Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Lecture Note in Sets and Notation

Fundamental Concepts Of Mathematics
Lecture Note in Sets and Notation
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January 29, 2018

Set and Notation
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Definition (Set)
The collection of well-defined distinct objects is known as a set.
The word well-defined refers to a specific property which makes
it easy to identify whether the given object belongs to the set or
not. The word distinct means that the objects of a set must be all
different.
Example:
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Is a Set or Not
1. The collection of children in class VII whose weight

exceeds35 kg represents a set.
2. The collection of all the intelligent children in class VII
doesnot represent a set because the word intelligent is vague.
What may appear intelligent to one person may not appear the
same to another person.
Denotes: {}.
1 A collection of ”lovely flowers” is not a set, because the
objects (flowers) to be included are not well-defined.
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Is a Set or Not
1 A collection of ”lovely flowers”is not a set, because the

Reason: The word ”lovely” is a relative term. What may
appear lovely to one person may not be so to the other
person.
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Is a Set or Not

person.
2 A collection of ”Yellow flowers” is a set, because every red
flowers will be included in this set i.e., the objects of the set
are well-defined.
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Is a Set or Not

person.
are well-defined.
3 A group of ””Young singers” is not a set, as the range of the
ages of young singers is not given and so it cant be decided
that which singer is to be considered young i.e., the objects
are not well-defined.
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Is a Set or Not

person.
are well-defined.
Is a Set or Not

4 A group of ”Players with ages between 18 years and 25
years” is a set, because the range of ages of the player is
given and so it can easily be decided that which player is to
JBINGGAS Math 123be included and which is to be excluded. Hence, the
1
objectsarewell-defined.
A collection of ”lovely flowers” is not a set, because the
State, giving reason, whether the following objects
form

person.
are well-defined.
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Is a Set or Not
4 A group of ”Players with ages between 18 years and 25

years” is a set, because the range of ages of the player is
given and so it can easily be decided that which player is to
JBINGGAS Math 123be included and which is to be excluded. Hence, the
objectsarewell-defined.
a set or not:
1 All problems of this book, which are difficult to solve.
form
a set or not:
1 All
problems of this book, which are difficult to solve.
Solution:
The given objects do not form a set.
Reason: Some problems may be difficult for one person but
may not be difficult for some other persons, that is, the
given objects are not well-defined.
Hence, they do not form a set.
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form
a set or not:
Solution:
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form
2 All problems of this book, which are difficult to solve for

Aaron.
a set or not:
Solution:
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form

2 All problems of this book, which are difficult to solve for
Aaron.
Solution:
The given objects form a set.
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form
Reason: It can easily be found that which are difficult to

solve for Aaron and which are not difficult to solve for him.
Hence, the objects form a set.
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State, giving reason, whether the following objects form
a set or not:
1 All
the objects heavier than 28 kg.
Solution:
The given objects form a set.
Reason: Every object can be compared, in weight, with 28 kg.
Then it is very easy to select objects which are heavier than 28
kg i.e., the objects are well-defined.
Hence, the objects form a set.
The members (objects) of each of the following collections form
a set:
(i) students in a class-room
(ii) books in your school-bag
(iii) counting numbers between 5 to 15
(iv) students of your class, which are taller than you and soon.
Set and Notation
Definition (Elements of Set)
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The different objects that form a set are called the elements of a
set. The elements of the set are written in any order and are not
repeated. Elements are denoted by small letters.
Set and Notation
Definition (Elements of Set)
The different objects that form a set are called the elements of a
set. The elements of the set are written in any order and are not
repeated. Elements are denoted by small letters.
Definition (Notation of Set)
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A set is usually denoted by capital letters and elements are
denoted by small letters
If x is an element of set A, then we say x ∈ A. [x belongs to A] If x
is not an element of set A, then we sayx /∈ A. [x does not belong
to A]
Solved Examples to find the elements or members of a
set:
1 A = {v,w,x,y,z}
Here ”A” is the name of the set whose elements (members)
are v, w, x, y, z.
2 If a set A = {3,6,9,10,13,18}. State whether the following
statements are ”true” or ”false”:
(i) 7 ∈ A
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Properties of Sets
(ii) 12 ∈/ A
(iii) 13 ∈ A
(iv) 9,12 ∈ A
(v) 12,14,15 ∈/ A
Solved Examples to find the elements or members of a
set:
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3 If set Z = {4,6,8,10,12,14}. State which of the following
statements are ”Correct” and which are ”wrong” along with
the correct explanations.
(i) 5 ∈ Z
(ii) 12 ∈ Z
(iii) 14 ∈ Z
(iv) 9 ∈ Z
(v) Z is a set of even numbers between 2 and 16.
(vi) 4, 6 and 10 are members of the set Z.
1 The change in order of writing the elements does not
make any changes in the set.
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Properties of Sets
In other words the order in which the elements of a set are

