MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB

MUHAMMAD
USAMA2009-civ-60

MUHAMMAD USAMA 2009-civ-60

 MUHAMMAD USAMA2009-
[MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB] civ-60

JOB NO. 1
LAY OUT OF STRENGTH MATERIAL LAB

NORTH
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1- 10 TON BUCKTON UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)

TESTING MACHINE :-
A machine can perform pulling (Tension , Compression and Bending) is called
testing machine .
So, this machine can give pull to the sample.
MAJOR PARTS :-
It has two parts
1- Upper part
2- Lower part
Upper part is fixed while the lower part is moveable and can move up and
downward.

OPERATION SOURCES :-

1- Electrical
2- Mechanical
SPECIFICATIONS :-
1-Its maximum load capacity is =10 tons
3- Least Count = 0.001 ton = 1 Kg
MANUFECTURAR :-
The manufacturing company is buckton from UK
APPLICATIONS :-
This machine can perform
1- Compression test
2-Tension tests
3- Bending tests.
4-Thear tests
5-Torsion tests
6- Punching tests

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SHEAR:- the sliding of one part of body over the other part is called shear.
TORSION:- Torsion is the twisting of the body

2- 50 TON DENISON UTM

MAJOR PARTS :-
It has two parts
1-Upper part
2-Lower part
Upper part is fixed while the lower part is moveable and can move up and
downward.

50 YON DENISON UTM 1

OPERATION SOURCES :-
1-Electrical
2-Hydrolic system
SPECIFICATIONS :-
1-Its maximum load capacity is =50 tons
SCALES:-
This machine has four scales
1- 0 – 5 ton L.C = 0.005 ton
2- 0 – 10 ton L.C = 0.010 ton
3- 0 – 25 ton L.C = 0.025 ton
4- 0 - 50 ton L.C = 0.050 ton
MANUFECTURAR :-
5- The manufacturing company is DENISON from UK
APPLICATIONS :-
This machine can perform
1- Compression test
2-Tension tests
3- Bending tests.

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3-500 KN SHIMADZU UTM

MAJOR PARTS :-
It has two parts
4- Upper part
5- Lower part
Both parts are moveable.
SPECIFICATIONS :-
1-Its maximum load capacity is =500 KN = 50 tons
1Kg = 10 N approximately
1000Kg = 10,00
1 Ton = 10 KN

LOAD RANGES :-
This machine has four scales
0– 10 KN L.C = 0.010 KN
0 – 25 KN L.C = 0.025 KN
0 – 50 KN L.C = 0.050 KN
0 – 100 KN L.C = 0.100 KN
0 – 250 KN L.C = 0.250 KN
0 – 500 KN L.C = 0.500 KN
This machine gives reading in digital analogue. Thais machine can be connected
to computer and data can be downloaded directly from computer.
APPLICATIONS :-
This machine can perform
1- Compression test
2-Tension tests
3- Bending tests

500 KN SHIMADZU UTM

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4-AVERY TORSION TESTING MACHINE

Maximum capacity = 1500 pound per inch
Manufacturer W & T. Avery LTD. Birmingham , England
PARTS :-
Fixed head
Twisting head
Test :- torsion test
ROTATIONAL SPEED :-
0 – 3 1/3 degree per min.
0 – 10 degree per min.
0 – 30 degree per min.
0 – 90 degree per min.
SCALES :-
0 – 1500 pounds per inch
0 – 3000 pounds per inch
0 – 7500 pounds per inch
0 – 15000 pounds per inch

AVERY TORSION TESTING MACHINE 1

5-CHARPY’S IMPACT TESTING MACHINE

IMPACT LOADING
Application of a very heavy load for vey short interval of time is called impact
loading. e.g bomb blast. Speed of car on jumpy fly over..
MAXIMUM CAPACITY:-
0 – 170 Degrees

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Application:-
This apparatus is used for checking the impact loadings on the sample .
It is also used to check bending of sample.

CHARPY’S IMPACT TESTING MACHINE 1

6- 100 TON BUCKTON UTM

It has two scales
0 – 20,000 lbs L.C = 21 lbs
0 – 200,000 lbs L.C = 20 lbs
It has same uses as 50 ton buckton has but we can also test beams on this.

