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Lecture 1:
Introduction to Embedded Systems
Lecture outline
Lecture 1/2
Course information
• Contact
– Traian Pop, course leader and examiner, trapo@ida.liu.se
– Soheil Samii, course assistant, sohsa@ida.liu.se
– Gunilla Mellheden, course secretary, gunme@ida.liu.se
• Webpage
– http://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDI11
• Lectures
– Language: English
– 10 lectures, 20 hours
– Lecture notes: available on the webpage 24 hours before the
lecture
Lecture 1/3
Course information, cont.
• Laboratory
– 4 groups, 5 assignments, 9 supervised lab occasions
– C programming for embedded systems
• x86 target platform
• Examination
– Written, 2 points (3 ECTS)
• Up to 10 questions, 40 points total, 22 needed to pass
– Laboratory, 2 points (3 ECTS)
Lecture 1/4
Course information, cont.
• Course literature
– No textbook: slides, papers, links on the course website
– Recommended literature:
1. Daniel W. Lewis, Fundamentals of Embedded Software: Where C
and Assembly Meet, Prentice Hall
2. Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded
Computing System Design, Morgan Kaufman Publishers
3. Frank Vahid, Tony Givargis, Embedded Systems Design: A Unified
Hardware/Software Introduction, Wiley
Lecture 1/5
Preliminary lecture topics
Lecture 1/6
Embedded systems overview
Lecture 1/7
Embedded systems overview
Lecture 1/8
A “short list” of embedded systems
Anti-lock brakes Modems
Auto-focus cameras MPEG decoders
Automatic teller machines Network cards
Automatic toll systems Network switches/routers
Automatic transmission On-board navigation
Avionic systems Pagers
Battery chargers Photocopiers
Camcorders Point-of-sale systems
Cell phones Portable video games
Cell-phone base stations Printers
Cordless phones Satellite phones
Cruise control Scanners
Curbside check-in systems Smart ovens/dishwashers
Digital cameras Speech recognizers
Disk drives Stereo systems
Electronic card readers Teleconferencing systems
Electronic instruments Televisions
Electronic toys/games Temperature controllers
Factory control Theft tracking systems
Fax machines TV set-top boxes
Fingerprint identifiers VCR’s, DVD players
Home security systems Video game consoles
Life-support systems Video phones
Medical testing systems Washers and dryers
Lecture 1/10
Graphical illustration of Moore’s law
10,000 150,000,000
transistors transistors
Lecture 1/11
Embedded systems evolution
• Past
– First microprocessor: Intel 4004, 1971
• Present
– 79% of all the processors are used in embedded systems
– average American comes into contact with 60 microprocessors per
day
– high-end cars contain more than 100 processors
Lecture 1/13
Automotive electronics market
Market
8.9 10.5 13.1 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.3 21.0
($billions)
Product: Hunter
Programmable Digital
Thermostat.
Microprocessor: 4-bit
Lecture 1/15
Embedded systems example, cont.
Product:Vendo V-
MAX 720 vending
machine.
Microprocessor:
8-bit Motorola
68HC11.
Lecture 1/16
Embedded systems example, cont.
Lecture 1/17
Embedded systems example, cont.
Product: Miele
dishwashers.
Microprocessor:
8-bit Motorola
68HC05.
Lecture 1/18
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
8-bit Intel 80C85.
Lecture 1/19
Embedded systems example, cont.
Product: CoinCo
USQ-712 coin
changer.
Microprocessor:
8-bit Motorola
68HC912.
Lecture 1/20
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor: 16-bit.
Lecture 1/21
Embedded systems example, cont.
Lecture 1/22
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
32-bit Motorola Dragonball EZ.
Lecture 1/23
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
Motorola 32-bit MCORE.
Lecture 1/24
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC.
Lecture 1/25
Embedded systems example, cont.
Product: RCA
RC5400P DVD
player.
Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC.
Lecture 1/26
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
32-bit ARM RISC.
Lecture 1/27
Embedded systems example, cont.
Microprocessor:
64-bit MIPS RISC.
Lecture 1/28
Embedded systems example, cont.
Lecture 1/29
Application areas
Lecture 1/30
Application areas, cont.
Lecture 1/32
General-purpose vs. special-purpose
Microprocessor
market shares in
1999 99%
1%
Lecture 1/33
General Purpose: von Neumann/Turing
Lecture 1/34
von Neumann/Turing Principles
• Definition
– an embedded system special-purpose computer
system, part of a larger system which it controls.
• Note
– A computer is used in such devices primarily as a
means to simplify the system design and to provide
flexibility.
– Often the user of the device is not even aware that a
computer is present.
Lecture 1/36
Characteristics of embedded systems
• Single-functioned
– Dedicated to perform a single function
• Complex functionality
– Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple algorithms.
• Cell phone, laser printer.
• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
– Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
Lecture 1/37
Functional vs. non-functional requirements
• Functional requirements:
– output as a function of input.
• Non-functional requirements:
– time required to compute output;
– size, weight, etc.;
– power consumption;
– reliability;
– etc.
Lecture 1/38
Embedded vs. real-time systems
• Definition
– Real-time system:
the correctness of the system behavior depends not
only on the logical results of the computations, but also
on the physical instant at which these results are
produced
• Hard real-time: missing deadline causes failure
• Soft real-time: missing deadline results in degraded
performance
lens
Lecture 1/40
Programming languages
used in embedded systems
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
1998-1999
60.0%
1999-2000
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Assembly C C++ Java Other
Lecture 1/41
Examples of embedded software
Number of Threads: 6 9
Read-Write Memory
2048 Bytes 512 Bytes
(RAM):
Total RAM Actually
1346 Bytes (66%) 384 Bytes (75%)
Used:
Amount Used by Kernel: 250 Bytes (19%) 146 Bytes (38%)
Read-Only Memory
32.0 KB 32.0 KB
(ROM):
Total ROM Actually
28.8 KB (90%) 17.8 KB (56%)
Used:
Amount Used by Kernel: 2.5 KB (8.7%) 2.3 KB (13%)
Lecture 1/42
Exam questions
Lecture 1/43