written is not important. Thus, the set a, b, c can also be
written as {a,c,b} or {b,c,a} or {b,a,c} or {c,a,b} or
{c,b,a}
For Example:
Set A = {4,6,7,8,9} is same as set A = {8,4,9,7,6} i.e.,
{4,6,7,8,9} = {8,4,9,7,6}
Similarly, {w,x,y,z} = {x,z,w,y} = {z,w,x,y} and so on.
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Properties of Sets
2 If one or many elements of a set are repeated, the set

remains the same.
In other words the elements of a set should be distinct. So, if
any element of a set is repeated number of times in the set,
we consider it as a single element. Thus, {1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4} =
{1,2,3,4}
The set of letters in the word ”GOOGLE” = {G,O,L,E} For
Example:
The set A = {5,6,7,6,8,5,9} is same as set A=
{5,6,7,8,9}
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Properties of Sets
i.e., {5,6,7,6,8,5,9} = {5,6,7,8,9}

2 In general, the elements of a set are not repeated.
Thus,
(i) if T is a set of letters of the word moon:
then T = {m,o,n},
There are two os in the word moon but it is written in the
set only once.
(ii) if U = {lettersoftheword”COMMITTEE”}; then U =
{C,O,M,T,E}
Solved examples using the properties of sets:
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1 Write the set of vowels used in the word
”UNIVERSITY”.
Solution:
Set V = {U,I,E}
2For each statement, given below, state whether it
is true or false along with the explanations. (i)
{9,9,9,9,9,..} = {9}
(ii) {p,q,r,s,t} = {t,s,r,q,p}
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Representation of a Set
* In representation of a set the following three methods are

commonly used:
(i) Statement form method
(ii) Roster or tabular form method(iii) Rule or
set builder form method 1 Statement form:
In this, well-defined description of the elements of the set is
given and the same are enclosed in curly brackets.
For example:
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(i) The set of odd numbers less than 7 is written as: {odd
numbers less than 7}.
(ii) A set of football players with ages between 22 years
to30 years.
(iii) A set of numbers greater than 30 and smaller than 55.
2 Roster form or tabular form:
2 In this, elements of the set are listed within the pair of
brackets {} and are separated by commas.
For example:
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(i) Let N denote the set of first five natural numbers.

Therefore, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Roster Form (ii) The
set of all vowels of the English alphabet.
Therefore, V = {a, e, i, o, u} Roster Form (iii) The
set of all odd numbers less than 9.
Therefore, X = {1, 3, 5, 7} Roster Form
(iv) The set of all natural number which divide 12.
Therefore, Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12} Roster Form (v) The set
of all letters in the word MATHEMATICS.
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Therefore, Z = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S} Roster Form

1 [3] Set builder form:
In this, a rule, or the formula or the statement is written
within the pair of brackets so that the set is well defined. In
the set builder form, all the elements of the set, must
possess a single property to become the member of that set.
In this form of representation of a set, the element of the set
is described by using a symbol ”x” or any other variable
followed by a colon The symbol ”:” or ”k” is used to denote
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such that and then we write the property possessed by the

elements of the set and enclose the whole description in
braces. In this, the colon stands for such that and braces
stand for ”set of all”.
3 For example:
(i) Let P is a set of counting numbers greater than 12;
theset P in set-builder form is written as :
P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than 12} or
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P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than 12} This will

be read as, ’P is the set of elements x such that x is a
counting number and is greater than 12’.
The symbol ”:” placed between 2 x’s stands for such that.
(ii) Let A denote the set of even numbers between 6 and
14. It can be written in the set builder form as;
A = {x—x is an even number, 6 < x > 14} or A = {x : x ∈ P,6
< x < 14 and P is an even number} 3 (iii) If X = {4, 5, 6, 7} .
This is expressed in roster form.
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Let us express in set builder form.