100 TON BUCKTON UTM 1

7-FINK ROOF TRUSS ,TRUSS

6- ARC TROUGH BRIDGE

7- AVERY ROCKWELL HARDNESS TM
The material that can scratch the other material is harder than the other one.
HARDNESS:- it is the resistance to plastic deformation
MANUFECTURAR :- Avery UK
OPERATION manual
TEST hardness test
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SCALES B for low c- steel & C for high c-steel.

PENERATOR 1/16’’ dia. Steel ball for low c- steel.
Diamond cone for high C-steel.

- AVERY ROCKWELL HARDNESS TM

10-SHMADZU ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

It is used for checking hardness of materials.
MANUFECTURAR JAPAN

SHMADZU ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHIN 1

12-BRINNEL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

Brinnel is the method of testing . this machine is also used for testing of hardness of
materials..

BRINNEL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE 1

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GUAGE MARKING TOOK

This instrument is used for marking points on steel bars. According to ASTM the
distance b/w the two points is 8 inches.

GUAGE MARKING HOOK

Comments : Our strength of material lab is very well. Modern instruments from all over
the world are here for testing of matarials. We are surprise by observing a huge
capacity of instruments. But some instruments are out of order because they are
immported for other countries we have no mechanic to run machines smoothly. So our
first job was intresting.

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Job no 2
Study of small instruments
Purpose : the purpose of studying small instruments is to familiar with small
instruments which are of prime importance during analysis of structures.

1-vernier caliper 2-screw gauge 3-deflection gauge 4-extensometer

5-dial gauge 6-inside caliper 7-outside caliper 8-spring divider

1-Vernier caliper : This instrument is used to measure length, diameter , or depth of

small specimens.
It has two scales.
1-main scale: Main scale is graduated from 0-15 cm so maximum capacity of this is 15
cm and each cm is further divided into 10 parts. I.e. 10 mm.
2-vernier scale: it has 20 divisions
Properties: Its least count is 0.05mm or 1/28 inch. Lower jaws are grooved from lower
sides which are for measurement of diameter of nut inside screws. Upper jaws are for
measuring internal diameter and long strip is for measuring depth of any shape. Upper
screws are for tighten purpose and lower is for movement.
Method: if we have 6 mm reading on main scale and 3 divisions on vernier scale than
we calculate require parameter as
Length of specimen = 6 + 3 x 0.05= 6.15 mm

Vernier caliper

2-screw gauge: This instrument is used to measure length, diameter , or depth of

small specimens.
Its has two scales
1-main scale:main scale graduated from 0 – 25 mm so its maximum capacity is 25 mm.
2-rotating scale
Properties: Its least count is 0.01mm.the screw at back side is for tighten purpose.on
rotating scale divisions are from 0-50

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Method: After placing specimen b/w jaws we take reading on main scale say that is
8.50mm than we take reading on rotating scale say 45. We calculate length as
length =8.5+ 45 x .01 = 8.95 mm

screw gauge

3-deflection gauge: This instrument is used for measurement of deflection of beam

after loading.
It has two dials
1-smaller dial
2-bigger dial
Properties: Its least count is 0.001 inch. Its measuring capacity is I inch. On smaller
dial 1 inch is divided into 10 parts. on bigger dial 10th part of each inch is further divided
into 100 parts.
Method : when leg of gauge is compressed due to loading on beam the needles on
both dial rotate if reading at smaller dial is 0.1 and on larger dial is 41 than we calculate
deflection in beam as
Deflection = 0.1 + 41 x 0.001 = 0.141 inches

deflection gauge

4-extensometer: this instrument is used for measuring the extension of specimen

when it is elongated by external forces.
Properties: Its least count is 1/20000 inch and measuring capacity is 1/8 inch.
Method : we fix the bar b/w two screws of extensometer. After elongation we measure
reading.
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extensometer 1

5-dial gauge: It is use to measure thickness of specimen. Properties : Its least

count is 0.0025 inch. Its capacity is 1 inch on dial 1 inch is divided into 10 parts and
each 10th part is further divided into 10 parts and each 100 part is divided into 4 parts.
Method : For 1 inch the needle completes on revolution. For example we reading are
0.1050 inch.

Calipers and divider

Comments: : Our strength of material lab is very well. Modern instruments from all over
the world are here for testing of matarials. We are surprise by observing a huge
capacity of instruments. But some instruments are out of order because they are
immported for other countries we have no mechanic to run machines smoothly. Our
second job is quite informative it is about small instrumens which are difficult to use but
of very impotance but Sir Javvad teaches us method of using these very betterly.

