dirt
dust
flour
grass
hair
pepper
rice
meat chalk
beef copper
chicken cotton
fish glass
ham gold
lamb iron
pork paper
light
sunshine
ignorance luck
intelligence patience
justice peace
knowledge poverty
laughter pride
love progress
Count noun
I drank a glass of water.
There's a hair on my jacket.
I pressed my shirt with an iron.
e light. Please turn off the lights (lamps).
er. I wrote a paper for Prof. Lee.
OUNS.
Using A or some
I saw a dog in my yard.
Mary ate a banana.
I need a pencil.
AND ONE.
Specific
it, her, him.
Adjective clauses
singular form.
languages have foreign plurals.
OTHER(S)
Other(s) (without the) means "several more out of a group of similar items, several in addition to the
one(s) I´ve already talked about.".
The adjective other (without an -s) can be used with a plural noun (e.g., apples) or with the word
Others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
Others = other apples
THE OTHER(S)
The other(s) means "the last ones in a specific group, the remains from a given number of similar
items."
The other (without an -s) can be used as an adjective in front of a noun or the word ones.
The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun; it is not used with a noun.
The others = The other apples
The whole
A non count noun
Furniture
Mail
Money
Fruit
Jewelry
salt
sand
sugar
wheat
rubber
silver
soap
tin
toothpaste
wood
wool
recreation
research
stupidity
time
violence
wealth
e word ones.
Prepositions
List of prepositions
Prepositions of time IN, AT, ON
(Far) away from
About Please be on time in the future
Above I usually watch TV in the evening.
Across (from) We sleep at night.
After I was asleep at midnight.
Against I fell asleep at 9:30.
Along He is busy at present.
Among I was born in October
Around I was born in 1975
At I was born in the twentieth century
At the bottom of The weather is hot in (the) summer**.
At the top of I was born on October 31, 1975
Before I went to a movie on Thursday.
Behind I have class on Thursday morning(s)
Below
Beneath * In future - please be on time in future (British E
Beside ** In expressions with the seasons, the is optiona
Besides
Between Preposition combinations
Beyond
By be absent from
Close to be accustomed to
Despite add (this) to (that)
Down be acquainted with
During admire (someone) for (something)
For be afraid of
From agree with (someone) about/on (something)
In be angry at/with
In (the) front of apologize to (someone) for something
In back of apply to (a place) for (something)
In the back of approve of
In the corner of argue with (someone) about (something)
In the middle of arrive at (a building, a room)
Into arrive in (a city, a country)
Like ask (someone) about (something)
Near ask (someone) for (something)
Next to be aware of
Of be bad for
Of believe in
On belong to
On (the) top of be bored with/by
On the corner of borrow (something) from (someone)
Out be clear to
Over compare (this) to/with (that)
Since complain to (someone) about (something)
Through be composed of
Throughout concentrate on
Till consist of
To be crazy about
Toward(s) be crowded with
Under depend on/upon (someone) for (something)
Until be dependent on/upon (someone) for (somethin
Up be devoted to
Upon be diferent from
With disagree with (someone) about (something)
Within be disappointed in
Without discuss (something) with (someone)
divide (this) into (that)
be divorced from
be done with
dream about/of
be engaged to
be equal to
escape from
be excited about
excuse (someone) for (something)
be exhausted from
be familiar with
ba famous for
be finished with
forgive (someone) for (something)
be friendly to/ with
be frightened of/ by
be full of
get rid of
be gone from
be good for
graduate from
happen to
hear about/of
ns of time IN, AT, ON
e in the future in the past, in the present, in the future*
V in the evening. in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
combinations
hear from
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)
hope for
e) for (something) be hungry for
insist on
eone) about/on (something) be interested in
introduce (someone) to (someone)
meone) for something invite (someone) to (something)
) for (something) be involved in
be kind to
eone) about (something) know about
ing, a room) laugh at
listen to
bout (something) look at
or (something) look for
look forward to
be mad at
be made of
be married to
matter to
ing) from (someone) be the matter with
multiply (this) by (that)
o/with (that) be nice to
meone) about (something) be opposed to
pay for
be patient with
be pleased with
point at
be polite to
n (someone) for (something) be prepared for
n/upon (someone) for (something) protect (this) from (that)
be proud of
be qualified for