X = {x : x is a natural number and 3 < x < 8}
(iv) The set A of all odd natural numbers can be written as A
= {x : x is a natural number and x = 2n + 1 for n ∈ W}
Solved example using the three methods of representation
of a set:
The set of integers lying between -2 and 3.
Statement form: {I is a set of integers lying between -2 and
3}
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Roster form: I = {-1, 0, 1, 2}

Set builder form: I = {x : x ∈ I,−2 < x < 3}
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Different Notations in Sets
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Types of Sets
Definition (Empty Set or Null Set:)
A set which does not contain any element is called an empty set,
or the null set or the void set and it is denoted by and is read as
phi. In roster form, φ is denoted by {}. An empty set is a finite set,
since the number of elements in an empty set is finite, i.e., φ.
For example:
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(a) The set of whole numbers less than 0.
(b) Clearly there is no whole number less than 0. Therefore, it is
an empty set.
(c) N = {x : x ∈ N, 3 < x < 4}
Note:
φ 6= {0}∴has no element.
Definition (Singleton Set)
A set which contains only one element is called a singleton set.
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For example:
• A = {x : x is neither prime nor composite}
It is a singleton set containing one element, i.e., 1.
• B = {x : x is a whole number, x < 1}
This set contains only one element 0 and is a singleton set.
• Let A = {x : x N and x2 = 4}
Here A is a singleton set because there is only one element 2
whose square is 4.
• Let B = {x : x is a even prime number}
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Here B is a singleton set because there is only one prime number
which is even, i.e., 2.
Definition (Finite Set:)
A set which contains a definite number of elements is called a
finite set. Empty set is also called a finite set.
For example:
• The set of all colors in the rainbow.
• N = {x : x ∈ N,x < 7}
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• P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...... 97}
Definition (Infinite Set:)
The set whose elements cannot be listed, i.e., set containing
never-ending elements is called an infinite set.
For example:
• Set of all points in a plane
• A = {x : x ∈ N,x > 1}
• Set of all prime numbers
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• B = {x : x ∈ W, x = 2n}
Note:
All infinite sets cannot be expressed in roster form.
Definition (Cardinal Number of a Set:)
The number of distinct elements in a given set A is called the
cardinal number of A. It is denoted by n(A).
For example:
• A {x : x ∈ N,x < 5}
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A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Therefore, n(A) = 4
• B = set of letters in the word ALGEBRA B =
{A, L, G, E, B, R}
Therefore, n(B) = 6
Definition (Equivalent Sets:)
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Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent if their cardinal
number is same, i.e., n(A) = n(B). The symbol for denoting an
equivalent set is ”⇔”.
For example:
A = {1, 2, 3} Here n(A) = 3
B = {p, q, r} Here n(B) = 3
Therefore, A ⇔ B
Definition (Equal sets:)
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Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they contain the same
elements. Every element of A is an element of B and every
element of B is an element of A.
For example:
A = {p, q, r, s}
B = {p, s, r, q}
Therefore, A = B
The various types of sets and their definitions are explained
above with the help of examples.
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Definition (Disjoint Sets:)
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if they do not have any
element in common.
A = {x : x is a prime number} B = {x :
x is a composite number}.
Clearly, A and B do not have any element in common and are
disjoint sets.
Definition (Overlapping sets:)
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Two sets A and B are said to be overlapping if they contain at
least one element in common.
For example;
• A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {a, e, i, o, u}
• X = {x : x ∈ N,x < 4 }
Y = {x : x ∈ I,−1 < x < 4}
Here, the two sets contain three elements in common, i.e., (1, 2,
3)
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The above explanations will help us to find whether the pairs of
sets are equal sets or equivalent sets, disjoint sets or overlapping
sets.
Definition (Subset)
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If A and B are two sets, and every element of set A is also an
element of set B, then A is called a subset of B and we write it
as A ⊆ B or B ⊇ A
The symbol ⊂ stands for ”is a subset of” or ”is contained in”
• Every set is a subset of itself, i.e., A ⊂ A, B ⊂ B.
• Empty set is a subset of every set.
• Symbol ”⊆” is used to denote ”is a subset of” or ”is
contained in”.
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• A ⊆ B means A is a subset of B or A is contained in B.
• B ⊆ Ameans B contains A.
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Example (Subset)
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1. Let A = {2, 4, 6} B = {6, 4, 8, 2}
Here A is a subset of B
Since, all the elements of set A are contained in set B.
But B is not the subset of A
Since, all the elements of set B are not contained in set A.
Notes:
If ACB and BCA, then A = B, i.e., they are equal sets.
Every set is a subset of itself.
Null set or φ is a subset of every set.
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2. The set N of natural numbers is a
subset of the set Z ofintegers and we
writeN ⊂ Z.
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Example (Subset)
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3. Let A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {x : x is an even natural number less than 8} Here A
⊂ B and B ⊂ A.
Hence, we can say A = B
4. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Here A 6⊂ B and also B 6⊂ A
[6⊂ denotes ”not a subset of”]
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Definition (Super Set:)
Whenever a set A is a subset of set B, we say the B is a superset of