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JOB NO. 3

TO PER FORM DIRECT SHEAR STRESS ON A PLANE STEEL BAR AND

PUNTCHING SHERA TEST ON STEEL BAR

Objective: to determine shear strength of bars and punching shear strength of plate.
Apparatus: We perform this test on 10 ton buckton UTM
1- Shear jigs
2- Vernier caliper
3- Steel bars for direct shear test and steel plate for punching shear test.
Jigs: These are additional instruments used for shearing.
Theory:
Shear Force: Force which tends to slide one part of section against the other adjacent.
This force act normal to the longitudinal axis of the member. There are two types of
shear forces one is horizontal and other is vertical shear force.
1-Horizontal Shear: A force which tends to slide horizontal layers of the body against
each other is called horizontal shear.
2-Verticle Shear: A force which tends to slide vertical layers of the body against each
other is called vertical shear. But here we discuss only vertical shear.
Shear Stress OR Tangential Stress: It is denoted by '‫“דּ‬. Its is the tendency of internal
forces on a plane area when forces are acting parallel to the section. Or stress cause by
forces acting along or parallel to the resisting force. Because this it is parallel to the
section so called tangential stress. NOTE:
A uniform shearing stress will exist when the resultant force V passes through cross section
under shear.
Types of shear stress:
1- Direct Shear Stress: If force is applied parallel to the area being sheared is called
direct shear stress. Its has further two types.
a- Single Shear: Stress induced due to a force causing single area to be sheared is
called single shear

b- Double Shear: Stress induced due to a force causing double area to be sheared is
called double shear.

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Punching shear: stress induced due to causing one part to be punched or intended in
to other is called punching shear, area again sheared is parallel to the applied force.
Induced shear stress: shear produced by a force which acts at an angle to the area
being sheared.

Observation and calculation

Direct Shear

Test Shear load Diameter 𝐴 Shear stress

sample V (in) = 𝜋𝐷2 /4

Ton D1 D2 D3 Avg. In2 Psi MPa

27421.05
Steel Bar 1.042 0.303 0.315 0.315 0.311 0.076 189.06

Punching Shear:

Test Shear Diameter of Avg. Avg. Shear Shear Stress

Sample load ,V Jigs, (D) diameter plate area= = V/ πDt
(in) thickness πDt
Ton Upper Lower D t (in2) Psi Mpa
Steel Do Di (in) (in)
plate 1.823 0.571 0.531 0.551 0.059 0.102 35745.09 246.45

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Job 4

To carry out compression test on a wooden cube when load is applied

1- Parallel to grains
2- Perpendicular to grains

Objective:

1- to determine compressive strength of wooden cube

2-To determine modulus of elasticity and modulus of stiffness
3- to determine isotropic or anisotropic behaviors of wood.

Related theory:

Compressive strength: Max. Stress that a material can bear in compression

Modulus of stiffness: it is the force requires to produce uniform deformation. = P/б

( N/m)

Modulus of elasticity: ratio of stress to strain

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Stiffness 1

Isotropic material: these are those materials which exhibit same properties in different
direction. Like ionic compounds

Isotropic material 1

Anisotropic material : these are those material which exhibit different properties in
different direction like glass or wood.

anisotropic material 1

In wood cube when we apply a force parallel to grains the sample bears more
load than the load which bear by same cube when load is applies perpendicular to
grains and sample bulk out.

force perp. to grains force // to grain

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when loads are applied perpendicular to grains:

P Deflection Deformation Stress б Strain

gauge δ =(D1- =Px1000/(w1xw2) ε = δ /L E= б/ ε K=P/ δ
reading D)x0.001x25.4
KN mm MPa MPa MPa KN/mm
0 100

2 123 0.584 0.830 0.011 75.454 3.425

4 133 0.838 1.659 0.017 97.588 4.773

6 140 1.016 2.489 0.020 124.450 5.906

8 149 1.254 3.318 0.025 132.720 6.426

10 159 1.499 4.148 0.030 138.267 6.671

12 171 1.803 4.978 0.036 138.278 6.565

13.2 195 2.413 5.475 0.049 111.735 5.470

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When load is applied parallel to grain