omeone) about (something) be ready for
be related to
ng) with (someone) rely on/upon
be responsible for
be satisfied with
be scared of/by
search for
separate (this) from (that)
be similar to
be sorry about (something)
be sorry for (someone)
e) for (something) speak to/with (someone) about (something)
stare at
subtract (this) from (that)
be sure of
take care of
e) for (something) talk to/with (someone) about (something)
tell (someone) about (something)
be terrified of/by
thank (someone) for (something)
be thirsty for
be tired from
be tired of
travel to
wait for
wait on
be worried about
Adverbs
Frequency adverbs
Always 100%
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Rarely
Never 0%
Adverbs
Actually
Afterward(s)
Again
Ago
Almost
Already
Also
Anymore
Anywhere
Apparently
Carefully
Certainly
Completely
Constantly
Downtown
Early
Easily
Enough
Entirely
Especially
Ever
Everywhere
Extremely
Fast
Finally
Fortunately
Generally
Hard
Here
Immediately
Just
Late
Later
Maybe
Never
Next
Now
Obviously
Occasionally
Often
Once
Only
Perhaps
Probably
Quickly
Quietly
Rarely
Really
Regularly
Seldom
Seriously
Slowly
Sometimes
Somewhere
Soon
Still
Suddenly
Surely
Then
There
Today
Together
Tomorrow
Tonight
Too
Usually
Very
Well
Yesterday
Yet
Verbs
SPELLING: FINAL -S vs -ES
Answer Answers
Happen Happens
Hope Hopes
Catch Catches
Final -es is added if the verb ends in -ch, -sh,
Wash Washes -s, -x or -z
Pass Passes
Fix Fixes
Buzz Buzzes
Study Studies
Try Tries If a verb ends in a consonant + -y, change the -y
to -i and add -es (Incorrect studys)
Irregular verbs
Regular verbs
Double the
End of verb Simple form ING ED
consonant
Pararell verbs
Jim makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning.
Verb 1 Verb 2
Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on the phone at the same time.
I will stay home and (will) study tonight.
I am going to stay home and (am going to) study tonight.
Nonprogressive verbs
I want a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich
I want to eat a sandwich
It began raining.
It began to rain.
Go + ING
go boating go sailing
go bowling go (window) shopping
go camping go sightseeing
go dancing go skating
go fishing go (water) skiing
go hiking go skydiving
go jogging go swimming
go running
Verb + Infinitive
want to agree to
need to refuse to
would like to seem to
would love to appear to
hope to pretend to
expect to forget to
plan to learn (how) to
intend to try to
mean to (can't) afford to
decide to (can't) wait to
promise to
offer to
Uncompleted infinitives
Preposition + Gerund
Pat turned off the tape recorder by pushing the stop button.
Mary goes to work by bus.
by airplane by mail
by boat by (tele) phone
by bus by fax
by car by air
by subway by land
by taxi by sea
by train
by foot (on foot)
Others:
by chance
by choice
by mistake
by check (but in cash)
by hand (made by a person).
o to the meeting.
Tenses
Simple past
The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and
ended at a particular time in the past (e.g., yesterday, last night, two days
ago, in 1990).
Verb to be
Past Progressive
When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can
be used in both parts of the sentence.
When
After
Subject Verb
Before
While
The simple present expresses daily habits or usual activities and general statements of fac
sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually, or habitual
the past, present, and future.
Verb to be
Statement I am
She, He, It is sick
You, We, They are
Question Am I
Is she, he, it sick?
sick?
Are you, we, they
I am
Yes, she, he, it is
Short answer you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
No, she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't
Present Progressive
Statement I am
She, He, It is
You, We, They are
Question Am I
Is she, he, it
Are you, we, they
I
Yes, she, he, it
Short answer you, we, they
I
No, she, he, it
you, we, they
Contractions of pronouns with be: I'm, you're, we're, they're, he´s, she's, it's
Question
work at home? Will
Yes,
Short answer
No,
Verb to be
Statement I
She, He, It
You, We, They
Negative I
She, He, It
You, We, They
Question Am
Is
Are
Yes,
Short answer
No,
Immediate future
come tomorrow?
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
will
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
won't
I, you, she, he,it, we, they
(Going to…)
am going to
is going to come tomorrow
are going to
I going to
she, he, it going to come tomorrow?
come tomorrow?
you, we, they going to
I am
she, he, it is
you, we, they are
I am not (I'm not)
she, he, it isn't
you, we, they aren't
35 tomorrow evening.
next week.
two more weeks.
ten tomorrow morning.
to go to Paris.
take a trip next month.
fly to Paris next month.
