First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume

Control Volume (CV)

- Volume in space that is studied

- Enclosed by a control surface
- Size and shape, defined arbitrarily
- Control surface is defined relative to some coordinate frame
- Parts of the control surface may expand, contract, or remain fixed
- Mass, heat, work may cross the control surface
- Properties of mass in the CV may change with time

Conservation of mass: The rate of change of mass in the CV is equal to the net flow of mass across the
CV

Continuity Equation:
𝑑𝑚
= 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Where dm/dt : rate of change of mass inside the CV

Mass in: inlet mass flow rate

Mass out: exit mass flow rate

Integrated over time interval change in t = t2-t1

M2-m1 = summation mass in – summation mass exit

Where m2-m1=change of mass inside the CV

Mi=inlet mass flow during change in t

Me=exit mass flow during change in t

Mass inside the CV:

- The total mass inside the CV can be written in terms of local fluid properties
𝑑𝑉
- M(cv) = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝜗
= 𝑚(𝑎) + 𝑚(𝑏) + 𝑚(𝑐) + ⋯
- Used when different parts of the CV contain masses of different states

Mass flow across CV

M=density(ave)AV=AV/specific Vol

Where M=mass flow rate

A=cross sectional area

Density (ave)=average fluid density over area

V=ave fluid velocity over area A

1st law of thermodynamics for a CV

Net energy change inside CV=net energy flow across CV

a) Flow Work – work required to “push” the entering mass flows into & exiting mass flows out of
the CV

W(flow)=F x velocity = ∫ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑃𝜗

b) Energy content of mass flows entering & leaving the CV

e=u+.5v2+gZ

=net heat transfer across CV-> Q(cv)

-net work done by CV -> W(cv)

+net energy flow due to mass flow -> [mass in * e in – mass exit * e exit]

+net flow work -> [m in * P in * v in – m ex * P ex * v ex]

*Insert picture

Steady State-Steady Flow Process (SSSFP):

- Used to model long term steady operation of devices such as turbines, pumps, compressors,
heat exchange, condenser, muzzle, boilers, expansion valves

Assumptions:

1. Control volume does not move relative to the coordinate frame – all velocities relative to the
coordinate frame are …
2. The state of mass at each point in the CV DOES NOT VARY WITH TIME(Properties are not
necessarily uniform within the CV)
𝑑
𝑚(𝑐𝑣) = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐸
(𝑐𝑣) = 0 :refers to accumulation of energy. There are fluxes but there will be no
𝑑𝑡
accumulation – same initial and ending

3. The following are constant in time

a. M-mass flow rate at each flow stream
b. State of each mass stream
c. Net heat transfer across the CV
d. Net work done across the CV

Governing equations for SSSFP:

Continuity: Summation of mi = summation of me

1st Law

Governing equation for SSSFP

*insert pic

*insert picture – boiler

*insert picture – katabi ni boiler

*Check arrows of energy flows)

*insert pic for equation for boiler example