P Deflection Deformation Stress б Strain

gauge δ =(D1- =Px1000/(w1xw2) ε = δ /L E= б/ ε K=P/ δ
reading D)x0.001x25.4
KN Mm MPa MPa Mpa KN/mm
0 100
5 134 0.864 2.278 0.018 126.556 5.787
10 147 1.194 4.557 0.025 182.280 8.375
15 154 1.372 6.835 0.029 235.690 10.933
20 162 1.575 9.114 0.033 276.690 12.698
25 168 1.727 11.392 0.036 316.444 14.476
30 174 1.880 13.670 0.040 341.750 15.957
35 179 2.006 15.949 0.042 379.738 17.448
40 183 2.108 18.227 0.044 414.250 18.975
45 187 2.210 20.506 0.047 436.298 20.362
50 192 2.337 22.784 0.049 464.980 21.395
55 196 2.438 25.063 0.051 491.431 22.559
60 200 2.540 27.341 0.053 515.868 23662
65 204 2.642 29.620 0.056 528.928 24.602
70 207 2.618 31.898 0.057 559.614 25.754
75 211 2.819 34.176 0.060 569.600 26.605
80 215 2.921 36.445 0.062 587.984 27.388
85 221 3.073 38.733 0.062 595.982 27.660
90 226 3.200 41.012 0.065 603.118 28.125
95 223 3.378 43.290 0.068 609.718 28.123
99.8 268 4.267 45.477 0.090 505.300 23.389

Comments:

The samples strengths vary fro original one because the wooden samples are not perfectly plan due to
which one side bear more load and fail earlier.

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Jab no 5

To perform hardness test on given steel sample using shimadzu Rockwell

hardness testing machine.

Hardness : resistance to plastic deformation is called as hardness. It sis measure by

relative to other materials.

Fo = minor load
F1 = Major load
Fo + F1 = minor load + major load.
We remove major load along with plastic deformation. There will be elastic deformation
due to major load. When we remove it the plunger move upward to elastic deformation
we are interested in plastic deformation so, we take difference as “e” which is plastic
deformation.

In this machine

HRB = 130 – (plastic deformation due to major load in mm ) / 0.02

HRB = hardness on B-scale

Scale B = 1/16 inches diameter steel bar as indenter (plunger)

Fo = 10 Kg F1= 90 Kg

Scale C = diamond cone indenter Fo = 10 Kg , F1= 140 Kg

HRC = (100 – plastic deformation due to major load in mm / 0.02

HRC = reading on C-scale

For a range these readings are inter convertible

Observations:
Scale B Scale C
1- HRB = 65.5 1-HRC = 38.5
2- HRB = 91.5 2-HRC = 39.0
3- HRB = 95.0 3-HRC = 39.0

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Job no6

To perform impact test on steel samples

Objective: to determine the modulus of toughness of steel in tension and in bending.

Apparatus : Charpy’s impact testing machine Steel samples

Theory:

Toughness: The ability of material to absorb energy until failure is its toughness.

Modulus of toughness: Its is amount of energy absorbed per unit volume by a material
until failure is called as modulus toughness.

Impact load: Application of very heavy load for very short period of time is called
impact load e.g. blast load is impact load .

Bending test 1

h1=ho + Rsin( O1 -90)= ho – R cos O1

h2=ho + Rsin( O2 -90)= ho – R cos O2

E= mg(ho – R cos O1- ho + R cos O2)

E= mgR ( cos O2 – cos O1)

m = 22.7 kg R= 0.7 m

MOT = E / Volume

V for bending = 0.335 inch3 = 5.49 cm 3 = 5.49 x 10 -6 m3

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V for tension = 0.25 in3 = 4.09 x 10 -6 m3

For tension

O1 = 139o O2 = 85o

E= mgR ( cos O2 – cos O1)

E = 22.7 x 9.81 x 0.7 x (cos 85 – cos 139)

E= 131.23 J

MOT = E / Volume = 131.23 / 4.09 x 10 -6 m3 = 32.08 x 106 J/m3

For bending test:

O1 = 137o O 2 = 120o

E= mgR ( cos O2 – cos O1)

E = 22.7 x 9.81 x 0.7 x (cos 120 – cos 137)

E = 36.06 J

MOT = E / Volume = 36.06 / 5.49 x 10 -6 m3 = 6.57 x 106 J/m3

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JOB # 7

TO PERFORM TENSION TEST ON HOT ROLLED

DEFORMED STEEL BAR

OBJECTIVE:

a. To study stress strain behavior of the specimen.

b. To determine different mechanical properties of steel sample.
c. To check the adequately of the specimen according to ASTM 615M-
04 standard.
APPARATUS:
1) 500 KN Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine.
2) Extensometer.
3) Spring Divider.
4) Vernier Caliper.
5) Weighing Balance.
6) Steel Tape.