A and we write, B ⊇ A. Symbol ⊇ is used to denote
”is a super set of”
Example (Super Set)
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A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {a, b, c, ............., z}
Here A ⊆ B i.e., A is a subset of B but B ⊇ A i.e., B is a super set of
A
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Definition (Proper Subset)
If A and B are two sets, then A is called the proper subset of B if A

⊆ B but B ⊇ A i.e., A 6= B. The symbol ” ⊂ ” is used to denote
proper subset. Symbolically, we write A ⊂ B
Example (Proper Subset)
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1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} Here
n(A) = 4
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Here n(B) = 5
We observe that, all the elements of A are present in B but the
element ”5” of B is not present in A.
So, we say that A is a proper subset of B. Symbolically, we write
it asA ⊂ B Notes:
No set is a proper subset of itself.
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Example (Proper Subset)
2. A = {p, q, r}
B = {p, q, r, s, t}
Here A is a proper subset of B as all the elements of set A are in
set B and also A 6= B. Notes:
No set is a proper subset of itself.
Empty set is a proper subset of every set.
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Definition (Power Set)
The collection of all subsets of set A is called the power set of A.
It is denoted by P(A). In P(A), every element is a set.
Example (Power Set)
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If A = p, q then all the subsets of A will be
P(A) = {φ,{p},{q},{p,q}}
Number of elements of P(A) = n[P(A)] = 4 = 22
In general, n[P(A)] = 2m where m is the number of elements in set
A.
Definition (Universal Set)
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A set which contains all the elements of other given sets is called
a universal set. The symbol for denotin g a universal set is ∪ or ε.
Example
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1. If A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 3, 4} C = {3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 7}
[Here A ⊆ U,B ⊆ U, C ⊆ U and U ⊇ A,U ⊇ B,U ⊇ C]
2. If P is a set of all whole numbers and Q is a set of
allnegative numbers then the universal set is a set of all integers.
3. If A = {a, b, c} B = {d, e} C = {f, g, h, i} then U = {a, b, c, d, e,
f, g, h, i} can be taken as universal set.
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Definition (Operation of Sets)
When two or more sets combine together to form one set under
the given conditions, then operations on sets are carried out.
The four basic operations are:
1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of sets
3. Complement of the Set
4. Cartesian Product of Set
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Definition (Union of Sets)
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the
elements of both the sets.
To find the union of two given sets A and B is a set which consists
of all the elements of A and all the elements of B such that no
element is repeated. The symbol for denoting union of sets is ” ∪
”.
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Example (Union of Sets)
Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6} and