Past perfect
The past perfect expresses an activity that ocurred before another time in the
past. It also expresses an activity that was completed before a particular time
in the past.
Statement I, You, She, He, had already eaten when she came.
It, We, They
Negative I, you, she, he, had not (hadn't) eaten when she came.
It, we, they
12:00M 1:00 PM
Bob came
The past perfect progressive expresses an activity that was happening before
another time in the past. It also expresses an activity that was in progress,
before another activity in the past.
Statement I, You, She, He, had been sleeping for two hours when she came.
It, We, They
Negative I, you, she, he, had not (hadn't) been sleeping for two hours when she
It, we, they came.
Question I, you, she, he, been sleeping for two hours when she
Had
It, we, they came?.
Time?
urred before another time in the The present perfect expresses activities or
mpleted before a particular time situations that ocurred (or did not occcur)
"before now" at some unspecified time in
the past.
Statement
Negative
en she came.
Question
en she came?
Short answer
The present perfect
Statement
two hours when she came.
Short answer
FOR
ten minutes
two hours
five days
She has been here about three weeks
for
I have been here almost six months
ginning of the semester. many years
a long time
Present perfect
Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times. Erica has lived in this city since 1989.
I've been to that theater five or six times. I have known Ben for ten years.
I've had three tests so far this week. We've been in class since ten o'clock this
morning.
Could can mean past ability, but also present or future possibility.
I (have to, have got to, must) study tonight fot the test.
I have to go downtown today.
Rita has to go to the bank.
I've got to study tonight.
Eric ate everything on his plate except the onion. He must not like onion.
There are sharks in the ocean. We must not go swimming there.
piano.
rewdriver at a hardware store.
My clothes are dirty. I (should, ought to, had better) wash them.
A yes/no question can be answered by "yes" or "no" (or their equivalents, yeah, nah, uh huh or huh uh).
INFORMATION QUESTIONS
USING WHICH
Which pen do you want? Which earrings are you going to buy?
Which one do you want? Which ones are you going to buy?
Which do you want? Which are you going to buy?
USING WHOSE
USING HOW
Frequency expressions
How long does it take to drive to Chicago from here? Two days.
How long did you study last night? Four hours.
How long will you be in Florida? Ten days.
TAG QUESTIONS
Affirmative Negative
You know Bob Wilson, don't you?. Yes, I do
Mary is from Chicago, isn't she? Yes, she is
Jerry can play the piano, can't he? Yes, He can
Negative Affirmative
You don't know Jack Smith, do you? No, I don't
Mary isn't from New York, is she? No, she isn't
Jerry can't speak Arabic, can he? No, he can't
hree or four.
nce or twice
How about (what about) Jack? Let's ask him if he wants to play.
How about (what about) three O'clock?.
I don't like cofee, but my husband does. A verb is not contracted with a pronoun at the e
I like tea, but my husband doesn't.
I won't be here tomorrow, but Sue will. but she is.
I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't.
He isn't here, but she is.
Even though I was hungry, I did not eat. Even though/although expresses a
I did not eat even though I was hungry. or opposite result.
wo complete sentences
ntracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after but and and.
ecause expresses an expected result.
Separable
Nonseparable
g in a blank.
g., an application form).
cofee, etc.
tc., to a teacher
then that person, then another person, etc
nd a telephone call.
roper place.
ete, a cigar.
perforated line.
a book or notebook.
hout an invitation.
n, a subway, a bicycle.
n, a subway, a bicycle.
Passive sentences
The package was mailed by Bob.
Our homework is corrected by the teacher.
This class will be taught by Mr. Lee.
This sweater was made by my aunt. By - phrase
This sweater was made in Korea. By someone
Spanish is spoken in Colombia. By people
There is no by-phrase
That house was built in 1940. By someone
Rice is grown in many countries. By people
Past Some letters were being copied by the secretary. I am interested in Indian a
progressive A new hospital was being built. Kate was surprised.
The news were surprising.
I am getting hungry. Let's eat. I'm getting tired. Let's stop working.
Eric got nervous before the job interview. Steve and Rita got married last month.
Be used/accustomed to
Get used/accustomed to
I am used to hot weather. I am getting used to (accustomed to) the cold weather
I am accustomed to hot weather.
Be supposed to