RELATED THEORY:
5.2 Stress and Strain (cont)

• Strain :
- Ratio of elongation of a material to the original length
- unit deformation
Lo e
e
ε
Lo L
e : elongation (ft)
Lo : unloaded(original) length of a material (ft)
ε : strain (ft/ft) or (in/in)
Elongation
e  L  Lo
L : loaded length of a material (ft)

1. STEEL:
Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between
0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most cost-
effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used,
such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten
2. CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL:
On the basis of carbon content Steel is classified as:
I. Low Carbon Steel Or Dead Mild Steel: (C ≤ 0.2% )
II. Medium Carbon Steel: (0.2% < C ≤ 0.6%)
III. High Carbon Steel: (0.6% < C ≤ 1% )
IV. Mild Carbon Steel: (0.15% – 0.3%)

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3. STRESS~STRAIN DIAGRAM:
5.3 Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength 3 necking
 UTS
Strain
yield Fracture
strength Hardening
y 5
2
Elastic region
Plastic slope=Young’s(elastic) modulus
Region yield strength
Plastic region
ultimate tensile strength
Elastic strain hardening
σ  Eε Region
4
fracture
σ 1
E
ε E
σy
Strain (  ) (e/Lo)
ε 2  ε1

1) Proportional Limit:
Maximum stress that may be developed during a simple tension test such that the
stress is linear function of strain. (No proportional limit for brittle materials.)
2) Elastic Limit:
Maximum stress that may be developed during a simple tension
test such that there is no permanent set or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed. Hook’s Law is not valid after E.L.
and the numerical values of P.L. and E.L. are usually identical. But
the curve tends to flatten out causing a greater increment of strain
for corresponding increment of stress.

3) Yield Point:
A point on stress strain diagram after which there is increase in strain
with no significant increase in stress is called yield point. The phenomenon is
called yielding. Stress corresponding to yield point is called yield strength. Yield
strength of material which if represented in ‘Ksi’ gives the grades of steel. The
stress may actually decrease momentarily resulting in upper and lower yield point.

4) Yield Strength : a point at which permanent deformation occurs. ( If it is passed,

the material will no longer return to its original length.)

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5) Strain Hardening Zone: If a ductile material can be stressed considerably beyond

the yield point without failure, the material is said to be strain hardened. It is a zone
after yielding when the particles of material rearrange themselves and start taking
load again, so stress start increasing.
5.3 Stress-Strain Diagram (cont) 5.3 Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)

• Tensile Strength (Point 3) • Strain Hardening

- The largest value of stress on the diagram is called - If the material is loaded again from Point 4, the
Tensile Strength(TS) or Ultimate Tensile Strength curve will follow back to Point 3 with the same
(UTS)
Elastic Modulus(slope).
- It is the maximum stress which the material can
- The material now has a higher yield strength of
support without breaking.
• Fracture (Point 5) Point 4.
- If the material is stretched beyond Point 3, the stress - Raising the yield strength by permanently straining
decreases as necking and non-uniform deformation the material is called Strain Hardening.
occur.
- Fracture will finally occur at Point 5.

6) Ultimate Strength:
Maximum stress or highest stress on stress strain diagram is called as
tensile or ultimate strength of sample. It is the maximum strength of material.
7) Actual Rupture Strength:
It can be obtained by dividing rupture load with actual rupture area. So the point
of actual rupture strength will obviously bee higher than the nominal rupture
strength.
8) Nominal Rupture Strength:
It is the failure stress calculated on the basis of nominal area. For ductile
materials nominal rupture strength is always less than the actual rupture strength.
9) Modulus Of Elasticity:
Ratio of stress to strain in elastic range up to proportional
limit. It is determined as the slope of straight line from zero to proportional limit of
stress strain diagram.
𝜎∝ 𝜖
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
𝐸 = 𝜎/𝜖
This is also known as Young’s Modulus. For steel, young’s modulus is
Est = 200000 MPa or
Est = 200 G Pa or
6
Est = 29 x 10 psi

10) Resilience:
The ability of material to absorb energy in the elastic range (with out
permanent deformation), is called resilience.