set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}
Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating
any element, we get a new set = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} This new set
contains all the elements of set A and all the elements of set B with
no repetition of elements and is named as union of set A and B.
Therefore,A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
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Example (Union of Sets)
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1. If A = {1, 3, 7, 5} and B = {3, 7, 8, 9}. Find union of two set
A and B.
2. Let X = {a, e, i, o, u} and Y = {∅}. Find union of two given
sets X and Y.
3. If set P = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, set Q = {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} and set R =
{2, 4, 6, 8}.
(i) Find the union of sets P and Q
(ii) Find the union of two set P and R
(iii) Find the union of the given sets Q and R
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Notes:
A and B are the subsets of A ∪ B
The union of sets is commutative, i.e., A ∪ B = B ∪ A. The
operations are performed when the sets are expressed in
roster form.
Properties of the Operation of Union:
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(i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (Commutative law)
(ii) A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C (Associative law)
(iii) A ∪∅ = A (Law of identity element, is the identity of ∪ )
(iv) A ∪ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U ∪ A = U (Law of ∪) U is the universal set.
Notes:
A ∪∅ = ∅∪ A = A i.e. union of any set with the empty set is always
the set itself.
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Definition (Intersection of Sets)
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Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all
the elements that are common to both the sets.
To find the intersection of two given sets A and B is a set which
consists of all the elements which are common to both A and B.
The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ” ∩ ”.
For example:
Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9} The intersection of
two sets A and B is represented as A ∩ B =
{x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
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Example (Solved examples to find intersection of two given sets:)
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1. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {1, 3, 8, 4, 6}. Find
intersection of two set A and B.
2. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {∅}. Find intersection of two given
sets X and Y.
3. If set A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, set B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} and
set C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
(i) Find the intersection of sets A and B.
(ii) Find the intersection of two set B and C.
(iii) Find the intersection of the given sets A and C.
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Note:
A ∩ B is a subset of A and B.
Intersection of a set is commutative, i.e., A ∩ B = B ∩ A.
Operations are performed when the set is expressed in the
roster form.
Some properties of the operation of intersection
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(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law)
(ii) (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C) (Associative law)
(iii) ∅∩ A = ∅(Law of ∅)
(iv) U ∩ A = A (Law of ∪)
(v) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)
(vi) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) (Distributive law) Here ∩
distributes over ∪
Also, A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) (Distributive law) Here ∪
distributes over ∩ Notes:
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A ∩∅ = ∅∩ A = ∅ i.e. intersection of any set with the empty set is
always the empty set.
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Difference of Two Sets
How to find the difference of two sets?
If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or
B - A.
• If A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}
A - B means elements of A which are not the elements of B.
i.e., in the above example A - B = {2, 3} In general, B - A = {x : x
∈ B, andx /∈ A}
• If A and B are disjoint sets, then A B = A and B A = B
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Example:
1. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}.
Find the difference between the two sets:
(i) A and B
(ii) B and A
Solved examples to find the difference of two sets:
2. Let A = {a, b, c, d, e, f} and B = {b, d, f, g}.
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Find the difference between the two sets:
(i) A and B(ii) B and A
Solution:
(i) A - B = {a, c, e}
Therefore, the elements a, c, e belong to A but not to B
(ii) B - A = {g}
Therefore, the element g belongs to B but not A.
Solved examples to find the difference of two sets:
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3. Given three sets P, Q and R such that:
P = {x : x is a natural number between 10 and 16},
Q = {y : y is a even number between 8 and 20} and
R = {7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20}
(i) Find the difference of two sets P and Q
(ii) Find Q - R
(iii) Find R - P
(iv) Find Q P
Solution
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According to the given statements:
P = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
Q = {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
R = {7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20}
(i) P-Q = {Those elements of set P which are not in set Q}
= {11, 13, 15}
(ii) Q-R = {Those elements of set Q not belonging to set R} =
{10, 12, 16}
(iii) R-P = {Those elements of set R which are not in set P}
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= {7, 9, 18, 20}
(iv) Q-P = {Those elements of set Q not belonging to set P}
= {10, 16, 18}
Definition (Complement of a Set)
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In complement of a set if ε or U be the universal set and A a
subset of ε, then the complement of A is the set of all elements of
ε which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A with respect to ε
or U as A’ or Ac .
JBINGGAS Math 123

Definition (Complement of a Set)
In complement of a set if ε or U be the universal set and A a