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11) Modulus Of Resilience:

It’s the amount of work done on unit volume of material as simple tensile force
is increased from zero to plastic limit. It is calculated as area under stress~starin
diagram from 0 – PL.

12) Toughness:
The ability of material to absorb energy in plastic range (permanent
deformation), is called toughness.

13) Modulus Of Toughness:

The energy absorbs or amount of work done on unit volume of material
as simple tensile force is increased from zero to failure of specimen. It is calculated
as the total area under stress strain diagram. Its units are M Pa , psi.
 Brittelness and Ductility
Brittleness
- Measure of the material’s inability to deform before failure.
- The opposite of ductility.
- Example of ductile material : glass, high carbon steel ceramics
Ductility
- Measure of the material property to deform before failure.
- It is quantified by reading the value of strain at the fracture point on the stress strain curve.
- Example of ductile material : low carbon steel aluminum bubble gum

4. GAGE LENGTH:
It is the length between two marks on the bar.For commercial testing it is 8
inches but for lab experiment we take as 2 inches.

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PROCEDURE:
 Note the shape and size of specimen, measure the length of specimen and weight it
to find the cross sectional area of specimen, firm this area effective diameter of the
bar is found in mm. compare this diameter with nominal size of bar.
 Mark the gauge length on the specimen throughout the length of the specimen for
determination of % elongation after fracture.
 Fix the extensometer to measure the elongation and grip the specimen in machine
jaws. Note the gauge length of extensometer and its least count.
 Calculate the expected Yield and Ultimate load and decide suitable load increment
 Apply the load in desire increment and take readings of extensometer.
 Remove the extensometer at its limit and record the elongation with a spring divider
and steel ruler up to breaking point.
 Join the two broken pieces together and measure the approximate diameter at
failure zones for determination of final cross sectional area.
 Measure the change in lengths for gauge lengths marked throughout the lengths of
specimen for estimation of effect of gauge length on % age elongation.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

No. of Bar = 4 Least Count Of Extensometer = 0.001 mm/div

Grade of Bar = 60 Original Diameter Of Bar = 12.51mm
Ρsteel = 7850 kg/m3 Gauge Length = 50mm
Area Of Steel Bar = 122.91mm2

COMPARISON BETWEEN SPECIMEN & STANDARD VALUES:

S .No Property Specimen Result Standard Value

1 Cross Sectional Area 122.91(mm2) 129( mm2)
2 Tensile Strength 622.5(MPa) 620(MPa)
3 Modulus Of Elasticity 200000 (MPa)
4 Yield Strength 390(MPa) 420(MPa)

commulative increase in commulative extension %age elongation

GL GL
mm mm mm
50 60 10 20%
100 115 15 15%
150 170 20 13.30%
200 225 25 12.50%

COMMENTS:
The steel bar is break in to cup and cone shape but out specimen was breaked in a in irregular
fractured manner which shows the poor quality of steel.

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stress strain curve

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

stress strain curve up to elastic limit

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

%ELONGATION GRAPH
250

200

150

100

50

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

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serial no load KN reading extension orinal L area strain stress

1 0 500 0 50 122.8526 0 0
2 2 503 0.003 50 122.8526 0.006 16.27967
3 4 507 0.007 50 122.8526 0.014 32.55935
4 6 511 0.011 50 122.8526 0.022 48.83902
5 8 515 0.015 50 122.8526 0.03 65.1187
6 10 518 0.018 50 122.8526 0.036 81.39837
7 12 522 0.022 50 122.8526 0.044 97.67805
8 14 526 0.026 50 122.8526 0.052 113.9577
9 16 530 0.03 50 122.8526 0.06 130.2374
10 18 533 0.033 50 122.8526 0.066 146.5171
11 20 537 0.037 50 122.8526 0.074 162.7967
12 22 540 0.04 50 122.8526 0.08 179.0764
13 24 545 0.045 50 122.8526 0.09 195.3561
14 26 548 0.048 50 122.8526 0.096 211.6358
15 28 552 0.052 50 122.8526 0.104 227.9154
16 30 556 0.056 50 122.8526 0.112 244.1951
17 32 559 0.059 50 122.8526 0.118 260.4748
18 34 563 0.063 50 122.8526 0.126 276.7545
19 36 566 0.066 50 122.8526 0.132 293.0341
20 38 569 0.069 50 122.8526 0.138 309.3138
21 40 572 0.072 50 122.8526 0.144 325.5935
22 42 576 0.076 50 122.8526 0.152 341.8732
23 44 585 0.085 50 122.8526 0.17 358.1528
24 46 590 0.09 50 122.8526 0.18 374.4325
25 47.9 594 0.094 50 122.8526 0.188 389.8982
26 48 603 0.103 50 122.8526 0.206 390.7122
27 48.1 650 0.15 50 122.8526 0.3 391.5262
28 48.1 700 0.2 50 122.8526 0.4 391.5262
29 48.1 750 0.25 50 122.8526 0.5 391.5262
30 48.1 800 0.3 50 122.8526 0.6 391.5262
31 48.1 850 0.35 50 122.8526 0.7 391.5262
32 48.1 900 0.4 50 122.8526 0.8 391.5262
33 48.1 950 0.45 50 122.8526 0.9 391.5262
34 48.1 1000 0.5 50 122.8526 1 391.5262
35 48.1 1050 0.55 50 122.8526 1.1 391.5262
36 48.1 1100 0.6 50 122.8526 1.2 391.5262
37 48.1 1150 0.65 50 122.8526 1.3 391.5262
38 48.1 1200 0.7 50 122.8526 1.4 391.5262
39 48.1 1250 0.75 50 122.8526 1.5 391.5262
40 48.1 1300 0.8 50 122.8526 1.6 391.5262

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serial no load KN reading extension orinal L area strain stress

41 48.1 1350 0.85 50 122.8526 1.7 391.5262
42 48.1 1400 0.9 50 122.8526 1.8 391.5262
43 48.1 1450 0.95 50 122.8526 1.9 391.5262
44 48.1 1500 1 50 122.8526 2 391.5262
45 48.1 1550 1.05 50 122.8526 2.1 391.5262
46 48.1 1600 1.1 50 122.8526 2.2 391.5262
47 48.1 1650 1.15 50 122.8526 2.3 391.5262
48 50 1678 1.178 50 122.8526 2.356 406.9919
49 50.5 1688 1.188 50 122.8526 2.376 411.0618
50 51 1710 1.21 50 122.8526 2.42 415.1317
51 51.5 1763 1.263 50 122.8526 2.526 419.2016
52 52 1768 1.268 50 122.8526 2.536 423.2715
53 52.5 1805 1.305 50 122.8526 2.61 427.3415
54 53 1835 1.335 50 122.8526 2.67 431.4114
55 53.5 1870 1.37 50 122.8526 2.74 435.4813
56 54 1911 1.411 50 122.8526 2.822 439.5512
57 54.5 1960 1.46 50 122.8526 2.92 443.6211
58 55 2010 1.51 50 122.8526 3.02 447.6911
59 55.5 2055 1.555 50 122.8526 3.11 451.761
60 56 2100 1.6 50 122.8526 3.2 455.8309
61 56.5 2150 1.65 50 122.8526 3.3 459.9008
62 57 2188 1.688 50 122.8526 3.376 463.9707
63 57.5 2234 1.734 50 122.8526 3.468 468.0406
64 58 2281 1.781 50 122.8526 3.562 472.1106
65 58.5 2328 1.828 50 122.8526 3.656 476.1805
66 58.8 2500 2 50 122.8526 4 478.6224
67 59 52 2 50 122.8526 4 480.2504
68 60 53 3 50 122.8526 6 488.3902
69 61 54 4 50 122.8526 8 496.5301
70 62 55 5 50 122.8526 10 504.6699
71 63 56 6 50 122.8526 12 512.8097
72 64 56.5 6.5 50 122.8526 13 520.9496
73 65 57 7 50 122.8526 14 529.0894
74 66 58 8 50 122.8526 16 537.2293
75 68 58 8 50 122.8526 16 553.5089
76 70 59 9 50 122.8526 18 569.7886
77 72 59 9 50 122.8526 18 586.0683
78 74 60 10 50 122.8526 20 602.348
79 74.95 62 12 50 122.8526 24 610.0808

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31 Muhammad Usama
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[MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB] civ-60

Strain ε = δ /L MPa
0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03
Strain ε = δ /L MPa

0.02

0.01

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Culculations

1 Proportional limit 374.24 Gpa

2 Elastic limit 374.24 Gpa
3 Yield strength 390.514 Gpa
4 Ultimate strength 609.77 Gpa
5 Nominal rupture strength

6 True rapture strength

7 % elongation 20%
8 % reduction in area
9 Modulus of elasticity
10 Modulus of resilience ½ x 374.24 x 0.0018 = 0.336 MPa
11 Modu;us of toughness 51.5 x 100 x 2.5 = 1055750 MPa

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JOB 8

TO PERFORM BENDING TEST ON A WOODEN BEAM.