subset of ε, then the complement of A is the set of all elements of
ε which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A with respect to ε
or U as A’ or Ac .
For Example: If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} A = {1, 3, 7}
find Ac. Therefore, Ac = {2, 4, 5, 6}
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Note:
The complement of a universal set is an empty set.
The complement of an empty set is a universal set.
The set and its complement are disjoint sets.
Example (Complement of a Set)
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1. Let the set of natural numbers be the universal set and A
isa set of even natural numbers,
Ac={x: x is a set of odd natural numbers}
2. Let U = The set of letters in the English alphabet.A = The
set of consonants in the English alphabet then Ac = The set of
vowels in the English alphabet.
3. Let U = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
A = {6, 10, 4, 16}
Ac = {2, 8, 12, 14}
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Show That:
(a) The complement of a universal set is an empty set. Let U
denote the universal set, then
U = The set of those elements which are not in .
= empty set = ∅
Therefore, U = ∅ so the complement of a universal set is an
empty set.
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(b) A set and its complement are disjoint sets
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Let A be any set then Ac = set of those elements of which are not
in Ac.
Let x ∈ A, then x is an element of U not contained in Ac So x ∈
Ac
Therefore, A and Ac are disjoint sets.
Therefore, Set and its complement are disjoint sets
Similarly, in complement of a set when U be the universal set
and A is a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set all
elements of U which are not the elements of A.
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Symbolically, we write Ac to denote the complement of A with
respect to U.
Thus, Ac = {x : x ∈ U and x /∈ A}
Obviously Ac = {U - A}
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Some properties of complement sets
(i) A ∪ Ac= Ac ∪ A= ∪ (Complement law)
(ii) (A ∩ Bc) = ∅ (Complement law)
(iii) (A ∩ B)c = Ac ∩ Bc (De Morgans law) (iv) (A ∩ B)c = Ac ∪ Bc
(De Morgans law)
(v) (Ac)c = A (Law of complementation)
(vi) ∅c= ∪ (Law of empty set
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(vii) ∪c = ∅ and universal set)
Definition (Cardinal Number of a Set)
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The number of distinct elements in a finite set is called its
cardinal number. It is denoted as n(A) and read as the number of
elements of the set.
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Definition (Cardinal Number of a Set)
The number of distinct elements in a finite set is called its
cardinal number. It is denoted as n(A) and read as the number of
elements of the set.
Example (Cardinal Number of a Set)
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(i) Set A = {2, 4, 5, 9, 15} has 5 elements.
(ii) Set B = {w, x, y, z} has 4 elements.
(iii) Set C = {Florida, New York, California} has 3 elements.
(iv) Set D = {3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9} has 5 element.
(v) Set E = {} has no element.
Note:
(i) Cardinal number of an infinite set is not defined.
(ii) Cardinal number of empty set is 0 because it has no element.
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Solved examples on Cardinal number of a set:
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1. Write the cardinal number of each of the following sets:
(i) X = {letters in the word MALAYALAM}
(ii) Y = {5, 6, 6, 7, 11, 6, 13, 11, 8}
(iii) Z = {natural numbers between 20 and 50, which are
divisible by 7}
2. Find the cardinal number of a set from each of the following:
(i) X = {letters in the word MALAYALAM}
(ii) Y = {5, 6, 6, 7, 11, 6, 13, 11, 8}
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(iii) Z = {natural numbers between 20 and 50, which are
divisible by 7}
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Cardinal Properties of Sets
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We have already learnt about the union, intersection and
difference of sets. Now, we will go through some practical
problems on sets related to everyday life.
•n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
If A ∩ B = ∅ , then n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
It is also clear from the Venn diagram that
•n(A − B) = n(A) − n(A ∩ B)
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•n(B − A) = n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
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Example (Problems on Cardinal Properties of Sets)
1. If P and Q are two sets such that P ∪ Q has 40 elements, P has
22 elements and Q has 28 elements, how many elements does P
∩ Q have?
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∩ Q have?
Solutions:
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Given n(P ∪ Q) = 40, n(P) = 22, n(Q) = 28
We know that n(P ∪ Q) = n(P) + n(Q) - n(P ∩ Q)
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∩ Q have?
Solutions:
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Given n(P ∪ Q) = 40, n(P) = 22, n(Q) = 28
We know that n(P ∪ Q) = n(P) + n(Q) - n(P ∩ Q) So, 40 = 22 + 28 -
n(P ∩ Q)
40 = 50 - n(P ∩ Q)
Therefore, n(P ∩ Q) = 50 − 40 = 10
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2. In a class of 40 students, 15 like to play cricket and football

and 20 like to play cricket. How many like to play football only
but not cricket?
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2. In a class of 40 students, 15 like to play cricket and football

and 20 like to play cricket. How many like to play football only
but not cricket?
Solution:
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Let C= Students who like cricket

F= Students who like football
C ∩ F = Students who like cricket and football both
C-F = Students who like cricket only
F-C = Students who like football only.
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2. In a class of 40 students, 15 like to play cricket and

footballand 20 like to play cricket. How many like to play football
only but not cricket?
Solution:
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Let C= Students who like cricket