OBJECTIVE:

 To study bending behavior of wooden beam.

 To determine modulus of rupture
 To determine modulus of elasticity.

APPARATUS:

 10 ton buckton universal testing amsler machine.

 Wooden beam.
 Measuring tape.
 Delection gauges.

RELATED THEORY:

1. BENDING MOMENT: Bending moment at particular transverse cross section of

the beam is the algebraic sum of all the moments taken about an axis passing
through the centriod of cross section of al the loads and reactions applied to the
portion of beam on either side of cross section. The axis about which the
moments are taken is normal to the plane of loading.

2. SHEAR FORCE: Shear force at particular transverse cross section of a straight

beam is the algebraic sum of all the components acting
transverse/normal/perpendicular to axis of the beam of all the loads and
reactions applied to the portion of the beam on either side of cross section.

3. BENDING /FLEXURAL STRESS: Stresses caused by bending moment are

called bending / flexural stresses.
𝐌𝐲
Flexural formula: 𝜎= 𝐈

4. MODULUS OF RUPTURE: It is the energy absorbed per unit volume from zero
load up to failure.
OR
It is the maximum tensile stress which can be developed in a beam before
Failure.
5. Purely bending moment beam : in portion CD or length there is only bending
moment and shear force is zero such portion is called purely bending part.
34 Muhammad Usama
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OBSERVATIONS AND TABLE:

a= 150 mm

h= 50 mm

b= 50 mm

l= 250+250+50+50 = 600 mm

L.C = 0.001 in.

Note: for value of ∆ in mm, we should multiply ∆ with 0.001 and 25.4

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TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS:
sr. no. LOAD deflection mean
ton N Gx Gy Gc Gx+Gy/2 ∆=(Gc-(Gx+Gy)/2)xL.C mm
inches mm
1 0.05 490.5 117 117 225 117 0.108 2.7432
2 0.1 981 130 129 243 129.5 0.1135 2.8829
3 0.15 1471.5 145 145 265 145 0.12 3.048
4 0.2 1962 174 174 307 174 0.133 3.3782
5 0.25 2452.5 194 194 337 194 0.143 3.6322
6 0.3 2943 213 213 364 213 0.151 3.8354
7 0.35 3433.5 234 234 395 234 0.161 4.0894
8 0.4 3924 254 254 424 254 0.17 4.318
9 0.45 4414.5 276 276 497 276 0.221 5.6134
10 0.5 4905 291 291 478 291 0.187 4.7498

Failure load = 1.303 tons

MODULUS OF RUPTURE= Mmax C / I
MODULUS OF RUPTURE= (3 P a) / (bh2) = 3*1.303*9810*0.150 / 0.05*0.052 = 46.01 MPa
From graph below,
𝟑 𝒂 𝒍𝟐
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = ( ) (P`/ d) ≈ =3*0.15*(0.6^2)*1548/(4*0.05*0.05^3) = 10.03 MPa
$𝒃𝒉𝟑

Where, P` = difference of loads from graph

D = difference of deflection from graph.

(P`/ d) = slope of trend line as given on graph

Graph:

X – Axis = Deflection (mm)

Y- Axis = load (N)

Comments : the wooden sample does not break from centre because if it breaks from
sentre failure must be due to excessive tension in member but in earlier job we study
that wood take more loade to fail when load is applied parallel to grains so ir is hard to
break from cntre due to failure of wood from ends at realitevely lesser load.

36 Muhammad Usama
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[MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB] civ-60

GRAPH:

6000

y = 1548.1x - 3230.2

5000

4000
load in newton

3000 Series1
Linear (Series1)
Linear (Series1)

2000

1000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
deflection in mm

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[MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LAB] civ-60

38 Muhammad Usama
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