F= Students who like football
C ∩ F = Students who like cricket and football both
C-F = Students who like cricket only
F-C = Students who like football only. n(C) = 20 n(C ∩ F) = 15 n(C
∪ F) = 40 n (F) = ?
n(C ∪ F) = n(C) + n(F) - n(C ∩ F)
40 = 20+n(F)-15, 40 = 5+n(F) , 405 = n(F)
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∴ n(F)= 35,∴ n(F − C) = n(F) − n(C ∩ F)= 35 − 15 = 20 ∴

Number of students who like football only but not cricket = 20
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3. There is a group of 80 persons who can drive scooter or car or

both. Out of these, 35 can drive scooter and 60 can drive car. Find
how many can drive both scooter and car? How many can drive
scooter only? How many can drive car only?
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Solution:
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Find how many can drive both scooter and car?

Let S = Persons who drive scooter
C = Persons who drive car
Given, n(S ∪ C) = 80 n(S) = 35 n(C) = 60
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3. There is a group of 80 persons who can drive scooter or

caror both. Out of these, 35 can drive scooter and 60 can drive
car. Find how many can drive both scooter and car? How many
can drive scooter only? How many can drive car only?
JBINGGAS Math 123

Solution:
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Find how many can drive both scooter and car?

Let S = Persons who drive scooter
C = Persons who drive car
Given, n(S ∪ C) = 80 n(S) = 35 n(C) = 60 Therefore, n(S ∪
C)= n(S) + n(C) - n(S ∩ C)
80 = 35 + 60 - n(S ∩ C)
80 = 95 - n(S ∩ C)
Therefore,n(S ∩ C) = 95 − 80 = 15
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Therefore, 15 persons drive both scooter and car.
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3. There is a group of 80 persons who can drive scooter or

caror both. Out of these, 35 can drive scooter and 60 can drive
car. Find how many can drive both scooter and car? How many
can drive scooter only? How many can drive car only?
JBINGGAS Math 123

4. It was found that out of 45 girls, 10 joined singing but not

dancing and 24 joined singing. How many joined dancing but not
singing? How many joined both
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4. It was found that out of 45 girls, 10 joined singing but

notdancing and 24 joined singing. How many joined dancing
but not singing? How many joined both
Solution:
JBINGGAS Math 123

Let S = {Girls who joined singing}

D = {Girls who joined dancing}
Number of girls who joined dancing but not singing = Total
number of girls - Number of girls who joined singing
45-24 = 21
Now, n(S - D) = 10 n(S) =24
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4. It was found that out of 45 girls, 10 joined singing but not

dancing and 24 joined singing. How many joined dancing but
not singing? How many joined both
Solution:
JBINGGAS Math 123

Let S = {Girls who joined singing}

D = {Girls who joined dancing}
Number of girls who joined dancing but not singing = Total
number of girls - Number of girls who joined singing
45-24 = 21
Now, n(S - D) = 10 n(S) =24 Therefore, n(S - D) = n(S) n(S ∩ D)
⇒ n(S ∩ D) = n(S) - n(S - D) = 24 - 10 = 14
Therefore, number of girls who joined both singing and dancing
is 14.
JBINGGAS Math 123

JBINGGAS Math 123


Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics: Lecture Note in Sets and Notation

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Fundamental Concepts Of Mathematics

Lecture Note in Sets and Notation

JBINGGAS Math 123

January 29, 2018

JBINGGAS Math 123

JBINGGAS Math 123

1. The collection of children in class VII whose weight

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1 A collection of ”lovely flowers”is not a set, because the

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1 A collection of ”lovely flowers” is not a set, because the

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Reason: The word ”lovely” is a relative term. What may

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1 A collection of ”lovely flowers” is not a set, because the

that which singer is to be considered young i.e., the objects

appear lovely to one person may not be so to the other

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4 A group of ”Players with ages between 18 years and 25

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2 All problems of this book, which are difficult to solve for

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Reason: Some problems may be difficult for one person but

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Reason: It can easily be found that which are difficult to

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Definition (Notation of Set)

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In other words the order in which the elements of a set are

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2 If one or many elements of a set are repeated, the set

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i.e., {5,6,7,6,8,5,9} = {5,6,7,8,9}

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* In representation of a set the following three methods are

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(i) Let N denote the set of first five natural numbers.

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Therefore, Z = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S} Roster Form

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such that and then we write the property possessed by the

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P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than 12} This will

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Let us express in set builder form.

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Roster form: I = {-1, 0, 1, 2}

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